Formative Evaluation Research Articles

Feasibility of recruiting young adults with low socioeconomic status for formative evaluation of a smoking cessation mobile intervention.

Participant recruitment is critical to the success of smoking cessation trials. However, recruitment feasibility studies for inclusion and exclusion criteria commonly used in smoking cessation research remain scarce. We assessed the feasibility of recruiting potential research volunteers (PRVs) under two sets of inclusion criteria to inform eligibility requirements for a smoking cessation mobile intervention trial. We invited PRVs nationwide to participate in qualitative evaluation of a smoking cessation mobile application. To be eligible under Criteria I, participants were aged 18-29 years, neither four-year college graduates nor enrollees, exclusive cigarette smokers, willing to quit within 30 days, and not using cessation aids. Criteria II expanded eligibility to those using cigarettes and non-combustible tobacco products (e.g. e-cigarettes) and willing to quit within 6 months. We calculated recruitment yields and associated costs. Of 10533 PRVs screened for eligibility, 48 were enrolled. Only 54 (0.5%) participants qualified under Criteria I and 164 (1.6%) under Criteria II. Age ineligibility was the top reason for exclusion (66.7%), whereas lifetime smoking, quit timeframe, and other tobacco product use contributed to ineligibility rates ranging from 46.5% to 65.3%. Enrolled participants were equally split by sex and roughly reflected the racial/ethnic composition of the United States. American Indians, who have the highest smoking prevalence, were <5% of enrolled participants. Recruitment costs averaged $106 per PRV. Eligibility requirements used in cessation trials were restrictive for recruitment efforts. Relaxing inclusion criteria will reflect current tobacco use patterns and facilitate the timely completion of trials within budgetary thresholds.

Essential strategic principles for planning and developing digitally enabled interventions in health and care settings.

Health and care information technologies can improve service delivery, but unfortunately many fail to realise their potential. This is because tools fail to effectively integrate with user and organisational practices. We here draw on two decades and an extensive body of practical and theoretical experience of conducting formative evaluations in health service settings to extract seven essential principles for planning and developing digital tools. Firstly, it is important to determine if digitalisation is the right approach for the desired change and to view these tools as complex interventions needing careful planning. The development process should embrace varying levels of co-creation and adapt to different needs and contexts. Ensuring that tools integrate well with existing information infrastructures and striking a balance between being widely applicable and locally relevant is essential. Furthermore, planning for how these interventions will fit into broader health and care pathways is vital. By considering these factors, decision-makers can significantly improve the chances of successful implementation, adoption and scaling of health and care technologies.

The Application of Hybrid Instruction Mode in the Course of Geographic Information System Principles

Abstract. Geographic Information System Principles is one of the professional core courses for the students majoring in Geographic Information Science. It plays an important role in providing a theoretical foundation and technical support for subsequent professional courses. The course is offered in the second semester of the freshman year and is the first professional core course for students. There are four key issues that need to be addressed. Firstly, the main content of this course is extensive and the difficulty level is relatively high. Secondly,theory and software operation are disconnected in traditional classes. Thirdly, the traditional teaching mode can not well stimulate students' interest. Fourthly, the traditional teaching and learning evaluation method focuses on results but not process. Hence, we rely on the online teaching platform of our school to carry out Hybrid Instruction Mode, hoping to improve students' learning effect and improve teaching quality. Based on the outcome-based education (OBE) concept, we refine the teaching objectives, and subsequently enhance the teaching materials. Then, we have built a blended teaching mode. The whole teaching process is divided into four parts including "course guidance", "pre-class self-study", "in-class practice", and "post-class research". Online and offline teaching are connected with various activities. Discussions, exercises, reflections, assessments, critical thinking, paper reading and homework are online activities. Guidance, analysis and practice are offline activities. During the teaching process, we also reformed teaching method and carried out ecological civilization and scientific spirit education.We optimized the assessment method using the formative evaluation. The course objectives are almost achieved.

