Formal Process Research Articles

Digital Labour Platforms in the Italian Domestic Sector: Approaching (In)Formalisation Processes from the Other Way Round

In this exploratory study, we investigate the effects of digital labour platforms (DLPs) on cleaning workers. The prevalence of informality in this sector leads us to suggest analysing workers’ experiences by combining the literature on DLPs with that on the informal economy. Through in-depth interviews with cleaners in Milan and Rome, as well as DLP representatives, the article highlights on one hand, how DLPs affect informal workers and their conditions, and, on the other hand, how workers represent their work and what meanings they associate with the terms formal and informal in the location-based platform economy. The study shows that DLPs seem to play a limited role in the formalisation of work, revealing new forms of hybridisation between formal and informal labour. The use of DLPs also results in increasingly confusing perceptions of what constitutes formal (or regular) and informal work.

Exploring and crossing boundaries in education – tinkering as an approach to breaching children’s formal and informal learning processes

This article explores the integration of tinkering as an approach to learning and teaching in the context of two Danish public schools. Tinkering, traditionally associated with informal learning, is examined for its potential to widen participation, and align with informal learning processes within a formal educational setting. The study, part of the larger Tech&Play project, investigates the characteristics of tinkering in formal learning settings and examines the roles of children and teachers in tinkering processes. The article introduces the Positioning Wheel, a reflection tool, to understand the roles and positions of children and teachers in experimental learning practices. It combines this with the Facilitation Field Guide developed by the Tinkering Studio to create a pedagogical and didactical framework. The findings indicate that tinkering encourages diverse participation and engagement, particularly in cross-curricular and thematic approaches. However, challenges arise in sustaining the tinkering approach within longer lesson plans and subject-specific contexts. The study suggests that while tinkering enhances motivation and flexibility in formal learning, further experiments are needed to fully explore its potential within the formal education system. The Positioning Wheel proves useful in analyzing the positioning of learners, emphasizing the importance of dynamic roles in pedagogical practices.

Validation of the Portuguese MDS-UPDRS: Challenges to Obtain a Scale Applicable to Different Linguistic Cultures.

The MDS-UPDRS has been available in English since 2008, showing satisfactory clinimetric results and being proposed as the new official benchmark scale for Parkinson's disease (PD), being cited as a core instrument for PD in the National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Common Data Elements program. For this reason, the MDS created guidelines for development of MDS-UPDRS official, clinimetrically validated translations. This study presents the formal process used to obtain the officially approved Portuguese version of the MDS-UPDRS. The study consisted of three phases: (1) Independent translation by Portuguese and Brazilian teams followed by a challenging consensus process that this article particularly emphasizes; (2) Cognitive pretest involving raters and patients from both Portugal and Brazil; (3) Validation test with a sample of 367 native Portuguese-speaking PD patients. The overall factor structure of the Portuguese version was consistent with the English version based on a comparative fit index ≥0.96 for all four parts of the MDS-UPDRS. This version can be designated as the official Portuguese version of the MDS-UPDRS.

Indigenous education as community of practice: a case of grassroots learning of the Manobo in the Philippines

ABSTRACT Indigenous education efforts across the world’s Indigenous communities are being implemented to address varying challenges of poverty, cultural discrimination, resource dispossession and isolation. Engaged in a decolonisation agenda, most Indigenous communities are leading diverse localised efforts that turn inwards to their own rich tapestries of knowledge, culture and relationships. In this paper, we argue for the need to broaden the conceptualisation of Indigenous education models to account for the invaluable role that social learning and practice play in sustaining grassroots efforts on how a particular Indigenous people engage with formal educational processes. This paper explores Indigenous education as a community of practice that exemplifies mutual engagement, joint enterprise and shared repertoire, as crucial elements in sustaining Indigenous education endeavours. We use Lave and Wenger’s “communities of practice” as a theoretical framework to better understand how the Manobos, an Indigenous group in the southern Philippines, have been able to successfully operate their own school. Drawing from participant-observation and key informant interviews with teachers, community leaders and missionaries, we foreground examples of how the Manobos rely upon mutual engagement, joint enterprise and shared repertoire of actors to show that they belong to an overarching community of practice. More specifically, we demonstrate that Indigenous education as practiced by the Manobos is a socially constituted enterprise that entails grassroots learning at the individual and collective level, collaborations with external groups, as well as strategic negotiation and compliance with government’s policies that ultimately help them sustain the school’s operation.

