Formation Of Urban Space Research Articles

Evaluation of the urban heat island effect based on 3D modeling and planning indicators for urban planning proposals

ABSTRACT Urban planning plays an important role in the formation of urban space and microclimate. As a middle-level planning in the Chinese urban planning system, regulatory planning has a direct impact on the shaping of 3D urban space and can maximize the operability of urban planning. However, 3D space formation is not considered in the present preparation of regulatory plans, which leads to a misunderstanding of possibly formed 3D landscapes and microclimatic effects after the plan implementation. To support 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of the urban heat island effect (UHI) for regulatory planning, this study proposes a rule-based 3D modeling method to efficiently generate 3D models. The main elements of 3D models (terrain, building, road, vegetation, and land parcel) and their content were determined after analyzing the characteristics of 3D models in the regulatory plan. The 3D modeling process was constructed and combined with an UHI evaluation model through CGA programming. An index called heat island potential (HIP) was used as the UHI evaluation index and can be quantified using the correlation equations between planning indicators and HIP. The proposed method can support the planners to generate 3D models for a planning proposal, and simultaneously analyze 3D spatial effect and UHI.

Preservation of the Urban Historical Landscape as a Response to the Challenges of War

This paper focuses attention on the importance of preserving objects of the historical urban landscape, which the authors consider as a response to the challenges of war. The relevance of the study is due to the desire of Ukraine to follow European values in the formation of urban spaces. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the essential, to be preserved, characteristics of the elements of historical urban landscapes - gardens and squares. In the work, the analysis of the stages of formation of elements of the historical urban landscape is carried out on the example of a garden and a square in the cities of Poltava and Kharkov; factors and patterns that influenced the features of their architectural and landscape formation are identified; the main characteristics of the spatial planning and landscape organization of the studied objects are revealed. A new research algorithm for Ukrainian practice will strengthen the scientific justification of projects for the preservation and revival of the country's historical urban landscape objects, as a response to the challenges of the post-war period. The result of the study can be used in works aimed at preserving historical urban landscapes in various urban conditions.

Zooming in on Urban Life in Early Modern Amsterdam. Time Machine as a Tool for Researching Everyday Urban Experience Across Space and Time

How do we make sense of urban life in the past? What do we do when we study urban history, and to what extent do our methods fully capture the complexities of historical city living? These are crucial questions for any scholar interested in the historical dimensions of urban experience. Notwithstanding the interest of most urban historians in the relationship between the physical form of urban space and its experience by inhabitants and visitors, very few scholars have written histories that systematically integrate these two areas of inquiry. In this article the authors argue that such research requires a method and an accompanying digital tool that can analyze historical urban life in a more integrated, holistic way. The authors propose a way forward by introducing the Time Machine platform as a scalable data visualization and analysis tool for researching everyday urban experience across space and time. To illustrate the potential, the authors focus on a case study: the area of the Bloemstraat in early modern Amsterdam. Unpacking a section of the Bloemstraat, house by house and room by room, this case shows how the Time Machine forms an instrument to connect spatial layouts to the arrangement of objects and to the practical and social use of the space by the inhabitants and visitors. The authors also sketch how this tool illuminates more dynamic spatial and temporal practices such as how people, goods and activities are connected to locations in the wider city and beyond.

Batavia Canal Segregation: Introspection for Jakarta’s Urban Space

This research investigates the segregation phenomenon that occurs in Jakarta through the lens of the Batavia Canal, exploring its historical and urbanistic role in shaping the social structure and spatial planning of the city. By focusing on developments over time, this study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of how the canals in Batavia, which characterized the city during colonial times, played a role in establishing the segregation patterns that can be observed today. The research methodology involves historical analysis of canals, literature research, and postcolonial discourse analysis to reveal the correlation between canal structures and segregation patterns in Jakarta's urban space. These findings were integrated with interviews and a participatory approach to understand local community perspectives on the perceived impacts of segregation. The research results highlight how the canals in Batavia are not only physical but also symbolic elements in the formation of urban space. Over time, these canals can become associated with social and economic divisions, creating inequalities in access to city resources and services. The implications of these findings provide a basis for deep introspection into Jakarta's current urban spatial challenges, demonstrating the need for inclusiveness-oriented urban planning to overcome persistent segregation. Thus, this research encourages awareness of the complexity of interactions between physical and social elements in Jakarta's urban space. Directed towards solutions based on an understanding of history and contemporary reality, this study is expected to provide valuable insights for more holistic, equitable and sustainable urban planning in the future.

