Formal Design Process Research Articles

Developing an Ontology to Explore Competencies Needed by Instructional Design Professionals in Higher Education

This multi-strategy research study aimed to develop an initial formal ontology of competencies needed by instructional design professionals in higher education. The ontology was constructed using a formal ontology design process and then validated by eight expert instructional design professionals in higher education using an online survey. The quantitative responses showed a general agreement with the ontology. Three themes emerged from the qualitative data: an expansion of instructional design competencies, the addition of a diversity, equity, and inclusion competency, and the removal of the programming competency. The findings are discussed, and proposed changes to the ontology are provided.

A Single, Multimodal Exercise Tolerance Test Can Assess Combat Readiness in Army-ROTC Cadets: A Brief Report.

Using a formal instrument design process, we constructed the METT to mimic the demands of the ACFT and assessed its reliability, validity, and responsiveness. The METT demonstrates minimal measurement error (i.e., a 2% coefficient of variation), concurrent validity with the ACFT (R2 = 0.327, F = 10.67, p < 0.001), the ability to classify cadets who may be at-risk for failing the ACFT (X2 = 8.16, p = 0.017, sensitivity = 0.878, specificity = 0.667), and appropriate change following a training intervention (5.69 ± 8.9%). The METT has the potential to provide a means to monitor progress, identify areas for improvement, and guide informed decision-making regarding individualization of cadet combat training plans.

Improving the Efficiency of a Public Health Service by Designing Its Innovation Management Structure Based on Data Envelopment Analysis

This paper presents a proposal for Chile's health system innovation structure based on a formal service design approach, including management and process architecture definition. Such structure defines how to allocate innovation resources in the health system to increase its efficiency. It uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure hospitals' efficiency, which also determines the variables that explain such efficiency. Thus, the architecture uses the knowledge about hospitals' efficiency and their determinants to define innovation projects and assign financial resources for them. It also assures their implementation to increase the efficiency of the hospitals. DEA measurements show great improvement potential since only six of 40 hospitals had an efficiency value of 1.0. Some of the projects with the best improvement potential were implemented with very good results, summarized in the paper. The main contribution of this work is to formalize and enlarge the scope of the structural design of health services to generate improved results for users at a lower cost.

Resilient seismic design of reinforced concrete framed buildings with metallic fuses including soil-structure interaction effects

In this paper, the authors propose and validate a code-oriented, resilient design methodology for reinforced concrete buildings with intermediate moment frames (RC-IMFs) and hysteretic energy dissipation devices (HEDDs) mounted in chevron steel bracing design as structural fuses, considering soil-structure effects. The design methodology is based on global lateral stiffness balances among different structural components (frames, bracings and HEDDs). Global seismic design parameters were specifically assessed for such stiffness ratios through extensive parametric studies for the subject structural system under study. In order to achieve an immediate occupancy seismic performance, the design sequence using capacity-design principles is clearly established and emphasized for the design of main structural elements. Soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects are included in the formal design process following the recommendations available in the seismic code for Mexico City. In order to fully test the efficacy of the proposed design methodology under a demanding seismic scenario, three buildings of 8, 15 and 24 stories were designed in soft soil sites of Mexico City close to resonant responses. Different types or HEDDs were considered and evaluated. Pushover analyses were performed in order to verify that subject buildings may achieve the objective resilient deformation mechanism (immediate occupancy) at the maximum useful ductility capacity assumed for the HEDDs. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed for the complete 3D designs according to the code under the action of eight pairs of acceleration records, representative of the site where the buildings were located. This was done in order to assess maximum inelastic demands, residual drifts, and fully verify and validate the proposed resilient, structural fuse code-oriented design. From the obtained results, it is confirmed that a resilient structural performance is feasible for RC-IMFs with HEDDs under the proposed code-oriented design methodology.

