Formal Methods Research Articles

Procurement Disputes Arbitration: Main Problems at the Present Stage

The relevance of the paper is predetermined by the study of the key problems of arbitration in the context of the specifics of public procurement at the present stage, namely, the problem of determining the appropriate criteria for the conclusion and validity of arbitration agreements. The purpose of the study is to critically evaluate the so-called non-arbitrability formula, established in contemporary court practice; to disclose the algorithm for the emergence of contractual relations as a result of competitive procurement procedures; to substantiate the legal force of arbitration clauses incorporated into contracts before arbitration rules are deposited by the arbitration institution. The author sees the objectives of the study in substantiating the fundamentally permissible arbitrability of contractual disputes in all segments of procurement relations (not only by direct order under the federal law, but also for the future, including contractual disputes in the field of state defense orders due to the variety of available transactions); in identifying factors contributing to the proper assessment of an arbitration agreement for its validity. Methodologically, the paper is based on a set of general scientific (analysis, modeling, analogy, hypothesis), private scientific (formal logical, systemic, functional) methods, and uses the formal legal method. The results of the study allowed the author to draw conclusions about sufficiency of existing legislative regulation for assessing the conclusion and validity of arbitration agreements included in draft contracts at the stage of competitive procurement procedure; about the lack of grounds for evaluating these agreements for their compliance with the principles of procurement; aboutthe legal force of dormant arbitration clauses necessary for business turnover in the short term. The author suggests directions for improving law enforcement practice aimed at curbing abuses in terms of challenging arbitration agreements on the grounds of their non-conclusion and (or) invalidity.

A journey with ASMETA from requirements to code: application to an automotive system with adaptive features

AbstractModern automotive systems with adaptive control features require rigorous analysis to guarantee correct operation. We report our experience in modeling the automotive case study from the ABZ2020 conference using the ASMETA toolset, based on the Abstract State Machine formal method. We adopted a seamless system engineering method: from an incremental formal specification of high-level requirements to increasingly refined ASMETA models, to the C++ code generation from the model. Along this process, different validation and verification activities were performed. We explored modeling styles and idioms to face the modeling complexity and ensure that the ASMETA models can best capture and reflect specific behavioral patterns. Through this realistic automotive case study, we evaluated the applicability and usability of our formal modeling approach.

International Legal Regulation of Activities of States in the Great Mediterranean Region

INTRODUCTION. In modern international and domestic maritime law, regional fragmentation of legal regulation is becoming more and more noticeable, which, in turn, objectifies and actualizes the formation of complex arrays of legal norms, united by the consistency of the political and legal positions of the contracting states that have national interests in the relevant water area, primarily-coastal states extending their state sovereignty to certain areas of maritime space. In this context, the Greater Mediterranean region should be considered as one of the most important in the world merchant shipping and naval support of international peace and security, as a basin that optimally connects the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from the point of view of logistics, which requires the formation of an appropriate scientific and methodological basis for full implementation of the fundamental principle of international cooperation in the maritime policy of the states of the region.MATERIALS AND METHODS. To substantiate the expediency of singling out the Greater Mediterranean as an independent object of legal regulation, general and special international legal treaties, the domestic legislation of the Mediterranean states, as well as political and legal documents indicating the existence of certain disputes and situations around certain zones of the Mediterranean water area, primarily – in the Eastern Mediterranean region. To obtain reliable and substantiated results of the study, methods of scientific knowledge were used: formal-legal, logical, historical-legal, system-structural analysis. Thus, the formal legal method made it possible to clarify the content and meaning of international legal treaties concluded at different times and aimed at regulating public relations in the maritime sphere. The logical method made it possible to substantiate the need for comprehensive international cooperation of the coastal states of the Greater Mediterranean. With the help of the historical and legal method, an overview was made of both the world, Soviet and Russian practice of applying the norms of domestic and international law on issues related to ensuring international law and order in the Greater Mediterranean region. The logical method made it possible to build the necessary connections and patterns of development of international legal regulation in the Greater Mediterranean region in the general context of ongoing universal and regional political and legal processes and transformations. Using the method of system-structural analysis, it was possible to display a holistic picture of law-making and law enforcement of the Mediterranean states, aimed at the formation of unified principles and norms for the exercise of the sovereign rights of coastal states.RESEARCH RESULTS. International maritime merchant shipping seems to be a very complex area of public relations with a large number of entities that have different legal status and, accordingly, are related to each other in a very different way.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. This work is devoted to the study of the main trends in the development of the Greater Mediterranean region in terms of formulating key international legal guidelines and rules of conduct for its constituent states. The object of the study is the legal relations carried out in the maritime spaces of the Greater Mediterranean as one of the key regions, which, along with its economic and political significance, is an integral zone for the implementation of the national interests of the Russian Federation, extending to the entire World Ocean.

