Form Of Social Housing Research Articles

Legal status of young scientists in the Russian Federation

The subject. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal status of young scientists in the Russian Federation, taking into account the needs of the Russian scientific society for the reproduction of the scientific knowledge.The purpose of the research is to confirm or to reject the hypothesis of the necessity of the specific legal status of the young scientists in Russian academic law.Methodology. The formal legal method, the method of comparative legal analysis and method of systemic approach were used in the article.The main results. The research proves that the modern Russian academic community is in need of the young scientists due to the aging of the community. According to statistics, the lack of social guarantees and the low prestige of the academic profession result in a low percentage of PhD graduates in the recent years. The study concludes that there is no systematic approach to the definition of the status of a young scientist in the current Russian law. Although attempts to formalize the legal status of the young scientists have been made, they have so far not led to significant results. The authors conclude that the current legislation governing the legal status of young scientists should be harmonised. Analysis of the current legislation on the legal status of young scientists also reveals a number of complex issues. Social guarantees for young scientists, presented in the form of social housing, affect only a small proportion of the scientific community, while there are no laws granting preferential loans for young scientific workers. The participation of young scientists in grant support competitions is complicated due to the lack of a unified approach. Specific problems are faced by female scientists. A partial solution to the problem of the low prestige of the profession for both scientific and pedagogic workers, according to the authors of the article, lies in the foundation of a unified federal system of guarantied wages for such workers.Conclusions. Researchers conclude that a consistent approach to the legal status of young scientists and social guarantees, according to such status, can ensure the stable growth of young people in the sphere of scientific activity. In order to enhance the prestige of the profession of scientist among young people and to prevent the lack of scientific and pedagogical workers, researchers consider it necessary to take a number of measures, such as legal enshrinement of the status of a young scientists, development of a system of social guarantees, search for a new ways to measure the scientific activity of employees, formation of a stable system of postgraduate studies and creation of comfortable working conditions for young scientists.

From Shelters for Numbers to Shelters for Welfare: Rectifying the Social Housing Provision Programme in Jakarta

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between housing satisfaction and low-income tenants’ willingness to pay rental fees in government-owned rental apartments (GORAs), a form of social housing in Indonesia. Despite their sophisticated physical features and affordable rents, GORAs have experienced mounting arrears that burden the provincial maintenance budget. This situation contradicts the assumption that better quality housing will increase housing satisfaction and reduce the amount of rent nonpayment. By examining the situation in one GORA in Jakarta, Indonesia, this study reveals that the well-designed physical features of GORAs do not necessarily increase housing satisfaction, because the prototypical design’s failure to accommodate aspects of the residents’ sociocultural context and the prohibition of adjustments to the units diminish residents’ financial capacity and their social ties. Consequently, their poor level of housing satisfaction contributes to the mounting levels of arrears. This study recommends a comprehensive review of existing housing policy to better accommodate residents’ desired sociocultural activities and their potential means of generating revenue, thereby improving residents’ welfare and potentially reducing the total amount of rent arrears.

Isolation Room: Michael Parekowhai’s The Lighthouse: Tū Whenua-a Kura

On Wednesday, March 25 at 11.59 pm, 2020, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern placed Aotearoa (New Zealand) into lockdown to shelter citizens from the catastrophic impacts of the Covid-19 global pandemic. Entire households were placed in isolation, permitted only to travel locally to access food or medical supplies. The media messaging was resoundingly clear: stay at home. This contemporary context contributes to an analysis of sculptor Michael Parekowhai’s The Lighthouse: Tū Whenua-a-Kura (2017), a full-scale model of a State House building typology. State Houses have been lauded as symbols of Aotearoa’s ongoing commitment to the principles of egalitarianism. First produced in the 1930s under the leadership of Michael Joseph Savage’s Labour government, they were intended to house those unable to afford their own homes. However, in recent years this form of social housing and, in particular, those who have access to it have been the subject of vociferous political debate. A current housing shortage has exacerbated matters as exponential increases in accommodation costs have coincided with increases in homeless numbers in the city. These developments make Parekowhai's public sculpture particularly timely. Sited at the terminus of Queens Wharf on the Waitematā Harbour in Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland), the sculpture contains a single room and a single man: the eighteenth-century English explorer Captain James Cook. He is larger than life-size and adopts a penitent deportment. Cook's heroic legacy has been questioned by revisionist historians and Māori scholars who have identified a plethora of negative impacts colonization had and continues to have on indigenous communities. Cook is now under house arrest, quarantined in a prototypical State House, appearing to reflect on his actions. This paper examines how the artist assiduously reinvents this housing typology as a beacon on a prime piece of real estate. The familiarity of the exterior form is belied by the sculpture's provocative interior contents, where the artist manipulates an elaborate suite of figurative and abstract forms rendered in an array of dazzling surface treatments to shed light, both literally and metaphorically on troubling aspects of our colonial history and access to the provision of land and housing in Aotearoa. Here, at the end of the wharf, we lose our footing; we have to consider where we stand in relation to our colonial past and our contemporary relationship to whenua (land). As calamitous events unfold on the global stage that make us all turn toward our domestic interiors, the conceptual ideas that underpin The Lighthouse: Tū Whenua-a-Kura make one consider what it means to stay at home now in Aotearoa.