Application of Phase-Based Circuit Theory to RSFQ Logic Design

In contrast to transistor-based semiconductor circuits, there is currently no widely accepted formalized circuit theory or design methodology for superconductor rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic circuits. Experienced designers intuitively consider flux loops, nodal phase, and branch currents when making design choices, but the lack of a formalized design process makes it difficult for inexperienced RSFQ circuit designers to construct a functioning logic cell without a reference. This results in new circuit designers, mostly recycling templates from published circuit designs without fully understanding why the circuits function as they do. Inexperienced RSFQ circuit designers often follow an iterative process where cell parameter values are adjusted, and the cell is run through electronic simulation engines until the desired functionality is reached. We propose the development of a formalized circuit design theory for RSFQ logic from first principles using phase-based circuit analysis. The circuit is designed using dc analysis to establish the dc operating point of the circuit. Phase-based analysis and simulation are then used to verify the dynamic circuit functionality. To demonstrate this method, we discuss examples for well-known RSFQ cells. We analyze the initial operating margins of these designs and discuss design accuracy and efficiency. Methods for current regulation to minimize current leakage between cells are discussed. We also present how this design methodology can be used to design new circuits such as an RSFQ XNOR cell. We investigate how an inverting (NOT) cell can be combined with other logic cells to minimize cell latency.

Remote river energy system: an open-source low-maintenance turbine design for remote areas

Axial flow hydro-kinetic turbines convert the kinetic energy of a flowing fluid into electrical energy, and can be designed for deployment in a wide range of locations. As relatively recent technology, these designs are often high in cost, complex and require specialist maintenance and materials. This is not viable for many communities in developing countries, which may subsequently remain reliant on fossil fuels. A remote river energy system has been designed to be built and maintained using minimal equipment, with components that can be readily obtained. A formal design process has been used with design review and feedback stages; design tools included Simulink modelling, finite-element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, nodal analysis and flume testing. A handful of components such as the turbine blades require specialist machining and maintenance. Results demonstrate how an effective water turbine with a 3 kW output can be theoretically produced and maintained without an over-reliance on specialised components and tools, thereby producing a more economically viable water turbine for use in developing countries. Open-source distribution of the design drawings will facilitate application of the design and improvements by other stakeholders. The design study presented is a platform for prototype technology trials to further develop the concept.

256 Improving Access to Clinical Guidelines: Focus on the End User

Clinical guidelines are frequently used in the emergency department (ED) to standardize patient care, support clinical decision-making, and ensure quality and safety. While the clinical content of such guidelines is developed and maintained by expert clinicians in collaboration with departments across the health system, key principles of effective graphic design and presentation are not uniformly applied. In our ED, these siloed approaches to guideline design have led to a wide range of formats, from text-based to visual flow charts, that are accessed less than 10 times a month. In interviews with ED clinicians at our institution, we discovered clinical guideline presentation and readability were directly related to ease and rate of use. Therefore, we aimed to create and implement standardized best practices, developed with the end user in mind, to increase the usage of clinical guidelines for patient care in our ED. We assembled a team of designers, frontline clinicians, and leadership to iteratively develop a standardized process for converting ED clinical guidelines to a new, end user-centered format. In this process, we focused on key principles of design including spatial positioning, color, and flow. We developed two templates: a multi- step protocol template with branch points, and a single-step protocol template. Several key qualities arose during our design process: 1) Visualizing information on a single page; 2) Eliminating and condensing text where possible; 3) Utilizing left to right horizontal flow; 4) Standardizing use of color to indicate acuity and urgency of each step. Templates were developed in Google Slides for ease of adaptation, and a rigorous change-control process was formalized to ensure that redesigned guidelines retained clinical integrity. The guidelines were organized into categories: Medical, Trauma, Pediatrics, Geriatrics and Logistics and then uploaded to an open access, mobile-friendly platform, E*Drive (https://edrive.ucsf.edu). Since the launch of E*Drive, we have redesigned over 50 clinical guidelines. User data indicates that standardized guidelines are increasingly accessed compared to prior unstandardized versions, which were accessed a total of 25 times from June 2020 to September 2020. Our redesigned digital platform, which houses the clinical guidelines along with other clinical resources, now averages 343 unique users per month. Usage has grown by 375% since E*Drive site launch in October 2020 (Figure 1). The templated format and clearly-defined best practices have enabled our team to have a <24-hour turnaround time for the creation of new clinical guidelines, which is particularly important for rapidly changing COVID-19 pandemic-related information, including real-time census sharing guidelines. Creating usable clinical guidelines in the ED is particularly challenging given collaboration with siloed departments with varying guideline structure and design. A formal design and change-control process for standardizing clinical guidelines has increased clinicians access to guidelines while retaining clinical integrity of guidelines in our ED.