Learning from Practice to Teach for Practice: Reflections from a Novel Training Series for International Climate Negotiators Presentation at PON’s 40th Anniversary Symposium, December 9, 2023

Abstract Early career climate negotiators face tough challenges—with little formal authority they must exert influence in a highly formalized negotiation process that produces bad bargaining dynamics. The authors describe the process of devising a training series for such climate negotiators from underrepresented and underresourced countries. They highlight challenges they faced, and distill lessons learned. Specifically, the article explores how negotiation theory can be made useful for people who are granted little authority to negotiate creatively, how to leverage insights from senior practitioners effectively, and how to train and engage an audience online that is scattered around the world, underpaid, overworked, and dials in with bad WiFi.

83 What is social paediatrics and how do we teach it? A scoping review of social medicine curricula in the child and youth health context across health disciplines

Abstract Background Social paediatrics is a field that focuses on addressing social and environmental factors that affect children’s health and wellbeing1. Over recent years in medical education, social paediatrics has become increasingly recognized as foundational to undergraduate and postgraduate paediatrics curricula. Paediatric residency programs worldwide have been developing and offering social paediatrics curricula, yet we lack understanding of effective strategies for teaching it to medical trainees. 1. Spencer N, Colomer C, Alperstein G, et al. Social paediatrics. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(2):106-108. doi:10.1136/jech.2003.017681 Objectives We conducted a scoping review to describe the various educational interventions used to teach content and practice related to social paediatrics. Design/Methods We conducted a scoping review to describe the various educational interventions used to teach content and practice related to social paediatrics. Our literature search first drew upon Ovid MEDLINE and MedEd PORTAL, with subsequent studies identified through reference searching in relevant articles. We included studies that described and/or evaluated educational interventions aimed to teach elements of social paediatrics. We excluded studies published before 2000. We extracted data from the selected articles and conducted thematic analysis. Results Our search yielded 443 articles. Initial screen by title and/or abstract and subsequent screen by abstract and/or full text yielded 28 papers. Where it was unclear if studies met inclusion criteria, two additional researchers reviewed the full text. With the addition of articles found in references of the provisional articles, a total of 36 papers were included in the review. Of those, 17 (47%) described curricular interventions at the level of paediatric residency, 7 (19%) described medical school curricula, and 8 (22%) included non-medicine fields such as dentistry, nursing, research, and others. Fifty percent of curricula required self-directed learning, while a different 50% subset had a formal reflection process as part of learning consolidation. We organized the literature thematically into the following themes: interdisciplinary collaboration, community partnership, advocacy training, and experiential learning. Conclusion Our scoping review describes a variety of curricular interventions aimed to teach elements of social paediatrics, with a large focus on social determinants of health, primarily poverty, and a relative lack of focus on the underlying structural, systemic, and social justice issues underpinning these health determinants. We need to consider how the pedagogical strategies on offer can be purposed towards the development of more robust social paediatrics curricula at the postgraduate level.

A survey on Cryptoagility and Agile Practices in the light of quantum resistance

Context:Crypto-agility, a name that stems from agile methodologies for software development, means the ability to modify quickly and securely cryptographic algorithms in the event of a compromise. The advent of quantum computing poses existential threats to current cryptography, having the power to breach current cryptography systems. Objective:We investigated whether and to what extent agile practices for software development are suited to support crypto-agility, or not. In particular, we discuss their usefulness in the context of substituting current algorithms with quantum-resistant ones. Method:First, we analyzed the literature to define a subset of 15 agile practices potentially relevant to cryptographic software development. Then, we developed a questionnaire to assess the suitability of agile practices for obtaining crypto-agility. We performed a Web search of relevant documents about crypto-agility and quantum resistance and sent their authors the questionnaire. We also sent the questionnaire to cybersecurity officers of four Italian firms. We analyzed and discussed the responses to 32 valid questionnaires. Results:The respondents’ affiliations are evenly distributed between researchers and developers. Most of them are active, or somehow active, in quantum-resistant cryptography and use agile methods. Most of the agile practices are deemed to be quite useful, or very useful to get crypto-agility, the most effective being Continuous Integration and Coding Standards; the least appreciated is Self-organizing Team. Conclusion:According to researchers and developers working in the field, the safe transition of cryptographic algorithms to quantum-resistant ones can benefit from the adoption of many agile practices. Further software engineering research is needed to integrate agile practices in more formal cryptographic software development processes.