Affordable Housing vs. Urban Land Rent in Widespread Settlement Areas

Social housing constitutes a partial response to the demand for affordable housing. In Europe, there are different forms of social housing, which are distinguishable based on whether they employ a universal or residual approach. The latter is employed by Italian initiatives for social residential construction, the financial instrument of which is the Investment Fund for Housing, a closed-end fund managed by CDP (Cassa Depositi e Prestiti) Investment, which provides public–private partnerships. The main obstacle to the supply of low-cost houses is the high cost of building areas or, in other words, the high urban land rent. The value of building areas is particularly high in urban areas and in widespread settlement areas, for instance, in Northeastern Italy. The main objective of this paper is to identify the trade-off between urban land rent and housing affordability in a social housing intervention in Pordenone (Northeastern Italy). Four different scenarios are developed, the variables of which are: Cost of the area (urban rent), cost of construction works (quality of the buildings), and household income distribution. The results show that achieving the economic and social objectives of a social housing investment simultaneously is not possible in any of the scenarios evaluated. To allow the social groups most in need to access affordable housing would require a reduction of approximately 30% of the estimated cost of a building area.

ALISON AND PETER SMITHSON: A THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF BRUTALISM

The article illustrates the creative path of Alison and Peter Smithson, british architects of «brutalism». These architects gave substantiation in their theoretical essays and articles in which they explained their views and their architectural projects in the early 1950’s. The first Smithson’s realized project of the Hunstanton Secondary School, acquired the value of a manifesto. This building combined both the elements of traditional English architecture and the aesthetics of the «international style». The Golden Lane London City project was a series of «streets in the sky», uniting groups of apartments located above and below the level of the «street». The location of the residential blocks was determined by the topography of a particular place, or «context», and not by the geometric grid of the early modernist theory of planning. An illustration of the architectural program of the «New Brutalism» was the project The Upper Lawn Pavilion. In this project, the «frame» of Mies van der Rohe and the «free facade» of Le Corbusier was combine and transform. The Economist Plaza building complex was the next major Smithson’s project. It was centered around a plaza, that was a cross between the square and the transit zone, by which the architects sought to create a comfortable public space. Smithson’s, who were interested in new forms of social housing, created the Robin Hood Gardens complex in response to the concept of «Unité d’habitation» Le Corbusier. The idea of «streets in the sky» became a distinctive feature of their project, it suggested the presence of common balconies on every third floor that stretched across the entire building and were wide enough for walking and children’s games.As a result, the ideas that formed the theoretical basis of brutalism include the following: functionality, urbanism, courage of compositional solutions, reinforced concrete as the main building material, the principle of «honesty of the material», which denies any decoration of building materials. The aesthetics of brutalism is the simplicity of gross forms. These ideas influenced the further development of the architecture of the twentieth century, namely such areas as structuralism, metabolism and others.

The post-earthquake experience in Italy. Difficulties and the possibility of planning the resurgence of the territories affected by earthquakes

In the face of natural disasters, very often Italy has missed the opportunity to introduce new models and development projects. Solutions that would introduce new and immediate social-economic and urban planning regeneration processes have not been found, and very often the focus has been merely on need to reconstruct buildings that have been destroyed or damaged.After an earthquake, strategies that take into account the needs of residents and boost the economy with efficient urban planning strategies and civil protection plans have never been adopted. Permanent key centres have never been developed to cope with problems that exist before, during and after the earthquake.The scope of this paper is to define strategies that take account the experience of the past in order to lay the plans for the resurgence of the territory after an earthquake.This paper addresses the unresolved post-earthquake issue in Central Italy dating to August 2016-January 2017, in three steps:1. Chronological assessment of how difficult post-earthquake situations were managed in the past,and the role of planning today. Critical descriptions of a number of successful post-earthquake transition phases in Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, and Marche regions, and the serious errors made after other disasters (Historical centre of Aquila etc.). Evaluation of the current role of Regional Planning, in pre and post-earthquake situations.2. Scenarios, suggestions and operational proposals for Earthquake Damaged Areas. Assessment of the situation in Central Italy, where there have been a number of earthquakes in the period between August 2016 to January 2017, based on the positive and negative aspects of other experiences.The need of local communities to return to the area as quickly as possible is discussed, not only in terms of reconstruction. The contents of Projects for essential urban structures at a District, Municipal and Associated Districts Administration Area level are defined.3. Programmatic suggestions for the resurgence of the territory based on the “productive landscape” economic and social model.New forms of social housing, integrated tourism and farming activities, and support for farming and breeding activities typical of the area are identified together with advanced cultural districts, while semi-abandoned rural buildings are once again placed on the market.