University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.

University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.

Other rural livings: Contemporary rural dwelling phenomena in Colombia

This paper identifies and analyses three phenomena in the current situation of design of rural housing in Colombia, approached as cultural spatial situation, reviewing its causes and main characteristics. The phenomena are product of a search of new types of rural dwelling generated since 1990, that were classified in three groups based on the type of spatiality produced and their relation to rural territories. The types of housing include formal and informal design processes. The groups relate to the overlook of the rural context, the stereotyped rurality and the dwelling derived from political situations. The causes of these phenomena are also reviewed with focus on the role of the spatial disciplines such as architecture, design, planning and urbanism, on the development of rurality and on the role played by the State on the configuration of rural areas through policy, normative and institutional presence. The goal is to be able to understand what is happening in rural housing in the colombian situation and how the current facts can inform spatial disciplines, as architecture and design, in rural contexts in the near future.

Digitisation of bamboo culms for structural applications

Reducing the negative environmental impact caused by the intensive manufacturing of industrialised building materials and components requires the adoption of alternative sustainable resources and the development of appropriate procedures to encourage their use in the construction industry. Bamboo in its natural form (culms or poles) is one of the most promising non-conventional sustainable building materials, endemic to most developing countries where high demand for building materials will be driven by the large-scale urbanisation predicted for the coming decades. The use of bamboo poles as structural elements poses multiple challenges starting with the need to define their inherent geometric variability to enable their inclusion in formal design and fabrication processes. This paper describes the details of a non-destructive 3D scanning and modelling workflow developed to capture and process the relevant digital information that describes the geometric properties of bamboo poles. The digitisation of over 230 poles with a combined length of 500 m was carried out confirming the accuracy of the generated geometric models. Also, a small reciprocal frame prototype was successfully developed based on the geometric information extracted from a 3D model of the structure incorporating the digitised poles. The effective digitisation of bamboo poles and its integration into modern platforms can provide the construction industry with the necessary support to design, build and maintain high quality structures that incorporate this sustainable and renewable resource.

Digital analysis of the geometric variability of Guadua, Moso and Oldhamii bamboo

The implementation of sustainable building materials is currently one of the principal global challenges faced by the construction industry. Natural bamboo culms are a potential alternative to tackle this challenge due to its favourable environmental credentials as well as affordability. However, the organic geometry of bamboo culms is one of the barriers that prevents them from being implemented in formal design procedures. This work presents the details of a new digitisation workflow to systematically capture the geometry of bamboo culms through the application of 3D scanning technologies and reverse engineering principles. This workflow is applied to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the geometric variability of Guadua angustifolia kunth (Guadua), Phillostachys pubescens (Moso) and Bambusa oldhamii (Oldhamii) to identify potential correlation patterns. This geometric analysis showed a wide variation in the geometric properties of all species and no particular pattern was found which could be adopted for a potential visual grading system. These results highlight the challenges that the use of bamboo culms pose for the traditional design and fabrication processes developed for manufactured structural elements. The proposed reverse engineering methodology adopted for this study can be used to quantify and manage the geometric variability of bamboo culms to support the development of new formal design and fabrication processes for this natural structural element.

Transmission Mechanisms in the Creative Economy, Fashion Design Processes and Competitiveness: The Case of Progressive Taiwanese Fashion Designers

The creative economy’s boundaries are porous as creative ideas permeate all its subsectors. The critical element is to put in place the so-called effective transmission mechanisms for all subsectors to flourish and in turn generate viable business models and consequently wealth. In this paper, the authors take fashion practice as the unit of their discussion and attempt to explore empirically how the transmission mechanisms can be put into operation by investigating how an art avant-garde may configure mind-sets at the pre-initiatory stage of fashion design processes. Qualitative research methods are employed through the case studies of the selected five Taiwanese progressive fashion designers. The findings confirm that the transmission mechanisms from art to fashion are indeed in motion, as Taiwanese fashion designers are influenced by the art current’s fundamental tenets. Moreover, the authors identify a phase before the commencement of any formal design processes which they name noegenesis, a term borrowed from psychology. It is argued that noegenesis has the potential to provide designers with their singular vision, which simultaneously may serve as a potential differentiation advantage in markets.