Formative qualitative research to guide implementation of the Collaborative Care Model in a low-barrier HIV clinic

ABSTRACT Integrated behavioral healthcare interventions have increased access to care for people with behavioral health conditions in primary care settings. However, they have not been widely implemented in low-barrier HIV care settings where undertreated behavioral health needs remain high. We conducted a formative qualitative evaluation, using in-depth interviews with purposively selected stakeholders (n = 13) and patients (n = 16), to identify anticipated barriers and facilitators to integrating care for depression and opioid use disorder for people with HIV via the Collaborative Care Model at a low-barrier HIV clinic. Patients and stakeholders expressed their enthusiasm for the Collaborative Care Model based on its perceived relative advantage over the standard of care referral system. Availability of resources, practical concerns about perceived fit with low-barrier HIV care, and anticipated suitability given other behavioral health comorbidities and patients’ complex socioeconomic needs partially tempered stakeholder perceptions of appropriateness for the Collaborative Care Model. Patients and service delivery stakeholders were receptive to the Collaborative Care Model, but felt it was moderately appropriate in the context of low-barrier HIV care, which necessitated key adaptations to core model components to improve its contextual fit.

CNSC-05. MAPPING LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN SURGICAL GLIOMA PATIENTS

Abstract Previous work from our group has shown that the resection of white matter tracts localized by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) predicts postoperative neurological deficits. Here we use advanced preoperative brain mapping along with formal language evaluations to localize the neuroanatomical underpinnings of language processing in surgical glioma patients. In patients who had TMS tracts resected, the resected portions (“tract-cavity segmentations”) were classified according to the functional outcome (“true positives”-corresponding deficit; “false positives”-no deficit) and normalized to MNI space. For patients who sustained long-term deficits, TMS tracts were segmented according to spatial overlap with normative tracts to create ROIs. Each normalized resection cavity (n=79) was analyzed for overlap with each ROI associated with postoperative deficits (n=8). The percentage of patients who had positive ROI resections that included TMS tracts versus patients who had positive ROI resections irrespective of TMS tracts were analyzed according to the percent who sustained deficits in each group. ROIs from all patients were summed to create a probabilistic atlas of functional white matter. “True positive” tract-cavity segmentations localized into dual anterior/posterior “hubs” and demonstrated significantly higher spatial association with normative tracts across three different measures (p&amp;lt;.05). 92% of patients who underwent ROI resections that included TMS tracts sustained long-term deficits while 34% of patients who underwent ROI resections irrespective of individualized mapping sustained deficits (p&amp;lt;.05). The probabilistic atlas of functional white matter demonstrated significantly higher voxel intensities within the white matter deep to the temporoparietal junction defined by the same posterior “hub” ROI from Figure 1 (p&amp;lt;.001). This study demonstrates that essential language processing localizes to ROIs within normative white matter tracts that require individualized mapping for surgical preservation. The white matter deep to the temporoparietal junction serves as a crucial hub for language-processing circuitry in glioma patients.

Implementation of Differentiated Learning Through Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment in Grade IV of SDN 1 Kelayu Jorong

This study aims to describe the process of implementing differentiated learning through cognitive diagnostic assessment and factors that can support and hinder teachers. This study used a qualitative research approach with a descriptive research method. The source of this study was fourth grade teacher at SD Negeri 1 Kelayu Jorong. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions, and verification. The results of the study showed that the implementation of differentiated learning consists of: 1) Planning stage, mapping students' abilities through cognitive diagnostic assessment results into three learning groups such as: advanced, moderate, and developing groups, and teachers choose and compile teaching materials, methods, and strategies that were in accordance with students' abilities, 2) Implementation stage, used process differentiation, content differentiation, and product differentiation, 3) Evaluation stage, teachers applyed two types of evaluation, namely formative evaluation, and summative evaluation. Supporting factors for the implementation of differentiated learning with teacher collaboration, and the ease of finding sources through PMM. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors for teachers in implementing differentiated learning were time and lack of encouragement to participate in improving teacher competency through various workshops and seminars.