The adoption and implementation of local government planning policy to manage hot food takeaways near schools in England: A qualitative process evaluation

IntroductionAccess to hot food takeaways, particularly near schools, is of growing concern for policymakers seeking to reduce childhood obesity globally. In England, United Kingdom (UK), local government jurisdictions are implementing planning policies to reduce access by restricting or denying planning permission for new takeaway outlets near schools. We used a qualitative approach to explore local government officers’ perspectives on the barriers to and facilitators of the adoption, implementation, and perceived effectiveness of these policies. MethodsIn 2021–2022, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 29 local planning (‘planners’) and public health government officers from 15 different local authorities across England who adopted a policy to restrict new takeaways. Data were analysed thematically. ResultsParticipants explained that they mostly thought the policies facilitated the refusal of applications for new takeaways near schools. However, participants speculated that businesses identified alternative opportunities to operate including functioning as ‘restaurants’ or within other locations. Effective working relationships between planners and public health officers were important for adoption and implementation, although planning and public health agendas did not always align and there were tensions between economic development and health improvement goals. The policy was adapted to suit local needs and priorities; in some cases, the policy was not used in areas where economic growth was prioritised. Clarity in policy wording and establishing a formal process for implementing policies including a designated individual responsible for checking and reviewing takeaway applications helped ensure consistency and confidence in policy implementation. ConclusionAlthough sometimes challenging, the policies were commonly described as feasible to implement. However, they may not completely prevent new takeaways opening, particularly where takeaways are relied upon to enhance local economies or where takeaway businesses find alternative ways to operate. Nevertheless, the policies can serve to shift the balance of power that currently favours commercial interests over public health priorities.

S3 guideline: Diagnosis and treatment of epidermal necrolysis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) - Part 2: Supportive therapy of EN in the acute and post-acute stages.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are rare, predominantly drug-induced, acute life-threatening diseases of skin and mucosae. SJS and TEN are nowadays considered as variants of one disease entity with varying degrees of severity called epidermal necrolysis (EN). EN is associated with high morbidity and mortality and constitutes a major disease burden for affected patients. The guideline "Diagnosis and treatment of epidermal necrolysis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis)" was developed under systematic consideration of existing scientific literature and in a formal consensus process according to regulations issued by the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) to establish an evidence-based framework to support clinical decision-making. The interdisciplinary guideline commission consisted of representatives from various specialist societies and of patient representatives. The guideline is aimed at specialists in the fields of dermatology, ophthalmology, plastic surgery, intensive care, and pediatrics in hospitals and offices, as well as other medical specialties involved in the diagnosis and treatment of EN. The guideline is also aimed at patients, their relatives, insurance funds, and policymakers. The second part is concerned with the topics of supportive therapy in the acute phase of EN and outpatient follow-up treatment.

The directors of resident support program: a program evaluation of a resident well-being and support innovation

BackgroundMedical training can be a challenging time for residents both professionally and personally. Resident support programs must be able to address a range of potential experiences, be accessible and easy to navigate, and consider the unique context of residency. Rigorous evaluation of resident support programs is needed to determine whether these programs are meeting these goals.MethodsThe Directors of Resident Support (DRS) program, launched in January 2021 at the Cumming School of Medicine at the University of Calgary, is a near-peer support model consisting of three faculty physicians, trained in peer support, who receive contacts from residents needing support for any issue. DRS physicians provide empathetic listening, referral to existing resources, and peer support for residents. A multisource evaluation of the DRS program, including field notes, data collection forms, and surveys, was guided by the Donabedian framework.ResultsThere were 62 total contacts in the 2-year evaluation period which required a median 2 h to address (range 5 min to more than 40 h). The most common topic for contact was to discuss feedback or evaluation (n = 10, 24.4%) and the most common response was listening and support (n = 29, 70.7%). Residents also contacted DRS to discuss experiences of racism, physical assault, sexual harassment, and mental health crises. Residents (n = 13) rated a median score of 74 out of possible 100 for usefulness (interquartile range [IQR] 1-100, with higher scores suggesting greater usefulness). Free text survey responses suggested that residents felt validated by contact with the program though some residents felt that additional follow-up would have been helpful.ConclusionThe DRS program has been well-utilized by residents for a variety of issues. Postgraduate Medical Education offices seeking to create resident support programs may anticipate that about 3% of residents may use a similar program per year and that the typical interaction would last 2 h, with a wide range. Feedback suggested that similar programs should have a formal process for follow-up with residents to ensure their concern was addressed and that resident supporters should have diverse lived experiences.

