Formal Situation Research Articles

Informal and formal lesson planning in school internships: Practices among pre-service teachers

Lesson planning is a core task for teachers, and pre-service teachers (PSTs) can learn how to plan lessons during internships. In this study, n = 200 PSTs were asked about their planning competency, and n = 121 lesson-planning documents written by PSTs were analyzed. The results demonstrate that PSTs considered their planning competency to be high and that this competency continued to increase during the internship. In addition, planning documents differed depending on whether they were used in an informal planning context or a formal situation such as an inspection. The perceived usefulness of lesson planning decreased over time.

A Pragmatic Competence Analysis of English Expressive Acts by Col Language Speakers in Lubuklinggau

The research aims to explain the pragmatic competence of Col language speakers who live in Lubuklinggau. The subject of the research is 20 Col language speakers who live in Lubuklinggau and are learning or have learnt English for at least six months. To collect the data, Discourse Tests, Interview and Observation were conducted. The result shows that most of the informants applying the similar strategy in respond to the situation given. In some acts they understand to use the expression appropriately but they failed to understand the more appropriate expression in a formal situation.
 Keywords: Col Language, Discourse Test, English Pragmatic Competence, Expressive Acts

Flouting Relevance Maxim Benefits of Hillary Clinton's President Candidate Debate on 2016

This research has an objective to analyze and reveal the benefits of flouting the relevance maxim of Hillary Clinton's speech in the 2016 USA candidate presidential debate. The data consist of the debate transcript which was taken from the Washington Post website, and a video that could be watched on YouTube. They are analyzed by confirming the relevance of semantic answers to every question within the context of speech. In the end, there are nine findings of the benefits of flouting the relevance maxim, which consists of increasing positive self-impression, avoiding giving direct agreement to a sensitive issue, closing potential negative attacks, decreasing the rival's credibility, guessing truthfulness, beating the rival's credibility, increasing effort to show positive personal credibility, telling the rival's past negative history, and proposing indirect conclusion. The findings are the implication of the complex use of verbal speech that is combined with action. The formal situation of the debate supports the maximum benefit of every flouting relevance maxim. The main conclusion of this research is that flouting the relevance maxim only sometimes negatively impacts both a speaker and an interlocutor. The impact is influenced by complex factors such as the background of the occasion, past conditions, and passion for an interaction.

뉴스 인터뷰를 활용한 한국어 상대 높임법 교육 방안 연구

Objectives This study was designed as a way for Korean language learners to use natural relative honorifics in formal situations. Therefore, this study aims to present teaching method of Korean relative honorifics through news interview in the perspective of style-shifting between ‘hasipsio’ style and ‘haeyo’ style at formal situation.
 Methods To conduct this research, analysis of relevant literature review was firstly held. Many previous studies argued that style-shifting between ‘hasipsio’ style and ‘haeyo’ style at formal situation is not reflected enough in Korean textbooks even if they agree that style-shifting is important. Therefore, researchers of this study analyzed Korean textbooks published by five different organizations and seven episodes of news interview which foreign interviewees appeared.
 Results As a result of analyzing Korean textbooks, it was revealed that Korean language learners could not acquire natural relative honorifics as textbooks did not deal with the style-shifting between ‘hasipsio’ style and ‘haeyo’ style, and a dichotomous explanation of ‘formal’ style and ‘informal’ style was presented. In news interviews, style-shifting between ‘hasipsio’ style and ‘haeyo’ style took place many times, but there were cases in which discourse was made up with only ‘hasipsio’ style or excessively ‘haeyo’ style was attempted. Also, foreign interviewees used a limited number of final endings in ‘haeyo’ style compared to Korean native speakers. Through the analysis of Korean textbooks and news interview discourse, it was confirmed that explicit education was necessary, and the teaching method of Korean relative honorifics education was presented in the end.
 Conclusions The significance of this study is that (1) it analyzed the current problems of Korean relative honorifics education and (2) the teaching method was suggested by analyzing textbooks and the discourse in news interview both quantitatively and qualitatively.