Optimal control strategies for stormwater detention ponds

Stormwater detention ponds are essential stormwater management solutions that regulate the urban catchment discharge towards streams. Their purposes are to reduce the hydraulic load to avoid stream erosion, as well as to minimize the degradation of the natural waterbody by direct discharge of pollutants. Currently, static controllers are widely implemented for detention pond outflow regulation in engineering practice, i.e., the outflow discharge is capped at a fixed value. Such a passive discharge setting fails to exploit the full potential of the overall water system, hence further improvements are needed. We apply formal methods to synthesize (i.e., derive automatically) optimal active controllers. We model the stormwater detention pond, including the urban catchment area and the rain forecasts with its uncertainty, as hybrid Markov decision processes. Subsequently, we use the tool UppaalStratego to synthesize using Q-learning a control strategy maximizing the retention time for pollutant sedimentation (optimality) while also minimizing the duration of emergency overflow in the detention pond (safety). These strategies are synthesized for both an off-line and on-line settings. Simulation results for an existing pond show that UppaalStratego can learn optimal strategies that significantly reduce emergency overflows. For off-line controllers, a scenario with low rain periods shows a 26% improvement of pollutant sedimentation with respect to static control, and a scenario with high rain periods shows a reduction of overflow probability of 10%–19% for static control to lower than 5%, while pollutant sedimentation has only declined by 7% compared to static-control. For on-line controllers, one scenario with heavy rain shows a 95% overflow duration reduction and a 29% pollutant sedimentation improvement compared to static control.

Conceptualization of Intelligent Control System for Humanitarian Demining Robotic Complexes Based on Verbal Methods

Introduction. Humanitarian demining is characterized by growing attention to the problems of creating and using robotic systems. The most important aspect of their use is the control method.Problem Statement. At present, the fi rst generation robotic complexes (controlled devices) have been the mostcommon, the second generation complexes (semi-autonomous devices) have been improving. To switch to the third generation complexes (autonomous devices), it is necessary to develop intelligent control systems based on artificial intelligence technologies. The most used for system development are quantitative methods, but such models are “black box models” that do not provide complete clarity about their behavior.Purpose. To develop conceptual model of intelligent control systems for humanitarian demining robotic complexes based on verbal methods.Materials and Methods. Formal logic methods, verbal analysis qualitative methods, and BPMN. Results. Conceptual model of intelligent control systems for humanitarian demining robotic complexes and sym bolic models of representing relevant declarative and procedural knowledge based on verbal methods have been developed.Conclusions. The conceptual model makes it possible to formulate Symbolic Models in the notations of selected verbal methods. At the decision-making level, the ordinary classifi cation method by denotation of the terms used by experts in the selected subject area has been chosen. At the executive level, the BPMN method has been chosen to create process diagrams in graphical notation. The verbal methods make it possible to create “white-box models” that unambiguously interpret the dependence of output and input variables and to explain the model behavior. Symbolic models in the notations of selected verbal methods allow the implementation of an intelligent control systems for a specifi c humanitarian demining robotic complex.

