Form Of Tetracycline Research Articles

Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kaki Kuda (Centella Asiatica) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes

Infection is a disease caused by bacteria. Acne is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Acne can be treated with topical treatments such as using Benzoyl peroxide, Retinoid acid, and antibiotics, but this has the side effect of causing drug resistance. To prevent the emergence of resistance to antibiotics, a formula is needed that can utilize herbal plants as the main ingredient. One example of a herbal plant that can be used is horse's foot leaves. This herbal contains active ingredients in the form of Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Steroids and Triterpenoids which are thought to inhibit the growth of bacteria, especially Propionibacterium acnes. The aim of this research is to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of horse's foot leaf extract (Centella asiatica) against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%. The method used is a quantitative method, namely laboratory experiments. Horse's foot leaf extract was obtained by maceration then distilled which was then varied into several concentration treatments, namely 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, as well as a positive control in the form of Tetracycline and a negative control of distilled water. Which is continued by using the well method. The results research show that horse's foot leaf extract can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria with moderate to strong inhibitory power. With a 20% concentration with an average inhibition zone of 7.6 mm, a 40% concentration of 9.3 mm, a 60% concentration of 10.3 mm, an 80% concentration of 11.6 mm and a 100% concentration which has the largest inhibition zone, namely 12.6mm.

Determination of tetracycline residues in dairy milk powder and fresh dairy milk by HPLC method

Tetracycline residues are group of antibiotics found in animal products such as dairy milk. In this study, the occurrence of tetracycline residues in 45 dairy milk powder and 24 fresh dairy milk samples have been investigated. Tetracycline residue were extracted from milk samples using McIlvine buffer and purified with a solid phase extraction (SPE) C18 column. Residues were detected through HPLC-PDA at wavelengths of 355 and 368 nm. Three forms of tetracyclines were discovered in the 45 milk powder samples, namely; oxytetracycline (31.75 ng/g), tetracycline (28.02 ng/g) and chlortetracycline (10.55 ng/g). The results of 24 fresh dairy milk samples, on the other hand, revealed that only one form of tetracycline (i.e., oxytetracycline) was detected with concentrations ranging from 6.67 to 10.19 ng/g. Although the low incidence and concentration levels of tetracycline contamination in all samples analysed were not alarming, regular monitoring is recommended to avoid any negative public health consequences.

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DORA VILLA MANIK, 2018. "Effectiveness of Gambir Solution (UncariagambirRoxb) on the Performances of Broiler Chickens Infected by Escherichia coli".Supervised by MA'RUF TAFSIN and ARMYN HAKIM DAULAY. Gambir has the potential as an antibacterial which is traditionally used as a drug for diarrhea. This study examines the effectiveness of gambir solution on performance which includes feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion and income over feed cost (IOFC) in broiler chickens infected with E. coli. It was held in November - December 2017 at the Laboratory of Biology, Animal Husbandry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture University of Sumatera Utara, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment consisted of P0A = without infection and without treatment, P0B = infection with E. coli and P1, P2, P3, respectively E. coli infection + Gambir solution 2%, 4%, 6% and P4 = E. coli + infection Tetracycline antibiotics. The results showed that the administration of gambir solution at a dose of 2% - 6% was significantly (P<0.05) effective in improving the performances of broiler chickens infected with E.coli and able to compensate for the use of commercial antibiotics in the form of tetracycline. The highest IOFC is in the 4% gambir solution.