VISUAL INTEGRATION OF SCULPTURE IN FORMING THE IMAGE OF THE CITY

This work examines the issue of the phenomenon of modern sculpture and its influence on the formation of urban space. It has been established that Ukrainian sculpture is a young art that has undergone changes of generations and aesthetic views. Modern sculpture, creating new and modifying existing cultural and symbolic images of settlements, plays an extremely important role in creating the effect of authenticity of urban space, strengthens its cultural, artistic and historical meaning, is a kind of effective means of actualizing cultural memory. It is renewed not only according to the laws of the internal logic of classical fine art, but also inspired by external tectonic factors. 
 The image of the city creates, first of all, spiritual and scientific life, forming its cultural, artistic and intellectual states, a certain level of quality of the social dimension - aspirations and needs of residents, culture and art, consciousness and language. 
 It is small urban sculpture designed to create or emphasize the uniqueness and originality of each specific place, designed to awaken imagination and emotions. After all, it is precisely through it that the connection between architecture and fine art is possible, which aestheticizes the environment and life of a person, appealing to his feelings and thinking at the same time, brings variety and harmony, which are so necessary for a person. 
 As you know, a small plastic form attracts a person with its proportionality: it makes you want to approach it, touch it, take a picture. It is an integral and sometimes decisive part of the communication between the city and the person. It is the sculptures that make the city understandable, pleasant and accessible to people. A small urban sculpture can transform an ordinary space or strengthen existing advantages and place accents in a saturated historical center.

The influence of Beijing exhibition hall on the development of urban space

The study of Chinese modern architecture is beneficial to clarifying the development process of Chinese modern architecture, tracing the evolution of Chinese modern urban patterns, and summarizing the development experience, which is of great significance for future urban planning and construction. Through archival research and document reading, this paper sorts out the site selection and construction process of the Beijing Exhibition Hall, focusing on the influence of the metropolis plan, the urban planning and architectural design ideas of the Soviet Union on the planning and construction of the Beijing Exhibition Hall. The influence of Beijing Exhibition Hall and the shaping of urban spirit are summarized, and the importance of Beijing Exhibition Hall is emphasized. It is found that under the influence of Soviet Unions urban planning and architecture thought, Beijing Exhibition Hall had played a key role in the formation of urban space in the western suburbs of Beijing, and also shaped the unique urban spirit of this area.

MODERN SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES AS A TOOL FOR SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE FORMATION OF URBAN SPACES

Background: The expediency of the study lies in the need to solve environmental issues in the cities of Ukraine by arranging greened open spaces. In the post-war period, this problem will become particularly acute due to the significant destruction of all elements of the urban space. To successfully solve a given problem, it is necessary to rely on modern scientific approaches. For the fruitful use of the accumulated scientific experience, it is necessary to conduct its analysis and systematization in the context of the design and practical needs of the urban planning sphere of Ukraine in the post-war period. Therefore, the purpose of this work is the analysis of current scientific assets on solving environmental problems of the city through the formation of urban open spaces and their implementation in the urban planning scientific and practical sphere of Ukraine. Methods: The research methodology was based on the use of methods of critical and comparative analysis of the content of scientific sources, documents of the legislative and regulatory framework, photographic materials, as well as terminological analysis of a number of definitions. Results: The analysis of a number of the main state regulatory documents on urban planning in the aspect of targeting the solution of environmental problems and ensuring the sustainable development of the cities of Ukraine revealed their imperfection.. Analysis of modern scientific approaches to solving environmental problems at the level of city formation showed that most of them are based on concepts that are similar in content and are aimed at harmonizing the interaction of anthropogenic (technogenic) and natural subsystems of the city. This ensures the solution of not only ecological, but also social and economic tasks of its functioning. Conclusions: In order to develop an effective urban planning platform for the formation of green open spaces in the cities of Ukraine in the context of sustainable development and overcoming modern environmental challenges, it is necessary to approve an updated conceptual and terminological apparatus that takes into account modern global trends in the formation of urban spaces. It is expedient to introduce the concepts of "ecological framework" and "landscape-ecological infrastructure of the city" into the normative and legislative framework of Ukraine as basic concepts in the formation of open spaces of the city, as well as an important component of its sustainable development. Keywords: ecological problems, sustainable development of cities, open green spaces, bio-urbanism, biomorphic urbanism, ecological framework, ecological infrastructure.