Evaluations of State Medical Cannabis Programs in the US: A Narrative Review

Background: Medical cannabis (MC) use is increasing across the US, with functional MC programs now operating in 38 states. While program policies and practices vary widely, little is known about whether and how states evaluate their programs. Better characterization of state MC program evaluation to date could inform states, program officials, and providers about best practices and provide a roadmap for future program evaluation. Summary: We conducted a narrative review of state MC program evaluations, including peer-reviewed literature and reports produced by independent state-based and non-state-based evaluators. Among 304 abstracts initially screened, seven evaluations met inclusion criteria. Within these evaluations, we report results according to three overarching themes: 1) evaluation characteristics, including comparison across evaluations; 2) program experience, including perceptions of providers and patients; and 3) assessment of cannabis use, including self-reported efficacy for qualifying medical conditions, patterns of medical and nonmedical cannabis use, and assessment of risk factors relevant to MC use. Additionally, we found that while goals and methods for state MC evaluations varied widely, evaluations that relied on independent, non-state entities tended to have more comprehensive and quantitatively rigorous results. Key Messages: Few states operating MC programs have completed a formal evaluation of their program. Among states that have completed an evaluation, approaches varied widely; however, common themes were also present, which may inform future state evaluation efforts. Evaluation through independent, non-state partners may provide an optimal strategy to ensure high-quality data and meaningful results.

Peripheral Endothelial Dysfunction Is Associated With Incident Major Depressive Disorder.

A subset of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) have a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors and cerebral small-vessel disease, implicating vascular disease in the development of depression. Cross-sectional studies demonstrate a link between endothelial dysfunction and MDD, but the prospective association between peripheral endothelial dysfunction (PED) and an incident diagnosis of MDD is unknown. Patients undergoing a baseline assessment of cardiovascular risk were evaluated for PED using reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry (≤1.8 consistent with PED). Patient medical records were reviewed to identify those who underwent a formal clinical evaluation of MDD after the index PED evaluation. The frequency of PED was compared in those with and without MDD. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between baseline PED and incident MDD. Between January 2006 and December 2020, 1614 patients underwent testing for PED. Four hundred eighty-four (30.1%) patients underwent a formal evaluation for MDD after (0-15 years) the index procedure (mean±SD age, 52.8±13.8 years; 65.2% women). Of these, 157 (32.4%) had PED and 108 (31.0%) were diagnosed with MDD. Individuals with MDD had a higher frequency of PED (40.2% versus 30.2%; P=0.034) compared with those without MDD. In multivariable analyses, PED was significantly associated with MDD (odds ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.4-3.8]; P<0.001). PED is significantly associated with incident MDD. Thus, PED may be a useful marker to identify individuals at increased risk of depression who may benefit from more frequent and earlier management strategies.

Evaluation of biofilm formation and carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples at a rural hospital in western Uttar Pradesh