Framework for a savanna burning emissions abatement methodology applicable to fire-prone miombo woodlands in southern Africa

Background and aims To assess development of a robust emissions accounting framework for expansive miombo woodland savannas covering ~2 million km2 of southern Africa that typically are burnt under relatively severe late dry season (LDS) conditions. Methods A detailed site-based study of fuel accumulation, combustion and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factor parameters under early dry season (EDS) and LDS conditions along a central rainfall-productivity and associated miombo vegetation structural and floristics gradient, from lower rainfallsites in northern Botswana to higher rainfall sites in northern Zambia. Key results Assembled field data inform core components of the proposed emissions reduction framework: fuel and combustion conditions sampled across the vegetation/productivity gradient can be represented by three defined Vegetation Fuel Types (VFTs); fuel accumulation, combustion and emissions parameters are presented for these. Applying this framework for an illustrative case, GHG emissions (t CO2-e) from EDS fires were one-third to half those of LDS fires per unit area in eligible miombo VFTs. Conclusions Our accounting framework supports undertaking EDS fire management to significantly reduce emissions and, realistically, burnt extent at landscape scales. We consider application of presented data to development of formal emissions abatement accounting methods, linkages with potential complementary woody biomass and soil organic carbon sequestration approaches, and necessary caveats concerning implementation issues.

Generalized Formal Model-Verifier: A Formal Approach for Verifying Static Models

The field of software modeling has gained significant popularity in the last decades. By capturing the static aspects of the software requirements, model-driven engineering eases the development and maintenance of software. However, additional constraints, such as invariants on model elements, that the solution must conform to may be too complex to include in the structure of the model itself. External solutions are often used to describe static constraints on models, the most prevalent approach being the Object Constraint Language (OCL) and its formal variants. This paper proposes the Generalized Formal Model-Verifier (GFMV), which is a general approach for verifying static constraints on software models. GFMV employs different formal verification methods based on Kripke Structures. Kripke Structures are used to capture the static structure of the model, then the constraints are formalized using a first-order branching-time logic, the Computational Tree Logic (CTL). Finally, the NuSMV model checker is reused to verify whether the constraints formalized in CTL hold on the formal Kripke Structure. When compared to existing solutions, GFMV offers increased generality and formal proof that the constraints hold on the model. The expressive power and runtime-scalability of the approach are evaluated on a real-world example model and OCL invariants cited from literature.

Protecting the Rights of Medical Services Consumers

The article aims to analyze the legal aspects of protecting the rights of medical services consumers by identifying the parties of legal relations, establishing the specifics of medical services, the elements of violations of patients rights, the procedure for protecting the rights of medical services consumers. The system of general scientific and special methods, including dialectical, axiological, formal and legal methods has been applied during the research. It has been indicated that primary (medical services consumers, an entity providing medical services) and auxiliary subjects participate in legal relations for protecting the rights of medical services consumers. It has been proved that legal relations for protecting the rights of medical services consumers are characterized by: relations arising and being implemented in the healthcare sector; participation of entities with a special status (patient – hospital) in legal relations; application of a set of norms of medical law and protection of consumers rights; the fact of medical rights violation. It has been concluded that the legal fact of violating a patient’s medical rights in the form of a medical tort is the reason for the emergence of legal relations for protecting the rights of medical services consumers.