DICTION USED IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE ON DONALD TRUMP’S SPEECH

Diction or choice of words can produce a certain effect either orally or in writing and also Well-chosen words enhance a speaker's ability to pass a message clearly and easily. Poor word choice can cause message misinterpretation by the listeners. In this study, the researcher focused on analyzing the diction used in Donald Trump's speech. It is intended to be used as a reference or additional knowledge and can understand diction in spoken language. To support the research, the theory used diction. A speaker uses diction to communicate concepts that the audience can understand. Diction refers to a speaker's ability to explain simple and complex thoughts using precise and economical words that are appropriate for the intended audience. Researcher uses descriptive qualitative research is a type of scientific study that seeks specific information about a population's values, opinions, behaviors, and social context. Before being analyzed, the researcher used triangulation. In Donald Trump's victory speech, there were many informal diction terms used in spoken language. Because the situation and context when Donald Trump spoke in his victory speech were not appropriate, the appropriate one should use formal diction. It was supported in the formal situation of the president's victory speech. The result of this research indicated by using informal diction, Donald Trump with his speech caused a lot of controversies, provoked outrage, and many people did not like it.

SPEECH STYLE USED IN JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH

The current study aimed at finding out the types of speech style in Joko Widodo’s speech using the theory of Martin Joos, (1967). The study was a qualitative descriptive method. The data taken were Joko Widodo’s speeches in two different events, mainly at MPR Annual Meeting and IMF annual meeting. Due to fact that the speeches were in form of utterances gained from two videos and its scripts as referential source of data, this study referred to a research by documentation technique. This technique was administered to gather all speech events gained by reading the scripts to find out Joko Widodo’s speech style. The results of this study indicate that there are five types of speech style found in Joko Widodo’s speeches, namely frozen style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate style. In two different speeches, Joko Wido do tends to mostly use frozen style in his speech here by Joko Widodo speech in very formal situation in his speeches than other types of speech style.

Arabic Code As Ethnic Identity on Multilingualism Society in Kampong Arab Ampel Surabaya

The emergence of Muslim immigrants’ centuries ago, to be specific Arab-Hadrami descendants and it networks, plays significant role to express Islamic practices. The practices of Hadrami descendant in kampong (hamlet) Arab Surabaya closely related to their respect toward local inhabitants. It is usually expressed through their language and its manners. Besides, their interaction with local people imposes them to switch speaking in Indonesian, Javanese, and Maduranese. They used two languages (bilingualism) or more (multilingualism) in an everyday conversation. Interestingly, they attempt to practice and maintain Arabic to show their identity as holy people relate to their claim that they trace their descent to the Prophet Muhammad. The objective of research is describing relationship between language and culture that implicates into daily language practices in Arab community, particularly in kampong Arab Ampel Surabaya. The researcher uses archival or documentary method to search the various languages and ethnography method to describe and explore daily language of native. This paper reveals that the daily practices of Arabic code emphasize their identity individually or socially and defend their language in social multilingualism. In addition, fushah language or high level of Arabic language is used only in formal situation. However, most of them is using low level of Arabic language called ‘Amiyah in non formal situation both in public or private sphere.

The Pragmatics of AIN’T within Academic and Social Context

This paper has explored the form, the meaning, and the function of the contraction AIN’T, with the corpus data retrieved from English-affiliated URLs or Websites (web-data), through interpretive techniques and a coding analysis. The utterance AIN’T belongs to non-standard or informal English, which represents or is derived from the forms AM NOT, IS NOT, ARE NOT, HAS NOT, HAVE NOT, DO NOT, DOES NOT, DID NOT, and the others. The meaning of AIN’T implies different aspects, i.e. informality, topic area, low social class, emphasis, and content. The utterance AIN’T is part of close language, or is used for close people for friendship or camaraderie. AIN’T belongs to informal utterances, as it is incomplete, shorter, cut-down (or contracted) from other forms. The utterance AIN’T should be taught academically in classrooms or other teaching and learning encounters as informal language with its various derived constructions, and students or learners should be made aware that AIN’T is part of close language which is used to close people for friendship or camaraderie within interpersonal or social context. Use of AIN’T to not close people or superiors or others in a formal situation may lead to a rude situation, and a probable disharmony entails. Keywords: pragmatics; politeness; camaraderie; informal English; AIN’T.