Research on the Influence of Spatial Structure on Carbon Emission Synergy of Urban Agglomeration—Based on the Development Process of Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China

Carbon emissions, as an indicator of green economic development in urban agglomerations, are closely related to the degree of coordinated development between cities. Additionally, urban agglomerations, as a highly developed form of urban space, are widely regarded as a more efficient, energy-saving, and land-saving urbanization method. This article constructs an urban agglomeration network based on relevant data from listed companies in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration with practical connections between cities and uses social network analysis methods and a fixed effects model to calculate the impact of overall and individual network indicators of urban agglomerations on urban carbon emissions and collaborative emission reduction of urban agglomerations. The regression results indicate that the centrality of individual cities has a significant negative correlation with the intensity of urban carbon emissions, with a coefficient of −0.067. The centrality of core cities has a significant positive impact on the collaborative emission reduction of urban agglomerations, with a coefficient of 0.0138. The impact of network density on the collaborative emission reduction of urban agglomerations shows an inverted U-shaped curve. Based on the analysis results, the paper explores the spatial structure construction method and industrial development control strategy based on urban agglomeration collaborative emission reduction.

Nadstrešnice na stajalištima javnog gradskog prevoza u Beogradu - primer otvorenih javnih mikro-prostora u gradu

Micro-spaces - small-scale public city spaces - represent an important element in the structure of the city, both functionally and aesthetically. Due to their small scale, their importance is often overlooked by experts and investors. The paper describes the concept of canopies at public transport stops in Belgrade, which were created in the period from 2007 to the present day. By multiplying the basic type of canopy and its variations, a recognizable element of the city image is built. By upgrading the basic project and introducing additional elements from the repertoire of modern design, such as "green" constructions, "smart" technologies, energy efficiency, etc., this form of urban space would be additionally affirmed and contribute not only to the comfort of users, the creation of the identity of the city and public city transport, but also to general interests such as safety, health and environmental protection

Urban development of Kėdainiai by the Kiszka and Radziwiłł families

This article delves into the subject of urban development on the right bank of the Nevėžis River in Kėdainiai, with a focus on the formation of urban space. Established in the mid-17th century largely by the owners of Kėdainiai, the Kiszka noblemen and Radziwiłł dukes, the urban planning remained unchanged until the first half of the 20th century. The article presents archaeological data and historical sources revealing the main features of urban development on the right bank of the Nevėžis River, the formation of market squares, and the structuring of plots.

Ways of choosing methods for the restoration of ukrainian cities after the russian invasion

The article is devoted to the consideration of the current situation in Ukraine and the problem of choosing directions for the restoration and reconstruction of cities after the end of the Russian invasion. It is noted that as a result of the actions of the troops of the Russian Federation, up to 90% of the buildings of most Ukrainian cities and settlements that fell into the occupation zone were lost. This determines the search for ways of their future reconstruction, for which it is proposed to conduct an analysis of the stages of the historical formation of the territory of cities during the 20th - early 21st centuries. Each stage is characterized from the point of view of the political and economic situation and the main directions of architectural and urban planning activities. The factors that influenced the emergence of new stages in the state during the Soviet era have been clarified. The main role in the power structure of the Communist Party, whose political decisions were clearly determined by the actions of specialists in the architectural, urban planning and construction industry, was noted. It is noted that after the establishment of the country's independence, Ukraine's transition to market conditions, changes in the formation of urban space took place. A comparison of directions and methods of restoration and reconstruction of cities after World War II in the USSR and Europe was made, and conclusions were drawn about the opposite approaches: in the USSR, the party-command approach that ignored the opinion of the people dominated, on the contrary, in the democratic states of Europe the examples of urban restoration showed respect for the person, his location, the variety of architectural means, methods, and methods of reconstruction. Therefore, the choice of directions for the further formation of urban space in Independent Ukraine will depend on its orientation in social and political life.

ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ПОСЛЕ ПАНДЕМИИ: ВИДЕНИЕ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ

The principles of the urban formation have always been built on socialization, the construction of public spaces and the systematization of the huge human masses’ interaction. Of course, in the formation of urban space there are objects that allowing you to feel solitude, but still the city has always been a place of interaction. But the COVID-19 pandemic has changed modern views of the urban environment. The article discusses the relevance of urban development in a pandemic situation. Examples of city development after pandemics in human history are given. It is considered how the COVID-19 coronavirus has changed the understanding of the organization of urban space and human housing. Possible options for changing the conditions of the urban area are analyzed. This research tries to review developed factors of the urban area under the influence of epidemics and their consequences, among which there may be changes in the organization of public spaces on a scale from specific urban are to global solution.

Experience in Design-Plastic Modelling of the Light Environment: Part 2. Space and Light as Fragment of the Urban Environment

The article presents a technique for creating a plastic and design-plastic light-spatial model based on the layout of the urban environment fragment. It also describes how this model corresponds to electrical lighting parameters. The paper formulates the tasks and potential of plastic and design-plastic light modelling and their role in the concept-based search and educational design of lighting solutions. In terms of this article, the plastic model is understood as a layout that exaggeratedly or generically reveals the spatial characteristics of an urban fragment. The design-plastic model is more detailed; it reveals the features of functioning of the latter both in daylight and in electrical lighting. The final stage of educational light modelling is the creation of a computer model of electrical lighting of an environmental situation. The authors of this paper studied the tools of electrical lighting and their role in identifying the device of the environmental fragment, in light routes creation and in scenario of the visual form of urban space. Conclusions are given on the further development of the methodology in the field of lighting design, including the assessment of the emotional perception of the architectural environment objects under electrical lighting. The results of this research were then applied as the basis for the practical project work of students who won the competition “Russian Lighting Design” in 2018.

Analysis of the Degree of Convenience of Xi'an Metro Station

Urban subways have developed rapidly in recent years and has gradually become the primary choice of public transportation in big cities. Subways can effectively alleviate urban traffic congestion and improve passengers’ green travel experience, especially in the old urban areas where urban space is limited, community facilities are aging and historical features are gathered. Subways play a huge role in guiding the expansion of urban space form and improving urban landscape environment. As the only channel for passengers to get in and out of the station, the subway entrance and exit act as a bridge. It is not only the transition space between the subway station space and the urban above ground space, but also an important node for the exchange and circulation of various elements in the urban space. In this paper, the influencing factors of subway entrance and exit space environments in the old city were investigated, and relevant basis for future planning, design, and construction of subway entrances and exits were provided. Firstly, the research results and shortcomings of subway entrance and exit channels were outlined. Secondly, based on the perspective of residents and passengers, this paper uses the analytic hierarchy process to determine six first-class evaluation indexes, including safety, convenience, practicability and aesthetics. This paper constructs the evaluation system of spatial environment index of subway station entrances and exits in the old urban area of Xi’an. Lastly, according to the evaluation results, the paper puts forward the targeted optimization strategies for the current situation of the entrance and exit space environment of the subway stations in the Xi’an.

CITY OF KLIN: FROM EXCURSION TO TOURIST CENTER

Цель исследования - оценить роль (и функции) туризма в формировании городского пространства на примере города Клин - старого экскурсионного центра, который активно развивает культурно-познавательное и событийное направления туризма. Актуальность темы определяется тем, что впервые Клин формирует в городском пространстве специализированные туристские зоны на базе популярного музейного объекта, разворачивает специализированную инфраструктуру для новых событийных мероприятий, включает новые территории в общественное пространство. Это интересный пример трансформации экскурсионного центра в новый российский туристский центр. Научная новизна - использование концепции пространственных функций для выявления основных географических (пространственных) функций городского туризма. The purpose of the study is to assess the role (and functions) of tourism in the formation of urban space on the example of the city of Klin, an old excursion center that actively develops cultural, educational and event tourism. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that for the first time Klin forms specialized tourist areas in the urban space on the basis of a popular museum object, deploys a specialized infrastructure for new events, and includes new territories in public space. This is an interesting example of the transformation of an excursion center into a new Russian tourist center. Scientific novelty -the use of the concept of spatial functions to identify the main geographical (spatial) functions of urban tourism.