A Systematic Literature Review on Reasons and Approaches for Accurate Effort Estimations in Agile

Background : Accurate effort estimation is crucial for planning in Agile iterative development. Agile estimation generally relies on consensus-based methods like planning poker, which require less time and information than other formal methods (e.g., COSMIC) but are prone to inaccuracies. Understanding the common reasons for inaccurate estimations and how proposed approaches can assist practitioners is essential. However, prior systematic literature reviews (SLR) only focus on the estimation practices (e.g., [26, 127]) and the effort estimation approaches (e.g., [6]). Aim : We aim to identify themes of reasons for inaccurate estimations and classify approaches to improve effort estimation. Method : We conducted an SLR and identified the key themes and a taxonomy. Results : The reasons for inaccurate estimation are related to information quality, team, estimation practice, project management, and business influences. The effort estimation approaches were the most investigated in the literature, while only a few aim to support the effort estimation process. Yet, few automated approaches are at risk of data leakage and indirect validation scenarios. Recommendations : Practitioners should enhance the quality of information for effort estimation, potentially by adopting an automated approach. Future research should aim to improve the information quality, while avoiding data leakage and indirect validation scenarios.

V. A. Sukhomlinsky’s pedagogical heritage: innovation and foresight

Introduction. Modern education does not always meet the challenges associated with the rapid changes brought by the new millennium. The spiritual and moral crisis is becoming more and more pronounced. Relying only on “rationality” and practical expediency leads to human degradation and civilizational crisis. This underlies the unprecedented value of pedagogical systems containing certain constructive solutions to the identified problem put forward by practice. According to the general opinion of the world pedagogical community, among such systems is one created by the outstanding humanist V.A. Sukhomlinsky (1918 – 1970). Purpose: To identify and reveal the essence of the ideas and provisions of the Pavlysh innovator that have already played an invaluable role in the enrichment of the national education and will be the driving force of its development in the third millennium. Materials and Methods. The basis of the study is V.A. Sukhomlinsky’s works and the products of his rich educational practice, as well as materials from those who studied the innovator’s creative heritage. The research methodology was based on the conceptual provisions of humanistic pedagogy. The specific methodological tools included the principles of integrity and consistency, objectivity, universal connection of phenomena, combination of retrospective and prospective development, along with sociocultural and system-functional principles. In addition to general scientific methods, such as system-structural analysis and synthesis, the research process also involved formal logical research methods. Results. The study expands and concretizes the existing knowledge about the development of pedagogical theory and school practice in the second half of the 20th century. Identified and characterized are the key ideas and scientific positions of V.A. Sukhomlinsky, the prominent representative of the studied period. They were the foundation of his pedagogical system and played an important role in enriching the theoretical and methodological foundations of pedagogy, the content and support (methodological and technological) of modern educational practice and will certainly become the driving force of its development in the medium and long term. Even though V.A. Sukhomlinsky lived and worked in an ideologized epoch, difficult for creative work, he managed to develop his own pedagogical system, in which the poetic and popular idea merged with its scientific foundations. V.A. Sukhomlinsky’s pedagogy is in many respects the pedagogy of the present and the future. It is entirely aimed at the realization of the humanistic ideal. The concepts of goodness and humanity, preached by the educator, nowadays win more and more supporters. As many other provisions of the innovator concerning the construction of the educational process, they can undoubtedly become one of the cornerstones of developing the educational practice in the third millennium. Conclusion. V.A. Sukhomlinsky’s multifaceted activity not only enriched pedagogical science with new ideas and provisions, but also can rightfully be regarded as an important stage in its development. Nowadays, when the world has entered the third millennium and the pedagogical community solves the problems associated with the renewal of the content essence of all parts of education, we believe that the ideas and practical experience of the outstanding teacher will play a productive role in this process. Keywords: upbringing of a comprehensively developed personality, humanization of the pedagogical process, regental function of upbringing, system-forming factor of upbringing, unity of teaching and upbringing

Patient-perceived factors influencing physical activity sensor use in stroke prevention and rehabilitation: A thematic synthesis protocol.