ABSTRACT Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae commonly causes healthcare-associated infections and shows multidrug resistance. K. pneumoniae can produce biofilm. Carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae is due to the production of carbapenemases mainly. This study was done to evaluate the formation of biofilm and carbapenemase resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates. Material and Methods: A total of 110 K. pneumoniae isolated from various clinical samples were taken, the antibiotic susceptibility test was done by the Kirby disk diffusion method, and biofilm detection was done by the tissue culture plate method. All the carbapenem-resistant isolates were confirmed by multiplex real-time PCR (mPCR). Those found positive for any of the carbapenemase genes were tested by the modified Hodge test (MHT), modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM), and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM). Results: Out of 110 isolates, 66% (72/110) were carbapenem-resistant (suggestive of carbapenemase producers) by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion but 58% (42/72) of Klebsiella isolates were confirmed for carbapenemase production by mPCR. Maximum number of carbapenemase gene were New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) 52% (N = 22), 29% (N = 12) coproducers (NDM+OXA-48), and lowest in oxacillinase (OXA-48), 19% (N = 8). The overall sensitivity of MHT and mCIM+eCIM was 62% and 93%, and specificity was 88% and 97%, respectively. Our study showed that moderate biofilm producers were 51% (N = 56) K. pneumoniae isolates, strong biofilm producers 27% (N = 30), and 22% (N = 30) were weak/non-biofilm producers. We also found the correlation between biofilm formation and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-KP) genes was statistically significant with a P value of 0.01*&lt;0.05. Conclusion: Most isolates of K. pneumoniae demonstrated a wide range of antibiotic resistance and were biofilm producers. Our results indicated that the combination of mCIM with eCIM showed high sensitivity and specificity to detect CR-KP compared with MHT.

Dynamic analysis of adsorbate behavior in nanopores: Liquid bridge formation, cavitation, and contact angle evaluation via molecular dynamics simulations

To explore the internal transport mechanisms and evolutionary processes within nanopore, molecular dynamic simulations were employed to explore the formation of liquid bridges and the evolution of menisci. The adsorption–desorption isotherms were obtained, and the dynamic behavior of the adsorbate was analyzed. Results revealed two distinct processes governing the behavior of the adsorbate within nanopore. At low pressure ratios, a molecular adsorption layer initially grows continuously on the pore surface. As the pressure ratio increases, an additional mechanism emerges, characterized by the formation of a liquid bridge near the nanopore mouth. This leads to pore filling as the liquid bridge expands and retreats towards the pore’s closed end. During desorption, cavitation occurs, which can be characterized as an activation process. Once initiated, cavitation intensifies, progressively increasing the number of cavities. The convergence of these cavities undermines the stability of the liquid bridge, ultimately resulting in its collapse and the rapid evaporation of the adsorbate molecules. Additionally, we further calculated the contact angle at the vapor–liquid interface using the Kelvin equation. The results indicated a deviation of less than 5 % compared to our simulations, suggesting that the Kelvin equation is applicable for materials with pore sizes of at least 3.6 nm.

Enhancing teaching materials development course with the ICARE learning model in e-learning

Using e-learning in higher education has many important benefits and advantages in todays world of education. Therefore, this research aims to develop e-learning based on the introduction, connection, application, reflection, extend (ICARE) learning model for developing teaching materials courses in the Faculty of Education, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. The Hannafin and Peck development model was adopted as a foundational method, and the digital content developed was subjected to formative evaluation methods, including i) expert validation, ii) individual assessment, and iii) small group evaluation. To ascertain the quality of the developed content, the research engaged 3 expert evaluators, each specializing in media, instructional design, and content. Concurrently, individual evaluation was carried out with 3 students, followed by a small group evaluation involving 9 additional students. Data collection techniques involved both observational measures and questionnaire-based inquiries. The expert assessment showed that the design, media, and content dimensions all fell within the "very good" category. Student reactions, as measured through both individual and small group evaluations, consistently aligned with the "very good" category. Therefore, the attractiveness and practicality of electronic learning (e-learning) fell under the "very good" classification, due to the implementation of the ICARE learning model as the foundational design principle.