Formal Behavioral Requirements Management

In this paper, we develop the mathematical foundation for a formal requirements management of a systems engineering (SE) methodology called the Responsive and Formal Design (RFD) process. The RFD process relates a set of requirements, associated models, simulations, and the relationship between them, by integrating model-based systems engineering (MBSE) to manage system modeling complexity with formal methods to ensure that designs are verifiably correct against their requirements. In this paper, we formally define basic notions of the RFD process, develop algorithms to extract a set of logical expressions from a set of requirements, and present a technique that is used to map a behavior model to its simulation. We also present a formal way of refining requirements in the RFD process and show how properties are preserved along the way in a fundamental fashion. We demonstrate our development using three small satellites measurement system that images the colorful auroral ovals around Earth's magnetic poles.

I-DIGEST framework: towards authentic learning for indigenous learners

There is a distinct lack of authentic and relevant learning opportunities for Indigenous learners in formalized educational settings. This is due to multiple factors including the lack of incorporation of Indigenous knowledge into educational curriculum. A significant portion of Indigenous knowledge is in relation to the land and is experientially grounded. Therefore, any knowledge system used by Indigenous learners must take into account that learning is contextual to a place and should include a significant experiential learning component within the curriculum. Digital storytelling has emerged as a methodology for incorporating Indigenous knowledge into learning and with the literature identifying the lack of a formal curriculum design process, a framework is presented for incorporating digital storytelling into learning curriculum, allowing for authentic and relevant learning opportunities for Indigenous learners. To test the efficacy of our framework approach, prototype tools have been created to generate learning objects to be used in a case study course. Experts in the field of education and Indigenous knowledge were then asked to provide feedback on the efficacy of the framework. Strengths identified include the inclusion of knowledge holders and community members in the design process as well as providing a visual and oral alternative to the standard written method of expression. Weaknesses identified include possible lack of knowledge and support from educators as well as a lack of protocol to determining valid, relevant knowledge. Additional benefits identified include using this approach beyond the physical boundaries of a community, to allow, for remote community members to contribute to the knowledgebase.

Evolutions of Carpe Diem for learning design

This paper presents a comparative case study from two UK universities that contextualises their use of the Carpe Diem Learning Design methodology. The aim of the case study is not to share an evaluation of the Carpe Diem process per se, as both institutions are confident in the validity of the design process it scaffolds. Rather, it explores the different contexts, institutional drivers and evolutions of the original process in both institutions: supporting the development of online programmes at Glasgow Caledonian University, and blended programmes through the CAIeRO framework (Creating Aligned Interactive educational Resource Opportunities) at the University of Northampton. It then shares common challenges and opportunities; in particular the use of Carpe Diem to support open educational practice. The aim is to contribute to an ongoing collaborative narrative around the processes involved in implementing and embedding a formal learning design process such as Carpe Diem.

I-SLATE: designing a culturally relevant framework for authentic learning

Many Indigenous learners worldwide find the learning materials presented in current educational settings culturally irrelevant. A lack of relevant learning materials within formal education settings subscribing to Western Euro-centric curriculum standards is a key factor. Learning materials provided through modelling, practice, and apprenticeship, are desired. With the literature identifying the lack of a formal curriculum design process, a framework is presented for standardized creation of learning objects for Indigenous learners. To determine the efficacy of the framework, two case study examples and prototype tools were presented to Indigenous knowledge expert interviewees to identify strengths, weaknesses and additional benefits to the proposed framework. Incorporating learners in the design process from the beginning was highlighted as being a very positive approach. The benefits of this research include that it provides an interface, in the form of a prototype, to allow educators to create relevant and authentic learning for Indigenous learners. Additional work is needed on simplifying the process of knowledge creation for educators and on ensuring that any knowledge used maintains cultural and contextual meaning to the communities in which it was generated.