The (Il)legitimacy of Constitutional Amendments in Africa and Democratic Backsliding

Abstract In many African countries with hegemonic-party or de facto one-party systems, political leaders have historically exploited ostensibly proper constitutional amendments to undermine constitutionalism, a practice raising questions about the legitimacy, or lack thereof, of such amendments. This article argues that amendment legitimacy is contingent on achieving ‘broad consensus’, a concept endorsed by the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. Traditional amendment procedures, such as supermajorities and referendums, while crucial, have proven to be imperfect proxies for ensuring such broad consensus. To more effectively safeguard the core constitutional rules of democratic governance, this article contends that political parties must be recognised as key sites of power division and checks and balances. Accordingly, constitutional amendment procedures should require some level of cross-party approval for key amendments, thus preventing individual political groups, regardless of their dominance, from unilaterally altering fundamental rules of the game. This approach would not only enhance the legitimacy of amendments but also serve as a safeguard against contemporary forms of democratic backsliding, where incumbents exploit formal processes to undermine democratic competition. While this process might make constitutional changes more difficult, it would apply only to a narrow set of fundamental aspects of constitutional democracy. Moreover, it does not necessarily conflict with popular self-governance (and its majoritarian expression), but instead calls for an inclusive re-imagining of majoritarianism.

Deep Learning Methods to Mitigate Human-Factor-Related Accidents in Maritime Transport

Artificial intelligence aims to be the solution to multiple engineering problems by trying to emulate the human learning process. In this sense, maritime transport standards have clearly evolved, which are based on two principal pillars: the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Based on a formal safety assessment research process, these pillars try to solve most of the maritime transport accidents, which, in their final steps, are associated with human factors. In this research, an original methodology employing a deep learning process for image recognition during mooring line operation, a dangerous process on ships, is developed. The main results indicate that the proposed method is an excellent tool for advising ship officers on watch and, consequently, provides a new way to prevent human factors onboard from causing accidents, which in the future must be considered in international standards.

Claim in a civil proceeding Ancient Rome

The author points out that the lawsuit, as a legal institution, has an extremely long history. Like most civil institutions, its origins are connected with the law of Ancient Rome. The article is devoted to the analysis of the institution of the claim in the law of Ancient Rome. It is argued that subjective material rights were perceived by Roman legislators, court officials and lawyers not from the point of view of their material content, but the ways of protecting these rights. Claims were not derived from subjective material rights, but, on the contrary, they could confirm their existence. Subjective material rights and their judicial implementation were considered as one whole, preventing the Romans from dividing the law into material and procedural law. It is indicated that the lawsuit did not act as a universal procedural tool that protected against all possible civil offenses. Roman law developed as a system of actions that provided protection in a situation where the few laws in the field of civil law were outdated and could not effectively provide protection to the individual. The peculiarity of the claim within three forms of civil process of Ancient Rome is revealed: legislative, formulary and extraordinary. In the period of the legislative civil process, the claim had to be presented to the court in such a way that it repeated the verbal norm of the law, which the person referred to in his case, otherwise he lost it. Quite often, the verbal voicing of one’s claims had to be accompanied by certain gestures literally to the norm of the law. At the time of the formal civil process, the plaintiff presented the claim to the court also orally, but without observing the claim formalism, which made it difficult to access the court. At that time, the praetors began to record the claim in writing in a special act-instructions, where the judge was given instructions on how to resolve the case. With the help of these acts, praetors could protect social relations not regulated by custom or law. The extraordinary civil process brought the institution of the lawsuit closer to its modern understanding: an oral, and then a written claim by the plaintiff to the defendant, which must be decided by the court. The lawsuit was considered as a posed question, to which the court decision should give an answer.