Implementation of Risk Management in Asset Management Governance Towards Optimizing Asset Utilization at Public Service Agency State Universities (Case Study of UPN Veteran Yogyakarta)

This study aims to analyze the application of risk management in asset governance at UPN Veteran Yogyakarta to achieve optimal asset utilization. As a Public Service Agency State University (PTN-BLU), UPN Veteran Yogyakarta faces various challenges in asset management, including budget constraints, lack of consistent monitoring, and the unavailability of formal risk evaluation standards. Qualitative descriptive research methods are used to gain in-depth understanding through interviews with asset managers and field observations. The results show that the implementation of risk management can have a significant impact on the efficiency of budget allocation, which includes more appropriate budget distribution based on priority needs and risks. Risk management also has the potential to extend the useful life of assets, with risk mitigation measures taken on assets that show signs of wear or early damage, thus preventing major repair costs due to serious damage. This research highlights that a technology-based monitoring system is an indispensable aspect to support the effectiveness of risk management in asset management. The implementation of structured risk assessment procedures helps in determining asset maintenance priorities, so that the assets that are most critical to the sustainability of campus operations receive greater attention. With the implementation of this comprehensive risk management, optimization of asset utilization can be achieved, which in turn supports the stability and sustainability of UPN Veteran Yogyakarta's operations as a quality higher education institution.

Hearing Screening in Older Adults in Primary Care Clinics: How the Effects of Setting and Provider Encouragement Differ by Patient Sex and Race.

Few studies have examined how patient sex or race influence hearing healthcare, which was our study purpose. We performed a secondary analysis using data from a pragmatic clinical trial that examined the effect of provider encouragement (yes/no) or setting (at-home/clinic) for older adults to follow through with routine hearing screening in primary care and the hearing healthcare pathway. Three protocols were compared: at-home screening without provider encouragement, at-home screening with provider encouragement, and in-clinic screening with provider encouragement. Poisson regression (n = 627) showed few differences by patient sex but showed that Black patients in the at-home protocols were less likely to schedule or complete a formal diagnostic evaluation after a failed screening compared with Black patients in the clinic setting and White patients in all groups. Black patients, regardless of provider encouragement, were less likely to schedule or complete a diagnostic evaluation compared with White patients. Results suggest that in-clinic screenings may increase the use of hearing healthcare for Black patients.

Implementation of a STEM-Based Project-Based Learning Model to Improve Students' Science Process Skills on Alternative Energy Material

Science process skills are skills that students must have in learning Physics because students are required to be able to apply scientific methods and knowledge and develop the knowledge skills they already have, so that science process skills are needed by students to face the real world which is dominated by technology and science. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how students' science process abilities in studying physics are affected by a STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) project-based learning approach. The study's sample was selected through the use of purposeful sampling. The sample consisted of thirty-four X grade students from a public high school in Bandung City. Formative pretest-posttest testing was used in this study as part of a quantitative pre-experiment methodology. Twelve multiple-choice questions were utilized in a formative evaluation of the abilities of the science process to collect research data. The results revealed that the moderate group had an N-Gain score of 0.61. A high category for observing and classifying indicators and a medium category for forecasting, measuring, drawing conclusions, and presenting indicators are used to categorize the improvement in science process skills indicators. Thus, the STEM-based learning model can improve students' science process skills.

A comprehensive logging evaluation method for identifying high-quality shale gas reservoirs based on multifractal spectra analysis

Conventional logging interpretation methods qualitatively identify shale reservoirs using shale attribute parameters and interpretation templates. However, improving the identification accuracy of complex shale reservoirs is challenging due to the numerous evaluation parameters and the complexity of model calculations. To quantitatively characterize high-quality shale reservoirs effectively, this study utilizes two wells in the Fuling shale gas field as examples and establishes a comprehensive evaluation method for identifying high-quality shale gas reservoirs utilizing multi-fractal spectral analysis of well logs. First, the conventional well logs are qualitatively analyzed and evaluated via multiple fractals and R/S analysis. Subsequently, a gray relational analysis is employed to combine the production well logging, which reflects dimensionless productivity contributions, with the fractal characteristics of conventional well logs to obtain the corrected weight multifractal spectrum width ∆α' and fractal dimension D’. Comprehensive fractal evaluation indices λ and γ are introduced, forming three categories of productivity evaluation standards for shale gas reservoirs characterized by fractals. Finally, a validation well is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the evaluation method. The results indicate that the identification of high-quality shale gas reservoirs based on the above comprehensive fractal evaluation method can reflect the productivity classification level of fractured well sections, simplify the calculation of formation evaluation parameters, and avoid the problem of poor correlation between predicted sweet spot zones and gas production. This approach has wide applicability and value for identifying high-quality reservoir areas in shale gas reservoirs and provides technical support for the effective large-scale development of shale reservoirs.