If you build it, will they come? Student preferences for Makerspace environments in higher education

The Maker Movement inspires people to express their creativity by making things in a self-directed and, often, collaborative learning endeavor. The excitement of the movement has spurred the development of various types of Makerspaces across the United States and the World to further enable people to make and innovate. The education community has recognized the potential for Makerspaces as learning environments that can foster interdisciplinary collaboration and self-directed learning. As such, there is much excitement to create Makerspaces within K-12 schools, libraries, colleges and universities. However, contrary to the formal design process used to build many school facilities, successful grass-roots makerspaces are most often created when those with like-minded interests come together and adapt the building around them to fit their needs. The research in this paper focuses on the design of such spaces by applying the environmental preferences predictors psychology construct. The study surveyed 276 students from art and design, engineering, and liberal arts majors to better understand their preferences as related to images of eight different Makerspaces. The results are broken down by the four predictors of preference, major, and gender. The results highlight differences among the images along with design considerations for creating spaces that welcome a broader audience.

Reconnoitring how structural design in the context of industrial design engineering evolves

This paper presents the findings of a study conducted to explore how structural design unfolds in industrial design engineering processes. The study focused specifically on structural design of engineering consumer products with physical constructions. The investigation conducted included questionnaire surveys, interviews, and observations. A total of 358 subjects participated in two rounds of the investigation. The study uncovered how structural design in the context of industrial design engineering progresses in practical settings and provided clues on how a formal structural design process model should be like. One of the main observations was that the subjects chose and strictly followed and adhered to their own preferred structured order of execution of structural design activities. Another cardinal observation was that, unlike analysis and concepts development activities, the structural design activities of materials selection, engineering analysis, and process selection were executed recursively and oftentimes concurrently by most of the subjects. Based on these observations and upon an analysis of the information gathered, a linear-recursive-linear (LRL) scheme for tracking, managing, and coordinating the execution of structural design activities has been formulated. Separate studies are, however, needed to investigate the validity, efficacy, and the applicability of this scheme.

Design knowledge representation to support personalised additive manufacturing

ABSTRACTThis research aims to develop a set of new formal design representations that captures design requirements to improve the level of personalisation while taking advantage of the additive manufacturing (AM)-enabled design freedom. We propose a formal design process structure called design for AM-facilitated personalisation that merges design for personalisation and design for additive manufacturing. Also, we propose formal representations for an artefact–user interaction using finite state automata and goal-oriented user behaviours in the artefact use as formal language sets based on discrete event systems. By adopting the relational properties of affordance, effectivity, and preference, the proposed formal representations systemically link user behaviour-related artefact properties and user preferences to the design requirements for additive manufactured artefacts. This paper presents a case study of personalised chair design and a simulation of user behaviours in the chair–user interaction.

Management Practices in a Formal Design Process for a Metro Project in Doha, Qatar

&lt;p&gt;This is a research paper focused on assessing the design project manager behaviour and the raised managerial design issues relating to a formal design review in a metro project start-up. Very little research has been conducted in this area and the paper exposes weak aspects of the design review process previously unexplored in today’s metro construction environments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to consider more implicitly the questions and issues raised, this empirical groundwork utilised an interpretive perspective. The scope for this research was the design mechanisms/processes associated with a large single package – a TBM Segment Design. The population for this study was made up of a number of individuals (12) engineers/Managers located at site, and a total of 9 Engineers/Managers were determined as the resultant sample frame.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The outcomes consisted of six (6) themes, namely: Mismanagement Issues; Management Interference; Technical Issues; Contractor Design managers Issues; Documentation Issues; Communication Issues, raised from an initial question; these were further developed into four (4) final themes relating to an assessment of the managerial implications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The paper gives a clear insight into the practical issues surrounding a metro design review and the development of appropriate managerial strategies that can be implemented. The paper also addresses some of the implications for continuing design review developments. The paper suggests that projects of this kind may benefit from an Integrated Collaborative Design approach through integrating construction expertise with the design process at the detail design phase.&lt;/p&gt;