VOLUME-SPATIAL PLANNING URBAN SPACE-IMPROVED METHODOLOGY DESIGNING TERRITORIES AND CITY DEVELOPMENT

Our present is the ruined cities and lives of the inhabitants. Every component system of the city is damaged and needs high-quality and improved restoration. To solve such a task, new methods of reproduction of cities as well as their buildings and their spaces are being created. 
 New problems regarding the formation of territories arise at the moment when the need for a high-quality urban environment dictates modern society, its needs and its activities. New problems and tasks of territorial planning arise with the need to improve the quality of life of city residents. The prerequisites for changes are the economic development of the city and its commercial components. Therefore, the search for new methods of forming urban areas is the main task of urban planners today.
 The development of the post-industrial society of the 21st century is accompanied by intensive processes of urbanization. Therefore, the formation of urban space is a rather complex and heterogeneous structure, because the city is the result of a collective creative process. The city transforms depending on the era, time, technical and social needs. It is the urban space that forms the environment in which people live. A combination of natural, architectural and planning, ecological, socio-cultural and other factors create urban space. These factors form and characterize the habitat in a certain area.
 This article proposes an improved method of planning urban space, which includes already existing laws and norms of Ukrainian urban planning and new reinterpreted foreign technologies for designing territories. The task of this technique combined with one goal is to improve and create a high-quality urban fabric without uncontrolled construction and visual noise.
 This article discusses the improved methodology, which was collected and summarized by the author of the article, for planning the urban space with all modern and necessary components in it. This technique is proposed for the creation of high-quality urban space, which is reflected not only in the function of the city, but also in its "face". Regulated and systematized indicators of the characteristics of the urban environment are the basis for improving the lives of residents and introducing vital functions in the city or on its separate territory.

Deriving Urban Boundaries of Henan Province, China, Based on Sentinel-2 and Deep Learning Methods

Accurate urban boundary data can directly reflect the expansion of urban space, help us accurately grasp the scale and form of urban space, and play a vital role in urban land development and policy-making. However, the lack of reliable multiscale and high-precision urban boundary data products and relevant training datasets has become one of the major factors hindering their application. The purpose of this study is to combine Sentinel-2 remote-sensing images and supplementary geographic data to generate a reliable high-precision urban boundary dataset for Henan Province (called HNUB2018). First, this study puts forward a clear definition of “urban boundary”. Using this concept as its basis, it proposes a set of operable urban boundary delimitation rules and technical processes. Then, based on Sentinel-2 remote-sensing images and supplementary geographic data, the urban boundaries of Henan Province are delimited by a visual interpretation method. Finally, the applicability of the dataset is verified by using a classical semantic segmentation deep learning model. The results show that (1) HNUB2018 has clear and rich detailed features as well as a detailed spatial structure of urban boundaries. The overall accuracy of HNUB2018 is 92.82% and the kappa coefficient reaches 0.8553, which is better than GUB (Henan) in overall accuracy. (2) HNUB2018 is well suited for deep learning, with excellent reliability and scientific validity. The research results of this paper can provide data support for studies of urban sprawl monitoring and territorial spatial planning, and will support the development of reliable datasets for fields such as intelligent mapping of urban boundaries, showing prospects and possibilities for wide application in urban research.