Telemedical Franconian Obesity Aftercare Therapy (Tele-FANT) Results of a Formative Evaluation

Following rehabilitation, patients are often unable to continue with the behavioral changes they had learned there in the long term. It is therefore important to offer aftercare services to improve self-management. Internet-based and telephone aftercare concepts in particular are low-cost and flexible in application, and offer an opportunity to significantly increase the use of aftercare measures. In, the"Tele-FANT" project, obese patients were supported by an aftercare therapist over a period of 12 months following their inpatient rehabilitation stay by regular telephone or video consultations. A one-group pre-post design was used for the formative evaluation. Participants took part in a written survey at the start of rehabilitation, at the end of rehabilitation and 4, 8 and 12 months after rehabilitation. As a key variable, body weight (external measurement by the family doctor) was also recorded at all measurement times to calculate the percentage weight loss from the start of rehabilitation. Descriptive parameters were calculated at the beginning, as well as mean differences and standardized effect sizes (SES) at the post-measurement time points. A total of 47 obese rehabilitation patients (mean BMI=44.56, SD=7.23) from the Frankenlandklinik Bad Windsheim were recruited to participate in the aftercare program. The complete program up to the 12-month follow-up was completed by 30 participants (drop-out: 36.2%). The remaining participants showed a high level of acceptance for both the structural processes and the content of the aftercare program. A weight loss of at least 10% was achieved by 13 participants (50%) at the 12-month follow-up, a further 4 participants (15.4%) had lost 5 to 10%. The participants were able to reduce their BMI by an average of 4.45 BMI points from 43.69 (SD=7.25) to 39.24 (SD=7.25) since the start of rehabilitation (mean effect size: SES=0.61). In the formative evaluation, the "Tele-FANT" aftercare program shows good feasibility and promising results with regard to the goal of weight reduction/stabilization. However, the high drop-out rate indicates that some of the participants were not satisfied with the program or were unable to achieve the desired outcome. The next step would be to test the effectiveness of the "Tele-FANT" aftercare concept in a randomized control group study.

Scaffolding-informed design of open educational resources in Chinese secondary school mathematics: insights from multi-cycle formative evaluation

In the post-pandemic world, open educational resources (OER) have the potential to ensure educational equity by providing all students with access to learning materials and by supporting teachers’ instructional practices through readily available, adaptable resources. However, the quality of OER continues to be a concern. Therefore, this study explored the use of (1) GeoGebra and scaffolding strategies to develop OER for secondary school mathematics teaching and (2) formative evaluation techniques to enhance the quality of the OER. A GeoGebra expert and a total of 40 frontline teachers participated in three review cycles of the OER development in the project. The feedback from each cycle informed the application of scaffolding strategies in the development of OER for the subsequent cycles. In Cycles 2 and 3, teachers rated the OER and provided feedback through surveys for further improvement. The results indicated that teacher ratings were significantly higher in Cycle 3 (n = 40, Mdn = 5) than in the previous cycle (n = 21, Mdn = 4) regarding the appropriateness of the OER for students with different learning preferences, z = − 2.87, p < 0.05. The results of the project-end satisfaction survey further revealed that all of the teacher participants were satisfied with the OER, which also enhanced their teaching practices. The results of the study offer a theoretical foundation that OER developers can ground upon to enhance their OER design. They also provide practical insights into the application of formative evaluation in the OER development that OER developers can adopt to create resources that are finely attuned to the needs of frontline teachers.

