Formal Label Research Articles

Improvement in the Energy Efficiency Label level – PBE Edifica: Case Study of the Community Library of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) – São Paulo - Brazil

This article describes the application of a method of environmental certification of buildings used in Brazil and named as Brazilian Labelling Program PBE–Edifica. The method was developed by Procel, National Electric Energy Conservation Program, which confers, four Labels of the Energy Efficiency levels of a building, covering the Envelope; the Lighting System; the Indoor Air Conditioning; and the building Overall, which includes all previous levels and bonuses. The levels and scope of the Label apply both in the design phase and after construction or existing building in accordance with the Technical Quality Regulation for the Level of Energy Efficiency for Commercial, Service and Public Buildings, RTQ-C. The efficiency level ranges from A to E, where A is the most efficient and E the least efficient. The method also considers Bonuses that allow improvements in the Overall Classification efficiency. Thus, the objective of the research carried out was to identify the classification of the level of energy efficiency of an existing building on the campus of the Federal University of São Carlos, the Community Library, called BCo, Brazil built in 1995 with an area of 6,947.48 m2. The guidelines of the PBE Edifica using the prescriptive method were applied, and the characterization of the level of energy efficiency was carried out based on data obtained from plans and technical drawings of the building, and through a technical visit to obtain the data for entry into an application, WebPrescriptive. To obtain specific information about the wall's thermal transmittance and roof solar absorbance the PROJETEE application was used. All information processed so the building obtained an Overall classification C. For envelope and lighting level E, and air conditioning level B. To improve the level of efficiency, through bonuses, improvements in the lighting system and the elevator were suggested, resulting in level B for both Lighting and Overall efficiency. Notice that the building, due to its design and construction system does not have the conditions to reach level A of efficiency. In conclusion, we would like to point out that it is feasible to submit the building to the formal labelling process, since the proposed improvements resulted in an Overall Energy Efficiency Rating B. As a contribution for EFFICACY Project, some guidelines to be considered for buildings rehabilitation will be stated, as simulation of thermal insulation in facades and others improvements.

Continuing the Interactionist Tradition: Examining the Relationship Between Juvenile Delinquency, Formal Labeling and Adult Criminal Behavior

Continuing the Interactionist Tradition: Examining the Relationship Between Juvenile Delinquency, Formal Labeling and Adult Criminal Behavior

TheCemíand the Museum

In 1792, three Taíno cemí were found by a surveyor in a cave in the mountains of southern Jamaica. By 1803, the cemí were displayed in London at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries by Isaac Alves Rebello. Almost two hundred years later, in 1977, the cemí were formally accessioned by the British Museum, however, they still bear the formal label, “Method of acquisition by BM currently unknown.” This article traces the movement of these cemí from Jamaica to London, adding new information to their provenance. However, it also asks what adding to this provenance means, and interrogates the implication of their possession by the British Museum, particularly considering their status as animate entities. What does it mean to add to an archive of death, and what does it mean for the museum to lay claim to gods?

A dynamic soft sensor of industrial fuzzy time series with propositional linear temporal logic

The fuzzy time series (FTS) model is widely used to forecast time series data. However, the predicted results of FTS are poor for industrial time series data, especially when data changes rapidly and its volume is enormous. Therefore, a dynamic soft sensor model is proposed based on propositional linear temporal logic (PLTL) with a sliding window. First, the sliding window is used to extract dynamic data. Then the extracted data is modeled by FTS to generate an initial forecasting result. Finally, according to the data in the window, a PLTL formula is generated to describe the trend of the data. The generated formula is used as a formal label of the data in the window to weight the initial forecasting result. The proposed method is verified with the TAIEX data set. Analysis of variance is used to test the significance of selected data sets. The experimental results prove that the new method has good regression forecasting performance. Finally, an example of industrial application is introduced. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model for industrial time series data.