CODE-SWITCHING IN ENGLISH TEACHING PROCESS: A STUDY OF LECTURERS’ UTTERANCE AT DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

Code-mixing or code-switching in English teaching and learning used in EFL classroom, especially to enhance understanding skill in English. Code-mixing and code-switching in teaching process will make language learning more meaningful and effective (Liu, 2008). Most studies of code-mixing and code-switching easily found in oral communication, such as in daily communication or formal situation. A lot of research on code-mixing and code-switching were not mention the specific process of those codes in learning process (Kim, 2006; Marzona, 2009; Saputro, 2013; Siregar and Sumarsih, 2014; Ansar, 2017; Oladosu, 2011; Mustain, 2011; Siskawati, 2021). The other gaps are most of the research sites were in junior high school and senior high school and others from television, newspaper, magazine, television program, etc. Then other different is they used teacher, students and group of society as the sample of research. In this research, lecturer of Department of English Education became sample of the research and university as site of the research. Objective of the research is to find out kind of code-switching uttered by the lecturer in teaching process at Department of English Education and the factors influencing code-switching. Method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of the research are two lecturers of Department of English Education. The instrument consists of documentation of descriptive observation (by joining class group platform) and list of interviews on August 2021. In analyzing the data, the researcher observed the learning process through online platform, recorded the lecturer utterance, transcribed the recording, classified the data into kinds of code-switching used by the lecturer based on Romaine’s theory (1995), then calculated the percentage of each kind of code-switching. The researcher analyzed the factor why the lecturer used code-switching in teaching process based on the recording of interview and draw a conclusion by using Holme’s theory (1992). The result showed there are two types of code-switching used by the lecturer, namely inter-sentential switching (57,5%), intrasentential switching (42,5%), and there was not tag-switching. The data of interview showed the reason of lecturer used code-switching in teaching process because of the participant, setting or social context, topic, and function.

Diglossia: Keep preserving High and Low Language of Javanese varieties

The research intends to describe the use of diglossia among Javanese societies who are settling in Sukamaju Sub district North Luwu Regency. Diglossia is formed as a functional of language variety which is used by communities in interaction among others. In a speech community, people may bilingual and multilinguals, thus one language usually has standard and non-standard language. Standardized language or High variety is generally used in formal situation while non-standard language mostly used in daily interaction or informal situation. The research was designed in descriptive qualitative method as it intends to describe how Javanese people choose the High variety and Low variety when communicating with their family and fellows based on the situation. The instrument of the research was observation to gather data related to language use that were spoken by Javanese people in daily interaction. Interview was used to gather information related to the use of diglossia of Javanese language among Javanese people. The informants were 40 Javanese people that comprises 4 age groups; > 60 years old, 30-59 years old, 13-29 years old, and <12 years old. The research found there are still sustainable use of diglossia among Javanese societies who are living in Sukamaju Sub district, Noth Luwu Regency. The pattern of diglossia follows “bilingual with diglossia” because they are multilingual (Javanese language, local language “Tae language”, Indonesian language) and also use functionally the High and Low varieties of Javanese language. The low variety are mostly used in all age groups in daily interaction. The <12 age group do not totally understand High variety, but they still use the Low variety of Javanese when communicating with friends and family.

Tenor of Discourse and Modality Examination in Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah

This study has examined the tenor of discourse and modality in two excerpts from Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah. The study aims at decoding the writer’s subtly encoded messages through both the interrelationships established among the participants of the selected excerpts and his use of modality. To attain such objectives, the investigation uses the descriptive quantitative and qualitative methodology. The research has arrived at valuable findings. Among several others presented in the subsection entitled interpretation of findings, the study has unveiled that power among the participants of the excerpts is unequal, contact infrequent, and affective involvement low. The tenor or social role relationship played by such participants as Major Sam, Chris Oriko, and Ikem Osodi is a formal one describing a formal situation. This implies that Achebe’s message in these excerpts is a serious one depictive of the real political unrest and the dominantly unmanageable discontent of Nigerians by the time he wrote these texts. The social role relationship carried out by the salespeople and their potential customers depict an informal tenor highlighting Achebe’s claim for a change in the Nigerians’ mind, and indirectly in the Africans’ ways of life. The overriding use of modalization over modulation in the analyzed excerpts highlights the way the writer creates a less authoritative, more suggestive tenor balancing, by this means, the power inequality inherent in the modulation.