Virulence characterization of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mozzarella cheeses and cheese-slicers

Different species of the Staphylococcus genus can be found as contaminants in foods and may carry virulence factors that could potentially make them The enterotoxigenic potential ofpathogenic or transfer genes to other bacteria. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify species of Staphylococcus genus isolated from sliced mozzarella cheeses and cold-cut slicers and characterize biofilm formation in vitro, presence of enterotoxins and antibiotic resistance genes, and β-lactamase production. Sampling was carried out in 44 retail markets and isolates identified on species level. Resistance genes blaZ and mecA, as well as enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, and sed, were identified using PCR. Phenotypic evaluation of biofilm formation and detection of β-lactamase enzyme were also analyzed. Nine species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) were identified from 85 bacterial isolates. Of this total, 67.0% were positive for the presence of one or both antimicrobial resistance genes blaZ and mecA, while the β-lactamase enzyme was detected in 52.9% isolates. Regarding biofilm production, 48.2% of isolates were positive and 51.8% were negative. However, none of the isolates were identified with the enterotoxin genes. The results demonstrate the potential risk of cross-contamination, as biofilm-producing CNS could persist in the cheese retail environment, highlighting the danger of resistance genes transferring to other commensal or pathogenic bacteria.

Source rock and petrophysical evaluation of the Late Cretaceous Haymana Formation, Haymana Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey

This study investigates the petroleum potential of the mudstones of the Late Cretaceous Haymana Formation in the Haymana Basin, Turkey. Lithofacies, pore structure, and source rock characteristics of the mudstones are examined using stratigraphical, sedimentological, petrophysical, and organic geochemical methods along four stratigraphic sections and other sampling sites. The depositional model presents a facies distribution within a submarine fan system. According to bulk mineralogy, the identified lithofacies are mixed mudstone, mixed siliceous mudstone, marl, mixed carbonate mudstone, argillaceous/siliceous mudstone, and clay-rich siliceous mudstone. XRD and mercury intrusion measurements suggest that the macropores (&gt; 50 nm) of the mudstones formed by dissolution of calcite, while mesopores (2 nm-50 nm) developed around the clay/quartz/feldspar. Of the analysed samples, no lithofacies class is distinct with any specific range of porosity or permeability, which suggests a strong heterogeneity in pore throat size, mineral content, and grain size. The black shale from the northwest of the basin with 1.19% TOC, 0.07 mg/g S 1 , 1.01 mg/g S 2 , and 441°C T max is a relatively more mature source rock although it still exhibits poor petroleum potential. Overall, the TOC values (avg. 0.38%) of the mudstones suggest organic-poor rock characteristics for the Haymana Formation in the studied parts of the Haymana Basin.

Development, Implementation, and Formative Evaluation of a Social Needs Screening Tool.

We aim to develop and formatively evaluate a brief social needs screening tool that adheres to Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) clinical service standards for sexual and reproductive health (SRH) agencies and is acceptable and feasible for use by staff during a clinical encounter. Through a multi-stage literature and expert review process, we developed an evidence-informed, two-page social needs screening tool, scoring form, and implementation guide. We piloted this tool at three SRH agencies in Massachusetts and recruited staff to provide quantitative and qualitative feedback through post-pilot test self-reported surveys and semi-structured interviews. Participants (n = 13) felt the social needs screening tool was easy to integrate into their clinical workflow and were comfortable using it with patients. All participants reported feeling comfortable administering the tool, scoring it, and referring patients to appropriate resources, if applicable. Most reported they would like to continue using the tool after the pilot implementation period, either with or without modifications. Our multi-stage tool development and formative evaluation process involving literature review, expert review, and pilot-testing in clinical settings enabled our team to create a brief, evidence-informed social needs screening tool that is acceptable to staff and feasible for use during a short clinic visit at SRH agencies in Massachusetts. Staff felt that there is value in using this tool, are comfortable using it, and are able to integrate it into their existing clinical workflows.