Pemberontakan Jawara Banten Pada Masa Awal Kemerdekaan Tahun 1945 – 1946

“Jawara”is part of the subculture apart from “Kiai” and “ulama” which has a position in the eyes of the people of Banten.this position is not a formal labelling but an informal label which is formed by the community itself, where the “jawara” is a group that has a strong influence while penetrating the boundaries of the rural hierarchy in Banten. In the early days of independence, the “jawara” were involved in heroistic events with the people of Banten fighting to regain independence from the Dutch colonial government. In the midst of this struggle there was an act of rebellion carried out by the “jawara”, where this rebellion reflected the social action of the “jawara” to oppose the situation at that time. This event is interesting to study to provide an overview of the socio-political dynamics among the people of Banten during this period. The method used in this research is to use the historical method by following the research steps, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the action in each rebellion that is carried out by “jawara”has its own characteristics, namely by committing various acts of violence that describe bandits. This violence is directed against people he does not like and will deter the ends of his interests. The acts of violence they commit such as kidnapping, intimidation, robbery and murder are the characteristics of the “jawara” style.

Disentangling Mental Illness Labeling Effects from Treatment Effects on Well-Being

The emerging field of Mad Studies has returned attention to deficiencies of the medical model, refocusing scholars on social causes of mental health problems and on consumers’/survivors’ experiences of labeling and stigma. These themes echo issues addressed in traditional and modified labeling theories. A fundamental labeling premise is that professional categorization as “mentally ill” is a major determinant of individuals’ poorer psychological well-being. However, this relationship has not been tested appropriately because past studies frequently measured formal labeling by a person’s involvement in treatment. Treatment involvement can indicate the receipt of potentially beneficial services or harmful categorization with a stigmatizing label. Independent measures of these constructs in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication enable reexamining traditional and modified labeling hypotheses for individuals with (N = 1,255) and without (N = 4,172) a recurrent clinical disorder. Supporting labeling theory’s central proposition, formal labeling was linked to more negative affect and disability days in both groups. These relationships were not spurious products of preexisting serious symptoms, refuting a psychiatric explanation. Treatment involvement effects differed noticeably between the groups, underscoring the need to keep treatment and labeling measures distinct.

Objects of Crime: Bodies, Embodiment and Forensic Pathology

When a death takes place in suspicious circumstances, the body transitions from being somebody to an object which is of legal as well as social value. A key investigatory process is that of the forensic autopsy, carried out by a Home Office Registered Forensic Pathologist (HORFP). This article draws upon empirical data from research involving HORFPs to examine their identity and the meaning they assign to the deceased body. I argue that HORFP’s understanding of the value of the deceased body constantly shifts due to the multifaceted nature of their role. I explain this by drawing upon a legal embodiment framework. The HORFPs have to balance a legal context which demands objective ‘facts’ and formal labels with emotionally difficult cases and the impact of their work on the bereaved. I challenge the dichotomy between dualism and embodiment, arguing that there is not an oppositional choice between ‘science’ and recognition of the symbolic value of the corpse, but rather that these views can coexist while serving different functions that are central to a HORFP’s role.

A Constitutional Wealth Tax

Policymakers and scholars are giving serious consideration to a federal wealth tax. Wealth taxation could address the harms from rising economic inequality, promote equality of social and economic opportunity, and raise the revenue needed to fund critical government programs. These reasons for taxing wealth may not matter, however, if a federal wealth tax is unconstitutional. Scholars debate whether a tax on a wealth base (a “traditional wealth tax”) would be a “direct tax” subject to apportionment among the states by population. This Article argues, in contrast, that this possible constitutional restriction on a traditional wealth tax may not matter. If the Court struck down a traditional wealth tax, Congress could instead tax wealth by adjusting a taxpayer’s income tax liability on account of her wealth. This Article describes three general methods for making this adjustment (collectively, “Wealth Integration” methods). A taxpayer’s wealth could affect her taxable income base (the “Base Method”), the applicable rate schedule (the “Rate Method”), or the availability of credits against tax (the “Credit Method”). Wealth Integration methods could replicate the economic effects of a traditional wealth tax but with an intrinsically different constitutional analysis. The Court could strike down Wealth Integration methods only by overruling settled prior precedent, invalidating many current features of the income tax, and fundamentally restricting Congress’s power to tax income under the Sixteenth Amendment. Finally, the possibility that Congress could instead tax wealth through Wealth Integration methods provides a new argument why the Court should uphold a traditional wealth tax. Otherwise, the Court would have to choose between fundamentally restricting the Sixteenth Amendment—and jeopardizing the income tax as we know it—or distinguishing between economically similar taxes on the basis of their formal label while still allowing Congress to tax wealth and diminishing the effect of the apportionment requirement as a restraint on Congress’s taxing power.