POLITENESS/IMPOLITENESS IN CONFLICT DIALOGICAL DISCOURSE: PROSODY ASPECT

The given article presents an experimental phonetic investigation, which deals with a comprehensive analysis of English-language formal and informal conflict dialogues. It focuses on the study of various types of the investigated conflict dialogues intonational structure.The basic criteria of the practical material classification are: 1) the degree of relations formality between the collocutors and 2) politeness/impoliteness. According to these criteria the investigated conflict dialogues were classified as formal polite, formal impolite, informal polite and informal impolite. The recorded speech was investigated with the help of computer and statistical analyses which allowed to reveal those elements of prosody which actualize politeness/impoliteness in various types of the investigated conflict dialogues. The prosodic means that most clearly differentiate the investigated dialogical units are the pitch and intensity range, the pitch peaks, the average syllable duration, the average duration of the emphatic centre, the pause volume, types of pauses between the key remarks. The pitch and intensity peaks that coinside with the emphatic centre of a dialogical unity are greatly important for actualizing emphasis. The speech of collocutors who try to remain polite in a formal conflict situation is characterised by a normal tempo with the tendency to slowing down, a mid loudness, a mid pitch range that is due to the formal and official speech situation that forces the interlocutors to follow status subordination. An impolite formal conflict is characterized by a greater degree of emotionality than a polite formal one, as collocutors do not always follow the rules and standards of a formal situation behaviour being rude and harsh with their speech partners. At the prosodic level it is expressed by a faster tempo, a greater loudness and a wider pitch range than in the polite formal communication. The polite informal conflict communication is more emotional and natural than the polite formal one, but less emotional and natural than the impolite informal one. On the one hand the informal situation gives complete freedom to choose emotions and ways of their realization but on the other hand the desire to be polite in order not to offend the speech partner forces the collocutors to restrain their negative feelings in the polite formal conflict communication. The impolite informal conflict is the most emotional and uncontrolled. Expressiveness and uncontrollability in the impolite informal conflict are caused by the the speech situation informality, unwillingness and no need to restrain, complete freedom of choice of verbal and nonverbal means. At the prosodic level this type of conflict interaction is characterised by a high loudness, an accelerated tempo and a wide pitch range of the voice. The conducted research enabled us to state that conflict dialogical discourse represents a peculiar type of speech with a specific prosodic structure.

Language politeness in students’ text messages sent to the lecturers through WhatsApp application: A sociopragmatic study

Students and lecturers often communicate, both in formal and semi-formal situations. Good communication between students and lecturers remains within the limits of politeness even though it is not in a formal situation. The existence of social media certainly facilitates communication between students and lecturers. This research aims to describe and analyze the politeness of language in short messages from students to lecturers through the WhatsApp application at Universitas 'Aisyiyah Yogyakarta (UNISA). This research employed a qualitative research. The data from this study were 105 conversations between lecturers and students through the WhatsApp messaging application. The analysis in this research was carried out to determine 1) obedience and violation to the tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim, 2) forms of language politeness, that are positive face and negative face, and 3) function of language politeness that are representative, directives, expressive, commisive and declaratives. The results showed that most of students used polite language in their text messages and used formal language which contained complete politeness expressions such as greetings, self-introductions, apologies at the beginning and/or at the end of text messages, intention in sending messages, thank you –note and closing. Most of the text employs positive face. Students’ text messages mostly function as representative and directives. DOI: 10.26905/enjourme.v4i2.4926

Social Deixis in English and Tae' Bastem: Revisting Brown and Gilman's TU and VOS Forms