Double and quadruple tetracycline labeling of bone: Impact of the label itself

To the Editor: Quantitative histomorphometry of bone is a well-recognized technique with selected applications in clinical patient evaluation and in clinical research and drug development that allows assessment of the safety of drugs and their mechanism of action. Recently, two publications have examined issues in modern histomorphometry and have updated the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee's recommendations on nomenclature, symbols, and units.1, 2 Here we draw attention to an issue originally described by Parfitt and colleagues3 which has implications for the conclusions that might be drawn from dynamic assessment of bone formation. In most histomorphometry applications, the bone is labeled with a tetracycline that binds to the mineralizing surface of bone. This has become a standard method that allows calculation of the rate of bone formation in all four bone compartments (cancellous, endocortical, intracortical, and periosteal bone). In most clinical situations, two separate labels of the same form of tetracycline (usually tetracycline HCl, oxytetracycline, or demethylchlortetracycline) are administered, each separated from the other by a period of 12 or to 14 days, and the biopsy is performed about 1 week after completion of the second label. For some applications, a different label may be used for the second of the two labels; the difference in the color of the two labels under UV light allows unambiguous assignment of single labels to the first or second labeling period. Several years ago we described a quadruple-labeling technique4 that allows short-term longitudinal data in a single biopsy with the first two tetracycline labels given in the usual format, but separated by several weeks from the second set of labels. In order to distinguish the first and second sets of labels under UV light, we used the same tetracycline for the first set of two labels and a different one for the second set. Using that technique, with demethylchlortetracycline as the first pair of labels and tetracycline HCl for the second set, we demonstrated the early effects of teriparatide on bone formation at the cellular level. With that sequence, we found that in cancellous bone of subjects on no osteoporosis medication, the second set of labels was almost always shorter than the first set, and consequently the proportion of the surface covered by label, the mineralized surface (MS/BS), calculated as double + 50% of the single-labeled surface, was less with the second set of labels (2.94 ± 1.13% demethylchlortetracycline versus 2.14 ± 0.83% tetracycline HCl), a difference that did not achieve statistical significance (n = 9). A similar trend was seen at the endocortical junction. Given the crescent-shaped anatomy of many cancellous bone packets, we might have expected that, if anything, the second set of labels should be longer, even in untreated control subjects. The effects of teriparatide were clearly evident, with a marked increase in MS/BS (that exceeded by several-fold any expected differences in label length due to the different forms of tetracycline). We now report in a separate experiment, in which tetracycline HCl was given as the initial set of labels and demethylchlortetracycline as the final set, in cancellous bone of untreated subjects, that the second labels are now longer than the first set (2.82 ± 0.76 tetracycline HCl versus 3.76 ± 0.65 demethylchlortetracycline; p < 0.05, n = 14). This strongly supports the original data from Parfitt and colleagues3 which suggested that the demethylchlortetracycline label was always longer than the oxytetracycline label, irrespective of the order in which the labels were administered. We believe that our data confirms the recommendation3 that if two different tetracyclines are being administered the differences in label length need to be taken into consideration. We suggest that for consistency across studies demethylchlortetracycline always be used for the initial set of labels followed by tetracycline HCl for the second set, and that a correction factor be applied using control data from the same laboratory, to correct for the differences in label length that are likely due to just differential binding to mineralizing bone. This work was supported by NIAMS Grant number: 5RO1AR56651-2. Robert Lindsay* , Hua Zhou , Felicia Cosman* , Jeri Nieves* §, David Dempster ¶, * Helen Hayes Hospital, Clinical Research Center, West Haverstraw, NY, USA, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, Helen Hayes Hospital, Regional Bone Center, West Haverstraw, NY, USA, § Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, ¶ Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Ion-pair extraction of tetracyclines

Ion-Pair Extraction of Tetracyclines Tetracyclines form ion-pair complexes with dyes that can be extracted into chloroform and re-extracted into 0.1N hydrochloric acid and finally quantified by spectrophotometry. Of the dyes studied methyl red, methyl orange, bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue form complexes with cationic form of tetracycline (pH 8–9) and crystal violet with the anionic form (pH 9–10). 98% of tetracycline can be extracted from the body fluids and solution containing 10μg/ml of tetracycline can be conveniently analyzed.

Acid–base equilibria of tetracycline in sodium montmorillonite suspensions

Changes in the partial molar free energy of the ionic species of tetracycline as a result of interaction with sodium-saturated montmorillonite were monitored by UV spectroscopic titrations. The stronger interaction between the clay and the protonated (H3T+) species relative to the zwitterionic (H2T0) species is responsible for the apparent displacement of pK1 in clay suspensions. The displacement of the first equilibrium favors the H3T+ species due to its stabilization by the negative clay surface. Little effect of the clay was observed on pK2 and pK3, because the ionic species of tetracycline associated with these equilibria (H2T0, HT−, and T2-) did not interact strongly with the negative clay surface. Therefore, the ionic species distribution of tetracycline in a sodium montmorillonite suspension is significantly different than that expected based on solution equilibria. The degree of equilibrium displacement depended on the accessibility of the negative charge at the clay surface. Fraction bound curves support the hypothesis that the clay surface causes a change in tetracycline equilibria. The H3T+ form of tetracycline was highly bound to the sodium montmorillonite, but little adsorption was observed for the H2T0 species.

Preliminary Study of Inhibitory Effects of Tetracyclines on Membranous Bone Growth in Rhesus Monkeys

Various doses and forms of tetracycline were administered to young monkeys that received multiple injections of lead acetate as a vital marker of the calcification sites. The effects of these tetracyclines on membranous bone growth were assessed histologically ; retarded bone growth occurred under some conditions.