Our “Barbarians” at the Gate: On the Undercriminalized Citizenship Deprivation as a Counterterrorism Tool

Germany is joining a long list of European democracies that have modified or expressed a willingness to modify their citizenship laws to denationalize first and then prevent the return of or expel those citizens accused of having participated in terrorist activities abroad. The formal labelling of citizenship deprivation as an administrative measure outside the scope of criminal justice has prevented scholars of criminal law from undertaking a thorough scrutiny of its legitimacy. In this paper I seek to fill this gap. Specifically, after demonstrating why deprivation of citizenship is a measure of a criminal nature, I argue against its legitimacy, either as a punishment or as a risk-based measure. Instead I propose that we should understand citizenship deprivation as a paradigmatic response from an illegitimate enemy criminal law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, I claim that states that choose to denationalize terrorists should do it within the framework of a process with the highest (criminal procedural) guarantees.

A Constitutional Wealth Tax

Policymakers and scholars are giving serious consideration to a federal wealth tax. Wealth taxation could address the harms from rising economic inequality, promote equality of social and economic opportunity, and raise the revenue needed to fund critical government programs. These reasons for taxing wealth may not matter, however, if a federal wealth tax is unconstitutional. Scholars debate whether a tax on a wealth base (a “traditional wealth tax”) would be a “direct tax” subject to apportionment among the states by population. This Article argues, in contrast, that this possible constitutional restriction on a traditional wealth tax may not matter. If the Court struck down a traditional wealth tax, Congress could instead tax wealth by adjusting a taxpayer’s income tax liability on account of her wealth. This Article describes three general methods for making this adjustment (collectively, “Wealth Integration” methods). A taxpayer’s wealth could affect her taxable income base (the “Base Method”), the applicable rate schedule (the “Rate Method”), or the availability of credits against tax (the “Credit Method”). Wealth Integration methods could replicate the economic effects of a traditional wealth tax but with an intrinsically different constitutional analysis. The Court could strike down Wealth Integration methods only by overruling settled prior precedent, invalidating many current features of the income tax, and fundamentally restricting Congress’s power to tax income under the Sixteenth Amendment. Finally, the possibility that Congress could instead tax wealth through Wealth Integration methods provides a new argument why the Court should uphold a traditional wealth tax. Otherwise, the Court would have to choose between fundamentally restricting the Sixteenth Amendment — and jeopardizing the income tax as we know it — or distinguishing between economically similar taxes on the basis of their formal label while still allowing Congress to tax wealth and diminishing the effect of the apportionment requirement as a restraint on Congress’s taxing power.

Structural Da’wa in Public Policy (Indonesian Context)

The aim of this study is to discuss and analyze the structural da’wa as part of da’wa efforts among government officials by inserting da’wa messages in various public policies. It’s as has been applied in Bandung City in the era of Mayor Dada Rosada (the famous major of Bandung) who has one of development spirits in Bandung City as “Bandung Agamis” (The religious Bandung) program. The Qualitative descriptive approach is used to explain objectively, detail, and depth to the results that have been obtained in the field. Observation, interview, and documentation are used by the author in collecting the data. The result shows that that religion and state (government) have a symbiotic relationship. The Structural da'wa in “Bandung Agamis” program reflected that substantively religious values could be applied by the government on the public area with no formal labeling of shari'ah Islam as the opinion of integralist madhhab, neither separates religion from the state as the secularists argue.

Relativas livres e interrogativas parciais: paralelos e diferenças

In this paper we analyse parallelisms and differences between free relatives, true embedded wh interrogatives, and improper embedded wh interrogatives. While free relatives are DPs which contain a CP, embedded wh interrogatives, both true and improper interrogatives, are CPs. In the last years and in the framework of the Minimalist Program, this different categorial nature has been deduced from formal labelling conditions, mainly related to the nature of head or maximal projection of the moved wh constituent. In this paper, while not rejecting the importance of the difference between head and maximal projection of the wh constituent, we show that the DP or CP nature of the embedded constituent and its [+int] or [+decl] status must be sanctioned by the selection requirements of the matrix predicate.