This research is attempt to discovers the TU and VOS forms in Tae’ Bastem language and in English, TU and VOS form was first discovered by Brown and Gilman in 1960. TU represents the pronoun that is used in informal/familiar situation and VOS is used in a formal/polite situation. However, the writer sees that TU and VOS is cultural and it will differ from culture to culture. The researcher found TU and VOS forms in Tae’ Bastem, in fact there are six second person pronoun found in Tae’ Bastem,pronoun pronoun “ki”, and “ta”, pronoun “ki”, and “ta” are used in formal situation or in polite speech, and pronoun “ko” and “mu” are used in informal or impolite speech. Another finding that the writer found is in Tae’ Bastem, there are two pronoun which are used in both situation, whether in informal or formal, polite or impolite speech, which are the pronoun “mi” and “kun”, pronoun “mi” and “kun” are used in polite or impolite speech. Otherwise, TU and VOS are not found in English, even in the southern English in America, the only second person pronoun which exist in English is “YOU” , and it is used both in formal/informal or polite/impolite situation. However English speaker, especially those who live in southern part of the United states of America, they have their own way in order to distinguish utterances in formal or informal, in formal situation or in polite speech which are; to say “please” when asking for something, to say “thank you” before or after, saying “yes ma’am” “no ma’am”, soft spoken, maintaining eye contact, and even always be aware of voice tone . Keywords : Brown and Gilman, TU and VOS forms, second person pronoun

AN ANALYSIS ON THE ATAMBUA STUDENTS’ MULTILINGUAL BACKGROUND AND THEIR ENGLISH ORAL PROFICIENCY

Multilingualism is the ability of someone to operate more than one language for communication. Atambua people are multilingual since they have more than one language background, it make them difficult in speaking English. This study aims to Analyze the English Oral Proficiency (EOP) of the Atambua students with multilingual background. It is a descriptive qualitative research involving multilingual Atambua students who also speak English. 10 out of 200 as the researcher participants are selected through questionnaire develop by the researcher to know their multilingual background. EOP in form of monologue was employed to the students to know their level using scoring rubric by Brown (2001). Then, analysis was done to see the relation of their level of EOP with their number of language useand age of their English acquisition or learning. The result of this study showed that 2 students with 3 languages use have 3,0 and 3+ levels, (able to participate effectively in formal and informal situation, as well as the professional topics). 5 students with 4 languages use have various level, ranging 1+ (able to satisfy limited social demands) to the 3+ level. 1 student with 5 languages was in level 1+, and 2 students matering 6 languages were in level 1+ and level 2 (able to satisfy routine social demands). 2 students learned English before 10 year-old, and their EOP level was 3+. 8 other students learned English in their 11 up to 14 year-old. Interesting phenomenon found that only 1 out of 8 students with with 3 languages use get the highest level (3) even she learn English over golden age. It indicates that the result of the research is in line with the previous theory stated that multilingual person will face difficult in learning English, Bialystok( 2001).

Remote binding counts: measuring distractor-response binding effects online

Bindings between stimulus- and response features have received increasing attention in recent research and theorizing regarding human action control. Apparently, very simple mechanisms that lead to feature binding and retrieval of recently integrated features have an important influence on planning and execution of actions. Regarding the importance of these mechanisms, it seems to be reasonable to test whether they can be measured outside of a formal laboratory situation. Here we ran an online version of the distractor-response binding task reaching participants via crowdsourcing. Distractor-response binding effects were significant in this setup showing that basic mechanisms of feature binding and retrieval indeed influence human action in less formal situations. Besides arguing for the generality and robustness of the effect practical implications are discussed.

A síntese como género escolar transdisciplinar

A síntese é um género textual cujo domínio se revela fundamental para o desempenho de tarefas socioprofissionais e académicas. A sua apropriação não é feita de forma espontânea, mas decorre essencialmente da aprendizagem formal, em contexto escolar, sobretudo no ensino secundário, nomeadamente na disciplina de Português. Neste artigo apresenta-se uma reflexão sobre a didatização do género textual síntese, focando-se o funcionamento social do género e a sua transposição didática nos programas curriculares do ensino secundário e em manuais escolares de Português. Por fim, apresentar-se-ão algumas propostas de didatização do género, assentes em três pilares: observação/análise de textos autênticos; produção textual regulada pelas características do género; reflexão metalinguística.