Financial and Tax Literacy: A Child’s Early Exposure to Financial Concepts during the Educational Process

Aims: The viability of states today is largely based on the collection of tax revenues, which are considered as necessary for them to carry out their specific functions. Thus, the aim of this text is to discuss the development of citizens' tax culture, not as an isolated economic phenomenon but, as a phenomenon directly linked to their general financial literacy. Because it is the writer's belief that simply complying with the mandate to fulfill the tax obligation is not enough for the citizen to understand his contribution to the finances of his country, or, better, to appreciate this contribution in the context of understanding the ways in which the world moves financially. Methodology: It is a big question on how financially educated the modern man is and to what extent this financial education, his literacy or financial literacy, includes the concept of tax in its content to a sufficient extent to awaken consciences. In this text, the focus is on the exact age / educational stage at which this path to financial and tax literacy can begin, so that it can be integrated in a systematic way into the formal educational process. In order to draw conclusions about the appropriate stage for initiating financial awareness, the trends in the global financial literacy landscape were explored. This analysis aims to determine when it is considered appropriate to teach children financial concepts and how financial literacy is linked to making appropriate financial decisions and tax awareness at different age stages. An effort was carried out to evaluate the current financial and tax knowledge and behavior of Greeks. The research was exclusively bibliographic, i.e., a meta-analysis based on previous qualitative and quantitative studies. Results: Concerning the introduction of systematic financial and tax education for adolescents in schools, the studies accessed suggest that the age range of 12-14 marks a significant milestone for young people to begin delving into the more intricate concepts of the modern economy. Tax awareness among adolescents could arguably be attainable from around age 11 or 12, as they start demonstrating financial comprehension comparable to that of adults. Discussion: The findings of this research showed that the level of financial literacy in Greece depends on demographics, such as the geographical location and the gender of young people. Other factors are also important, but removing geographical and gender restrictions, combined with the provision of training programs already in the upper grades of Primary School, can improve financial awareness and develop the tax culture of citizens. This development requires the implementation of subjects in the curriculum, the training of the teachers so that they are able to teach children even 11 or 12 years old, the distinction of the concept of ethics from tax ethics and its teaching at an earlier age stage, and the drawing from international educational practices, i.e. leveraging successful financial literacy programs worldwide in order to obtain valuable insights for designing effective youth training initiatives.

How do institutional gender regimes affect formal reporting processes for sexual harassment? A qualitative study of UK higher education

AbstractFormal complaints and disciplinary processes constitute a mandatory aspect of organizational responses for addressing sexual harassment in many jurisdictions. However, previous research has found that reporting parties are not well served by such processes. In particular, Ahmed (Complaint!; 2021) argues that the institutional climate that enables harassment or discrimination to occur—including its gendered dynamics—also shapes how complaints about harassment are handled. Building on Ahmed's work, this article analyses how gender “gets into” formal reporting processes for sexual harassment within organizations. It draws on interviews with 18 students and staff who went through a formal institutional reporting process for gender‐based violence or harassment in UK higher education between 2016 and 2021. Using Connell's theorization of “gender regimes,” we outline how “dimensions of gender” within organizations affected different stages of formal reporting processes, including how evidence was gathered during reporting processes, as well as how it was assessed. These findings demonstrate that gender regimes—via gender relations of power, gendered “attachments and investments,” and “gender‐neutral” processes—can override formal processes and affect outcomes of sexual harassment reporting. These findings explain how gender regimes contribute to the failure of sexual harassment complaints to be upheld within organizations.

Raising relational legal consciousness through co‐production research? Making law more accessible

AbstractThis article offers co‐production as a new methodology for relational approaches to legal consciousness studies that allows for deeper analysis of and engagement with the everyday experience of law. We argue that the inherent relationality of co‐production has the potential to both expose and change legal consciousness. As an approach that equalizes status in the co‐production of knowledge, social structures and hierarchies are reproduced in real time, allowing the relational networks through which legal consciousness is formed to emerge. We demonstrate both the possibility and the value of this approach through a discussion of early findings from a co‐produced project focused on accessible legal information for disabled people with cognitive impairments. Our emerging data show that disabled people's experience as ‘outsiders’ in their communities, and the barriers to justice that they encounter through being not believed or information being given in inaccessible formats, creates uncertainty and distrust of the utility of legal professionals as routes for resolution – even as they express a desire for formal legal process. These data also show that engaging with co‐production work can increase the legal confidence of people from marginalized groups.