While the putative benefits of "fitness trackers" continue to fuel a booming consumer market, results of device-based clinical interventions remain remarkably mixed. This study will explore factors influencing wearable physical activity (PA) sensor use in the context of stroke prevention and rehabilitation for older adults. The findings of this thematic synthesis will provide insights into factors influencing the use of PA sensors in stroke which may inform more effective device-based interventions. Thematic synthesis as a formal method described by Thomas and Arden can be used within a systematic review to synthesize primary qualitative research. Accordingly, the proposed study will systematically search bibliographic databases for relevant peer-reviewed papers and synthesize coded thematic data within included papers. The quality of papers will be assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. Patterns in the text will be coded, preliminary data visualised, and higher-level analytical themes discerned to explain factors influencing the use of PA sensors in older stroke patients. This study does not require ethics approval. Results are expected to be available by June 2024. Data from the thematic synthesis will provide insights into barriers and facilitators influencing the use of wearable PA sensors in stroke and older adults at risk, and implications these factors have for the design of effective device-based interventions. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020211472. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020211472.

Formulating Strategic Directions for Developing the National Sports Federation in Modern Socio-Economic Conditions

Objectives. The study aimed to substantiate theoretical and methodological approaches to choosing a development strategy for the National Sports Federation based on a strategic analysis of its activities in the current socio-economic conditions. Material and methods. The study involved an analysis of scientific and methodological literature, SWOT-analysis, methods of formalization and generalization, as well as mathematical statistics. Results. A study was conducted on the activities of the public organization “Fencing Federation of Ukraine” (“FFU” PO) using SWOT analysis, considering the current socio-economic conditions. As a result, the following components of four possible directions of the organization’s activities are determined: development strategy, limited-growth strategy, stabilization strategy, and protection strategy. After determining and quantitatively evaluating the factors and quality of the four directions in the “FFU” PO development, while taking into account the trend of world sports development, it can be concluded that the most promising direction for the “FFU” PO activities is a development strategy envisaging the use of the organization’s strengths to realize the external environment opportunities. Conclusions. It is proposed to use a development strategy in the activities of the “FFU” PO — diversification, which envisages innovations in management and marketing, ensuring the financial stability of the organization, improving the quality of athlete training through the introduction of new technologies, and consolidating the organization’s positive image.

Development of quality assessment tool for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of real-world studies: a Delphi consensus survey.

The increasing adoption of real-world studies in healthcare for decision making and planning has further necessitated the need for a specific quality assessment tool for evidence synthesis. This study aimed to develop a quality assessment tool for systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) involving real-world studies (QATSM-RWS) using a formal consensus method. Based on scoping review, the authors identified a list of items for possible inclusion in the quality assessment tool. A Delphi survey was formulated based on the identified items. A total of 89 experts, purposively recruited, with research experience in real-world data were invited to participate in the first round of Delphi survey. The participants who responded in the first Delphi round were invited to participate (n = 15) in the phrasing of the items. Strong level of agreement was found on the proposed list of items after the first round of Delphi. A rate of agreement ≥ 0.70 was used to define which items to keep in the tool. A list of 14 items emerged as suitable for QATSM-RWS. The items were structured under five domains: introduction, methods, results, discussions, and others. All participants agreed with the proposed phrasing of the items. This is the first study that has developed a specific tool that can be used to appraise the quality of SR and MA involving real-world studies. QATSM-RWS may be used by policymakers, clinicians, and practitioners when evaluating and generating real-world evidence. This tool is now undergoing validation process.

Forge: A Tool and Language for Teaching Formal Methods

This paper presents the design of Forge , a tool for teaching formal methods gradually. Forge is based on the widely-used Alloy language and analysis tool, but contains numerous improvements based on more than a decade of experience teaching Alloy to students. Although our focus has been on the classroom, many of the ideas in Forge likely also apply to training in industry. Forge offers a progression of languages that improve the learning experience by only gradually increasing in expressive power. Forge supports custom visualization of its outputs, enabling the use of widely-understood domain-specific representations. Finally, Forge provides a variety of testing features to ease the transition from programming to formal modeling. We present the motivation for and design of these aspects of Forge, and then provide a substantial evaluation based on multiple years of classroom use.