THE USE OF KOREAN WORDS BY NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS IN STIKES BANYUWANGI

Korean language has become one of the famous foreign languages in Indonesia. Itentered Indonesia through their culture such as songs, movies and dramas. Indonesia people, in thisstudy the students of STIKES Banyuwangi, learn the Korean language through subtitles given inevery movie and drama, and also lyrics of a song. The subtitles are usually written in English or inbahasa Indonesia, while the lyrics of a song usually written in English, Hangul (Korean alphabet) andKorean language written in Latin alphabet. Using the subtitles and the lyrics, the Indonesia people canlearn and use the Korean language. Nevertheless, their Korean language is not used appropriatelybecause they do not understand the whole meaning of a conversation and the grammar and strucure ofa sentence so they only use several words that have specific meaning. They acquire the words thatusually appear in the subtitles and try to translate it into Bahasa Indonesia by using ‘Google Translate’or dictionary. Most of the words are related to feeling and nickname in relationship. Yet, because thereis still little number of people understanding Korean language, the Indonesian teenagers only use itwith their peer who also like the Korean culture. They do not use it in a formal situation or in asituation when they know the person they speak to does not understand Korean language. When theyspeak in Korean language, code mixing appears. Entertainers, particularly singer, actor and actress,become the major factor that motivates the students to learn Korean language. It has influenced thestudents in STIKES Banyuwangi and as a result several of them use Korean words in theircommunication.

Dialogic supervision: Investigating supervision practices of English pre-service teachers in a professional training program (PLP)

This paper serves as a preliminary study of the dialogic supervision as a breakthrough to improve the performance of pre-service English teachers in a Program Latihan Profesi/Professional Training Program (PLP). In detail, this research is aimed at: (1) investigating the pattern of ongoing PLP supervising, (2) identifying if there is an indication of dialogical supervision and (3) identifying the difficulties the pre-service teachers faced during their supervision. The Research and Development was designed for three years. The subjects of this research are pre-service teachers, supervisory teacher and supervisory lecturer. The data were collected through three instruments, such as observation, interview with pre-service teachers, interview with both supervisory teachers and lecturers, and questionnaires distributed to the pre-service teachers. The first-year findings show that the current supervision pattern tends to be conventional as seen from several aspects: face-to-face technique, formal situation, instructional language, supervisory lecturer and the teacher still dominate in the supervision discussion, non-problem based supervision topic, and the low frequency of meetings. On the other hand, some points are identified within the pattern of dialogical supervision, i.e., collegial language, independent reflection, friendly, flexibility of time and place. Besides, there are some problems faced by the supervisory lecturers and teachers, among other time limitation, less contextual supervision material, poor coordination, ineffective feedback. Therefore, the solutions include supervision planning coordinated by all three parties and made into a schedule, optimum use of social media, supervision material selection is based on the needs of the pre-service teachers.

The Realization of Deixis in Students’ Writing at Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Muhammadiyah Pringsewu Lampung

Through the final product of writing, students can communicate their ideas, thoughts, and feelings to the reader. Deixis is one of the branches in pragmatics and one of the writing components that have to be noticed by the students to communicate the meaning in writing. This study is aimed at finding out the realization of deixis in students’ writing text at STKIP Muhammadiyah Pringsewu Lampung, and also to explain the difficulties faced by the students and teacher roles to overcome the students’ difficulties. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative in analyzing data. There are three methods which are used in this study; they are document, observation, and interview. The results of this study showed that the realization of person deixis is more dominant since the students as the writers position themselves as the main characters of their own stories. Place deixis was realized through demonstrative pronoun, English adverb, and English preposition. The use of the proximal form of place deixis is more dominant rather than the distal form of place deixis. Time deixis was realized through past time, present time, future time, and adverbial of time. Social deixis was also realized through relational social deixis (used in informal situation) and absolute social deixis (used in formal situation). The students used discourse deixis in the form of demonstrative this/that and discourse marker. Further, there were difficulties faced by students in using deixis and the methods that used by the teacher to overcome the students’ difficulties. Hence, it is expected that the findings of this study can improve the students’ knowledge in pragmatics and deixis in general; especially they will apply appropriate deixis in order to develop their writing abilities.