Mapping secondary data gaps for social simulation modelling: A case study of the journeys of Syrian asylum seekers to Europe

Simulation models of social processes may require data that are not readily available, have low accuracy, are incomplete or biased. The paper presents a formal process for collating, assessing, selecting, and using secondary data as part of creating, validating, and documenting an agent-based simulation model of a complex social process, in this case, asylum seekers’ journeys to Europe. The process starts by creating an inventory of data sources, and the associated metadata, followed by assessing different aspects of data quality according to pre-defined criteria. As a result, based on the typology of available data, we are able to produce a thematic map of the area under study, and assess the uncertainty of key data sources, at least qualitatively. We illustrate the process by looking at the data on Syrian migration to Europe in 2011–21. In parallel, successive stages of the development of a simulation model allow for identifying key types of information which are needed as input into empirically grounded modelling analysis. Juxtaposing the available evidence and model requirements allows for identifying knowledge gaps that need filling, preferably by collecting additional primary data, or, failing that, by carrying out a sensitivity analysis for the assumptions made. By doing so, we offer a way of formalising the data collection process in the context of model-building endeavours, while allowing the modelling to be predominantly question-driven rather than purely data-driven. The paper concludes with recommendations with respect to data and evidence, both for modellers, as well as model users in practice-oriented applications.

An approach to formalization of WEEE informal collectors: Collection model under a membership-based community

Informal collectors’ formalization has become a key challenge that developing countries such as China face in governing informal recycling. This study establishes an innovative collection model of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) under the membership community operation system, which integrates waste merchants into the formal recycling system in the form of members. Based on a Bass model of membership community development and an evolutionary game model between recyclers and waste merchants, respectively, this study uses system dynamics theory to simulate and analyze the model’s implementation effectiveness and influencing factors. We find that the membership community’s interpersonal promotion and customer relationship management strategies can increase waste merchants’ membership rate and membership loyalty, which is an effective way to incorporate waste merchants into the formal recycling system. Waste merchants’ main interest demands in the formalization process are to gain economic benefits and identity recognition, which motivate them to become members. Membership’s transaction cost establishes a long-term cooperative relationship between waste merchants and recyclers in the form of an economic contract. However, the potential losses from information sharing are the key factor restricting waste merchants from enrolling as members, which has also become the main obstacle to their formalization. This study provides a new theoretical and empirical basis for informal collectors’ formalization, which has important practical significance for WEEE recycling and management in developing countries.

Using augmented intelligence to improve long term outcomes.

For augmented intelligence (AI) tools to realize their potential, critical care clinicians must ensure they are designed to improve long-term outcomes. This overview is intended to align professionals with the state-of-the art of AI. Many AI tools are undergoing preliminary assessment of their ability to support the care of survivors and their caregivers at multiple time points after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. The domains being studied include early identification of deterioration (physiological, mental), management of impaired physical functioning, pain, sleep and sexual dysfunction, improving nutrition and communication, and screening and treatment of cognitive impairment and mental health disorders.Several technologies are already being marketed and many more are in various stages of development. These technologies mostly still require clinical trials outcome testing. However, lacking a formal regulatory approval process, some are already in use. Plans for long-term management of ICU survivors must account for the development of a holistic follow-up system that incorporates AI across multiple platforms. A tiered post-ICU screening program may be established wherein AI tools managed by ICU follow-up clinics provide appropriate assistance without human intervention in cases with less pathology and refer severe cases to expert treatment.

Core outcome set for studies evaluating interventions to prevent or treat delirium in long-term care older residents: international key stakeholder informed consensus study.

Trials of interventions to prevent or treat delirium in older adults resident in long-term care settings (LTC) report heterogenous outcomes, hampering the identification of effective management strategies for this important condition. Our objective was to develop international consensus among key stakeholders for a core outcome set (COS) for future trials of interventions to prevent and/or treat delirium in this population. We used a rigorous COS development process including qualitative interviews with family members and staff with experience of delirium in LTC; a modified two-round Delphi survey; and virtual consensus meetings using nominal group technique. The study was registered with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative (https://www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/796). Item generation identified 22 delirium-specific outcomes and 32 other outcomes from 18 qualitative interviews. When combined with outcomes identified in our earlier systematic review, and following an item reduction step, this gave 43 outcomes that advanced to the formal consensus processes. These involved 169 participants from 12 countries, and included healthcare professionals (121, 72%), researchers (24, 14%), and family members/people with experience of delirium (24, 14%). Six outcomes were identified as essential to include in all trials of interventions for delirium in LTC, and were therefore included in the COS. These are: 'delirium occurrence'; 'delirium related distress'; 'delirium severity'; 'cognition including memory', 'admission to hospital' and 'mortality'. This COS, endorsed by the American Delirium Society and the European and Australasian Delirium Associations, is recommended for use in future clinical trials evaluating delirium prevention or treatment interventions for older adults residing in LTC.