Laayoune, Sidi Ifni and Dakhla: Ramón Estalella's modernist projects in Spanish West Africa, 1961–1969

When the European metropolises were on the tortuous path to decolonialization in a complex relationship of power and culture, Spain, a country whose colonial interests in Africa had never been on the scale of those of other European countries, made one last attempt to control the territory with an administrative change, embarking on ambitious urban planning processes and new forms of social housing through a modern architecture which took into consideration the contemporary discourse present in the rest of the continent at the time. Specifically, from 1961 onwards, the National Institute of Housing executed several projects; this paper examines those directed by the architect Ramón Estalella y Mansó de Zúñiga in the city of Sidi Ifni (Morocco) and the two most important cities of Western Sahara, Laayoune and Dakhla. The complex power relationships, the political atmosphere and cultural interferences prompted a series of projects which attempted to provide unique and exceptionally creative urban and architectural solutions.

Towards new forms of social housing in Germany

there is no abstract

Commentary: Sustainable development and the aims of planning, à la française

Late in 2000 a new planning and urban policy law was approved by the French parliament-the law on solidarity and urban regeneration-Solidarite et Renouvellement Urbain or SRU. The law, which came into force in 2001, has as its name implies the broad aim of promoting social solidarity-a term that is best understood as a sense of fairness and harmony-and the regeneration of French cities rather than their continued spread into the countryside. The law has caused a small revolution in parts of France as it has brought local 'communes', generally no more than parishes, together in larger administrative groupings and has, in addition, required all communes to house a proportion of their population in the form of social housing, or face a fine for failing to do so (Devereux, 2002). In addition, and much less widely noted either in France or the UK, the SRU law has introduced significant innovations in the French development plan system and has done this partly in the name of sustainable development. As this presentation will document, these innovations are of potential interest to planners elsewhere in the world and especially in the UK. There are direct parallels, as well as contrasts, between the reforms included in the SRU law and the proposals for the reform of the planning system, as stated in Sustainable Communities (ODPM, 2002). Moreover, the French experience shows a way forward in current planning debates about sustainable development, ethics and the aims of planning, as represented by recent contributions to planning theory (Campbell, 2002; Upton, 2002) and recent policy and consultation documents of the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI, 2002a). It shows a possible way forward, while also warning against pushing theoretical debates on ethics, values and aims too far without considering the political context. The French development plan system The significance of the SRU has to be appreciated in the light of the previous development plan system, established in the Land Law (loi d' orientation fonciere) of 1967 and which still remains in force until new plans are prepared. The system has two main tiers, a strategic level in the form of a Schema Directeur and a local level in the form of a Planned' Occupation des Sols (POS). This latter provides the basis for development control and, to a much greater extent than a British development plan, is a regulatory document. It seeks to define the rights of property owners in development and, in doing this, to reduce political discretion in the granting of planning permission. The political element of planning was confined to the contents of the POS and its adoption by a local council. Thereafter, the granting of planning permission, which from 1982 onwards has been the personal responsibility of the local maire, is undertaken in accordance with the law, that is to the POS and the national planning regulations. Appeal against refusal is considered, under French law, as an appeal against the legal basis of an administrative decision, not as a separate planning appeal. The POS itself consists of a detailed zoning exercise that specifies for each site what can and cannot be done in terms of land use, the provision of service networks (roads, sewers and water run-off), the surface area of buildings, the relation of the building to the street, to the neighbourhood and to other properties, height, the external envelope and design, car parking requirements, private garden space requirements, density and infrastructure payments if the density is exceeded. The usual British criticism of French town planning is that it is too bureaucratic and rigid. Rigidity has not figured strongly as a criticism within France, partly because the rigidity of the POS depends on the precise contents of the regulatory mix and, in addition, because the provisions of the POS can be overridden by an action area procedure called the Zone d'Amenagement Concerte (ZAC) which also provides a way of levering funds from private developers and the state in infrastructure and regeneration projects. …

Challenges of public housing in the 1990s: The case of Ontario, Canada

Abstract Public housing makes up almost one‐third of Canada's social housing stock. As Canada's earliest form of social housing, public housing is confronted with a great number of management challenges. Using the Ontario Housing Corporation as a case study, the article reviews the challenges confronting public housing and how housing management practices have changed in response. These challenges include a general residualization of tenants, the aging in place of seniors (who occupy nearly half the stock), and the physical deterioration or functional obsolescence of a significant share ofthat stock. The conclusions argue for reform of management that focuses on the modernization of management systems and the development of more appropriate organizational structures that can more readily adapt.