High sensitivity troponin in the management of tachyarrhythmias.

The introduction of the highly sensitive troponin (hs-trop) assays into clinical practice has allowed for the more rapid diagnosis or exclusion of type 1 myocardial infarctions (T1MI) by clinicians, in addition type 2 myocardial infarctions (T2MI) are now more frequently detected. Tachyarrhythmias are one of the common causes of T2MI, the medium and long term outcome for this cohort of T2MI is yet to be clarified. Retrospective review of consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of either (a) non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or (b) tachyarrhythmia was performed. Data were collected on patient demographics and investigations. Patient mortality status was recorded through the Personal Demographics Service (PDS) via NHS Digital. A total of 704 patients were eligible for inclusion to the study. 264 patients were included in the study with a final discharge diagnosis of NSTEMI and 440 patients with a final discharge diagnosis of tachyarrhythmia. There was a significantly higher peak troponin in NSTEMI patients compared to the tachyarrhythmia troponin positive group (4552ng/L vs 571ng/L, p<0.001). Mortality was significantly higher in the troponin positive tachyarrhythmia patients than the troponin negative patients (54 vs 34, 26.2% vs 14.5%, log rank p=0.003), furthermore, the mortality of NSTEMI and troponin positive tachyarrhythmia patients was similar (55 vs 54, 20.8% vs 26.2%, log rank p=0.416). Only one patient (0.14%) was given a formal diagnosis of T2MI. These data suggest that troponin positive tachyarrhythmia is not a benign diagnosis, and has a mortality rate similar to NSTEMI. Formal labeling as T2MI is rare in real life practice. More investigation into the detection and management of T2MI and troponin positive arrhythmia patients is now warranted.

Mixed fragmented migrations of Iraqis and challenges to Iraqi refugee integration: the Jordanian experience

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on Iraqis in Jordan who intend to migrate further. It is maintained that the distinction between forced and voluntary migrations and the formal labels used to categorize migrants do not express the complexity of movements within and from the region. It is argued that movements out of Iraq and into Jordan, and further migrations to the West, are underpinned by more than one reason though triggered by force or violence. Indeed, the reasons urging movements of Iraqis in our study took different turns as people got to particular places and faced the context of reception there. We have identified challenges to Iraqi refugee integration and related them to the variety of intended and unintended fragmented movements that go together with multiple changes in formal migrant statuses. The article thus contributes to discussions on mixed migrations and fragmented migrations in the region and portrays the agency of Iraqis in migrating amidst the structural factor of force. The article also provides valuable contributions to discussions on fragmented journeys of would-be asylum seekers in the West.

Formal Labeling, Deviant Peers, and Race/Ethnicity: An Examination of Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Process of Secondary Deviance

The present study examines racial and ethnic variation in the intervening effects of deviant peers on the relationship between receiving a formal label and subsequent deviance. We build on earlier research by distinguishing between violent and nonviolent deviance, drawing on peer network data to directly measure peer deviant behavior, and stratifying analyses for White, Black, and Hispanic adolescents. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we find that overall, receiving a formal label, in the form of school sanctions, is associated only with later violent deviance but not associated with nonviolent deviance and there was no evidence of mediation by peer deviance or peer violent deviance. Results from stratified analyses for White, Black, and Hispanic adolescents are mixed. Among both White and Hispanic adolescents receiving a formal label was significantly associated with engaging in violent deviance, but this relationship was only partially mediated by peer nonviolent deviance among White adolescents. However, neither peer nonviolent deviance nor peer violence were related to violent deviance among Hispanic adolescents. In further contrast, among Black adolescents receiving a formal label was not significantly associated with engaging in violent deviance, but peer violent deviance did show a positive and significant main effect on violent deviance. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.