Adversities in Abstract Interpretation - Accommodating Robustness by Abstract Interpretation

Robustness is a key and desirable property of any classifying system, in particular, to avoid the ever-rising threat of adversarial attacks. Informally, a classification system is robust when the result is not affected by the perturbation of the input. This notion has been extensively studied, but little attention has been dedicated to how the perturbation affects the classification. The interference between perturbation and classification can manifest in many different ways, and its understanding is the main contribution of the present article. Starting from a rigorous definition of a standard notion of robustness, we build a formal method for accommodating the required degree of robustness—depending on the amount of error the analyst may accept on the classification result. Our idea is to precisely model this error as an abstraction . This leads us to define weakened forms of robustness also in the context of programming languages, particularly in language-based security, e.g., information-flow policies, and in program verification. The latter is possible by moving from a quantitative (standard) model of perturbation to a novel qualitative model, given by means of the notion of abstraction. As in language-based security, we show that it is possible to confine adversities, which means to characterize the degree of perturbation (and/or the degree of class generalization) for which the classifier may be deemed adequately robust. We conclude with an experimental evaluation of our ideas, showing how weakened forms of robustness apply to state-of-the-art image classifiers.

Adverbian Phrase Structure in Karo Language

In this research, adverbial phrases in the Karo language will be discussed. This research aims to find out, analyze and describe phrases in the Karo language. Data collection techniques were carried out using reading techniques and recording techniques or listening notes and analyzed using formal and informal qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. This research examines the structure of adverbial phrases in the Karo language, using qualitative research. Data were analyzed using distributional studies, there were 4 stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion of research findings and verification. The research results show that (1) there are three types of phrases found in the Karo language, namely: verb phrases (FV), adjective phrases (F Adj.) and adverb phrases (F. Ad).

Application of mnemonics methods in modern education in the study of career-oriented disciplines for the preparation of pharmacists

In the era of rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry, information technology, the pharmacist finds himself in a situation where it is necessary to memorize and put into practice a very large amount of information. The method of mnemonics was formed in ancient Egypt. Today, the mnemonics method can be effective tools for improving the assimilation of complex information and its further reproduction.The purpose of this work was to study the role of mnemonics in the educational process for teaching career-oriented disciplines in the preparation of a pharmacist.Materials and methods of research. The methodological basis of this work is the principles of a systematic approach and a comprehensive analysis in the study of the features of using mnemonics for teaching career-oriented disciplines to students of the specialty "Pharmacy". The methods of scientific research, idealization, formalization, abstraction and modeling were used in the performance of the work.Results. Mnemonics provides deeper and more productive memorization of the material, which allows students to more successfully assimilate new knowledge and cope with educational tasks, which can significantly increase absolute and high-quality academic performance. Presenting the material in the form of tables and pictures, according to the results of a survey of students, yellow and blue are good colors for visual perception of information.Conclusion. Thus, the introduction of mnemonics in modern education is necessary and relevant, since it contributes to improving the level of student achievement, the development of their cognitive skills, as well as the formation of self-learning skills and increasing their confidence in their own capabilities.