Exploring urban space quantitative indicators associated with outdoor ventilation potential

• Explores an urban form indicator associated with local outdoor ventilation potentials. • Provides a method for the correlation study between urban space form and regional spatial ventilation condition based on spatial partition. • Space partition method is an important factor that affects the degree of correlation between the SVF and ventilation index. • SVF could be an urban form parameter related to urban spatial ventilation for urban space. Urban ventilation conditions, which are significantly influenced by urban space forms, are essential for healthy and livable urban environments. In urban design practice, morphological indicators related to urban ventilation could be improved for the effective assessment of ventilation quality and timely adjustment of the design. This study attempted to explore local spatial morphological indicators related to ventilation performance. Considering the sky view factor ( SVF ) as a quantitative parameter of urban local spaces, this study investigated the correlation between the SVF and outdoor ventilation performance. The SVF was calculated using single and multipoint methods, and a wind velocity ratio <V*> was adopted as the spatial ventilation performance indicator. In addition, local spaces were defined using three different partition methods (GSP1, GSP2, and CSP), as the urban space is continuous and complex. A typical urban centre space in Nanjing, China, was adopted as the research subject. The wind flows were calculated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for two wind directions. The results showed a positive correlation between the SVF and ventilation indices. Different partitioning methods had a considerable impact on the correlation, as the value of R 2 between SVF and <V*> could reach around 0.3 in GSP1 and CSP but only 0.05 in GSP2.

THE MULTI-CRITERIA PLANNING MODEL OF URBAN SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT WITH REGARD FOR THE INTERESTS OF STAKEHOLDERS

Abstract. The present study is aimed at supporting the concept and making the model of urban spatial development as a complex architectural town-building and socio-economic system, as well as developing tools for reaching agreed multi-criteria planning decisions in the interests of stakeholders. The study examines basic theories (such as pattern language and central places) and conceptual approaches to the formation of urban spaces of trade, recreational, healthcare, image, entertainment, environmental, and sports character. It reveals the possibility and substantiates the necessity of employing expert methods and methods of project management for analysing, generalising, and modelling of urban civic space planning. In addition, there search substantiates conceptual principles, sets out general requirements, and highlights the main tasks of decision-making planning. Furthermore, a multi-criteria optimization model has been built to plan urban spaces in conditions of contradictory interests of stakeholders, under limited resources and in complete in formation. The implementation of the model is to increase the validity of planning decisions and, as a result, lead to higher standards of living due to expansion of existing and diversification of potential functions of urban public spaces. For the evaluation of architectural urban building, economic, social, cultural-monumental, and ecological results, the study lays down criteria depending on the extent the plan of urban public space development is put into action.The method of successive concessions has been shown as an efficient tool for reaching agreed co-created planning decisions by stakeholders. The provided basic model of reaching optimum planning decisions satisfying certain criteria contains restrictions on potential urban spatial development, as well as on the sequence in which interconnected development projects are carried out, and on the balance between supply and demand for services (functions) of urban public spaces. The model, which has been modified by the method of successive concessions for achieving agreed planning decisions in the interests of stakeholders, is based on establishing a dominant optimization criterion, on expert justifying of allowable optimality losses against initial planning decisions per criterion at each stage of subsequent calculations, and on reaching a consensuson a final decision. Keywords: public space, a planning decision, spatial development, evaluation criteria, development potential, a model, interests of stakeholders, a co-creation method. JEL Classification I00, L51, L83, Z10 Formulas: 16; fig.: 2; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 23.

An approach to convivial urban spaces: a comparison between users\u2019 and experts\u2019 perception of convivial urban spaces

Convivial urban spaces are a process as well as a philosophy. They revolve around observing users in specific urban spaces to comprehend their various needs, especially their social needs. Designing urban spaces for people to promote social connections is the foundation of creating convivial urban spaces. This means that this form of urban space has been interpreted as a daily social activity and as social pleasure expressed in the physical and psychological context of people's urban space. To provide a convivial environment for all users, effective convivial urban spaces should fulfill certain important aspects. From this point of view, the paper aims to identify the main aspects of creating convivial urban spaces through their repletion in the different theories. Then, the paper will evaluate and arrange the importance of the different aspects that form convivial urban spaces from the users and experts (urban designer and architects) point of view to reach the main objective of the paper which is to create a prospected framework for the urban designer and architects to help them in future decisions in designing convivial urban spaces that fulfill users’ needs.