Putting the “th” in Tenths: Providing Place-Value Labels Helps Reveal the Structure of Our Base-10 Numeral System

ABSTRACTResearch has demonstrated that providing labels helps children notice key features of examples. Much less is known about how different labels impact children’s ability to make inferences about the structure underlying mathematical notation. We tested the impact of labeling decimals such as 0.34 using formal place-value labels (“3 tenths and 4 hundredths”) compared to informal labels (“point three four”) or no labels on children’s problem-solving performance. Third- and fourth-graders (N = 104) learned to label decimals while playing a magnitude comparison game and placing decimals on a number line. Formal labels facilitated performance on problems that required understanding the role of zero. Further, formal labels led to lower performance on problems where a whole-number bias led to a correct answer, suggesting that formal labels may have reduced a whole-number bias. Overall, formal labels helped highlight the place-value structure of decimals, indicating that labels can help children notice mathematical structure.

Interactionist Labeling

This article critically reviews prior labeling theory research concerning juvenile delinquency and crime, and proposes a new study using a recent data set. The labeling perspective is outlined as it was originally presented, and the theoretical elaborations that have taken place since are highlighted. Distinctions are made between formally applied criminal justice labels and the informal labels that are applied by educational institutions, significant others, and parental figures. An interactionist labeling model is presented to explain levels of juvenile delinquency among a nationally representative sample of American adolescents: the first three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Finally, negative binomial regression models are estimated to better explain the dynamic relationship between labels and delinquency. Consistent with labeling theory, formal labeling significantly increased future delinquency.

"I'm Not Mentally Ill": Identity Deflection as a Form of Stigma Resistance.

Mental illness identity deflection refers to rebuffing the idea that one is mentally ill. Predictors of identity deflection and its consequences for well-being were examined for individuals with mental disorders in the National Comorbidity Study-Replication (N = 1,368). Respondents more often deflected a mental illness identity if they had a nonsevere disorder, had low impairment in functioning, had no treatment experience, viewed possible treatment as undesirable, and held multiple social roles, consistent with theory about stigma resistance. Persons who deflected a mental illness identity had lower distress and more positive affect than those who accepted it, even net of disorder severity, impairment level, and treatment experience. Among those who had ever been in treatment, deflection buffered the negative effects of serious impairment but exacerbated the effects of having a severe disorder on well-being, suggesting more complex consequences of formal labeling (greater stigma but helpful services), consistent with previous research.

Consequential and Appropriate Decisions in International Conflict: An experiment with students operating a fishing dispute simulator

AbstractThis research compares decision making patterns of two groups of subjects engaged in an international conflict against a virtual actor within a computerized simulated environment that operates according to a set of predetermined rules. Subjects assigned to the first group could attempt to improve their status by choosing from a set of different types of policies, such as negotiating an agreement, threatening, mobilizing forces, and use of force. Subjects assigned to the second group also played against a virtual opponent that was programed to behave in an identical manner and produce identical payoffs. However, instead of each policy being labeled with a substantive meaning, policies were categorized in a formal manner as Policies A, B, C, etc. Therefore the only criterion for evaluating a policy was on the basis of outcomes. The results of this experiment reveal that providing a meaning to each policy rather than a formal label influenced policy preferences and impeded the ability of the subjects to learn from experience.

The power of community branding: an examination of the impact of imposed categories on policing a ‘crime hotspot community’

ABSTRACTThe paper is a section of a larger research project examining the manifestations of power in the labels, stigmas and stereotypes imbued in the discourses of police officers and civilians in a suburban, low-income community in northern Trinidad. The larger study scrutinizes the labels used by police and civilian to categorize each other while attempting to negotiate power during their interactions. Within this paper, I examine the formal labels assigned to the community within which the civilian participants for the larger study reside. These formal labels are identified and assessed to determine the extent to which they impact police/civilian relations at the community level and the extent to which they depict varying dimensions of power. The study employs emergent meaning construction strategies to provide descriptions showing how the lexicon of the authors of these formal labels project power through their contextual, cultural and situational expressions. It relied on an examination of formal labels identified in media data relating specifically to the researched community. It resulted in the identification of 11 formal labels manipulated by their authors to present interpretative and interactive frames which alter and renew meanings operating between police and civilian within the researched community.