RISK-ORIENTED APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS OF WORKERS WITH INCREASED THERMAL EXPOSURE

Problem statement. The issue of studying the working conditions of workers with increased heat exposure is considered. Diseases provoked by harmful working conditions have a rather long incubation period, so their manifestation is not always easy to recognize and there are difficulties in establishing the root cause of occupational disease. The purpose of the article. Development and implementation of risk assessment methodology based on the joint action of harmful and hazardous industrial factors and regularities of their intensity decrease with distance from the source. Methodology. The impact of occupational and heterogeneous industrial factors on the employee's health, taking into account the time of action and the impact of their joint action in quantitative form, can be fairly objectively assessed on the basis of the Weber-Fechner law through the calculation of the integral index of potential risk. Structural analysis was used to determine the structure and causes of occupational diseases. Correlation analysis was carried out to find out the nature of relationships between the levels of influence of factors of the industrial environment to assess the conditions and nature of labor at the workplaces of workers, at whose workplaces the increased thermal stress was installed. Probabilistic-statistical methods were used for data processing - to determine the algorithm of transformation of environmental parameters into an indicator of occupational risk for workers with harmful working conditions. Development of a model for determining the zones of transformation of occupational risk through mutual influence on the industrial risk of the processing of research results needed the application of formalization methods. A software system for the formation of aggregated for multivariate analysis of information was used, which made it possible to build a three-dimensional model of changes in the values of the indicator of occupational risk in the space between the workplaces of employees located in the welding department. Scientific novelty. The applied risk-oriented approach using the methods of occupational and industrial risk assessment for electric welders' workplaces allows to take into account the harm to the worker's organism from the factors of the industrial environment. The established regularities allow to determine the zones of transformation of occupational risk through mutual influence into production risk, which is the justification of measures to reduce injuries and occupational diseases. Practical value. On the example of labor conditions at the workplaces of electric welders the methodology of risk assessment is developed and tested taking into account the joint action of harmful and hazardous industrial factors and regularities of their intensity decrease with distance from the source. The given risk-oriented approach allows to fulfill all the requirements and recommendations set forth in ISO 45001: its application to the working conditions of workers of hot professions (welders) allows to carry out a quantitative assessment of occupational and industrial risk at their workplaces, in particular for preparation for certification under ISO 45001. Conclusions. An effective tool for theoretical analysis of pollution zones formed during an extreme situation at gas stations has been created. The results of computational experiments are presented. The methodology of risk assessment based on the fundamental Weber-Fechner law for objective assessment of the impact of occupational and heterogeneous industrial factors on the employee's health in quantitative form through the calculation of the integral index (potential risk), which will allow to assess the working conditions at workplaces and objectively determine the class of working conditions, has been developed and implemented.

First-order formalism for Alice string

We apply the first-order formalism method to obtaining BPS equations for Alice string. This is done by generalizing the well-known first-order formalism to the case of non-Abelian strings. We do not assume any specific gauge group nor the shape of the kinetic term function, but require only that the fields are axially-symmetric and static. With this formalism we reproduce the BPS equations of SU(2)×U(1) Alice strings (Chatterjee and Nitta, 2017), and present their corresponding numerical solutions.

THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN GUIDING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TO CREATE THEIR PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL PROJECTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF A STARTUP

Objective: This resvalueearch paper aims to shed light on the role of entrepreneurship education in realizing the personal and professional project of a university student within the framework of a startup. This is considering that entrepreneurial learning or (entrepreneurship education as some call it) is one of the basic courses that help the university student form a vision about future projects and professions.
 
 Theoretical Framework: Entrepreneurship education is a set of formal education methods that is based on informing and training any individual who wishes to participate in social economic development, through a project aimed at enhancing entrepreneurial awareness, establishing business projects or developing small business projects.
 
 Method: In order to be able to become familiar with this topic and address the problem at hand, we relied in this study on the descriptive and analytical approach, by describing entrepreneurship education, and analyzing the extent of the role that entrepreneurship education plays in guiding and assisting university students in establishing a startup project.
 
 Results and Discussion: The study reached several results, the most important of which is that entrepreneurship education plays a major role in creating personal and professional projects for university students and transforming them into a startup capable of finding innovative solutions to the problems at hand. The study also found that building a university student’s personal and professional project requires many acquisitions and skills that qualify him to establish a startup enterprise, such as: teamwork and team building skills, leadership skills, effective communication skills, and problem-solving skills.
 
 Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by emphasizing the importance of entrepreneurship education in realizing the personal and professional project of a university student especially in the form of startups, which would lead to its itegration in Higher education programmes.