Forms Of Nature Conservation Research Articles

Birding under fire

AbstractBirding for nature conservation becomes violent in war when foreign states and industry use it to extract value from countries like Iraq. In wartime Iraq, birding became a pathway to multinational resource extraction by producing “eco‐value,” a form of economic value for species life and, by extension, the ecosystems they inhabit. Iraqi marshland conservationists, including private contractors, produced eco‐value in the context of extreme violence for the purposes of environmental rehabilitation. This eco‐value was then leveraged to mine natural resources that were embedded in the same geological field. Compounding the violence of extraction was the violence conservation introduced for Iraqi citizens who alone performed the dangerous labor of birding; they were recruited to do this in order to safeguard the lives of foreign experts, who did not travel to the marshes of Iraq. The result was a form of nature conservation that made Iraqi lives uniquely expendable in the project of building the occupation's lifeforce.

Native Sheep Breeds in Poland-Importance and Outcomes of Genetic Resources Protection Programmes.

Simple SummaryThe aim of this paper was to present the current situation of native sheep breeding in Poland, in terms of the significance and the effects of genetic resources protection programmes. The sheep farming tradition in Poland is deeply rooted in culture, particularly in the mountain and foothill regions. Sheep are permanently linked to many areas of country, not only playing an indispensable part in shaping the landscape, but also providing unique products. The most effective method of conserving native breeds is their sustainable management. It is important to maintain and develop the promotion and certification of high-quality products from native breeds and to control the endangered status of local breeds, which must be monitored and updated on an ongoing basis.The sheep population of native breeds, despite their unique features and the ability to adapt to harsh environmental conditions, has significantly decreased in recent years. Due to the low profitability of breeding, many local breeds of sheep in Poland were exposed to the risk of extinction. Many years of crisis in sheep farming have exacerbated this situation. The aim of this paper was to present the current situation of native sheep breeding in Poland, in terms of significance and effects of genetic resources protection programmes. The conservation of genetic resources of sheep aims to maintain and increase the population size while striving to maintain the greatest possible genetic variability. There are 17 native breeds included in the Polish sheep genetic resources conservation programme. A positive element of the implementation of the conservation of genetic resources programme for sheep is the accompanying measures which are based on the use of the non-productive role of the species. Extensive sheep grazing, as a form of nature conservation, serves to preserve valuable natural landscapes and the culture of local communities associated with sheep farming. Production and promotion of quality products, especially using niche markets and short production chains, are essential to ensure the economic viability of farms. These activities must be accompanied by raising public awareness of indigenous breeds and their alternative use in environmental activities, as well as their role in preserving the cultural heritage of local communities, for example through mountain grazing and the production of traditional products.

Understanding Hadith on Nature Conservation: An Effort to Reinforce Ecological Piety

Natural disasters are a key issue of contemporary society and an inspiration for the emergence of new theories such as theories of eco-theology, eco Sufism, fiqh al-bi’ah, ecofeminism, biocentrism, and anthropocentrism. These theories were initiated to seek solutions to natural disasters. However, disasters and calamities continue to occur. One of the causes is the lack of human awareness of the importance of environmental conservation. This article formulates comprehensively the Prophet’s teachings on nature conservation with a focus on two questions: (1) What are the forms of nature conservation? and (2) What understanding can be derived from the teaching? Based on the linguistic analysis with the contextual approach, it is concluded that Islam has introduced the concept of nature conservation from the beginning including: (1) nature conservation phases in the forms of (a) maintenance, preservation, and processing of land and (b) protection and prevention and (2) understanding of these shapes leads to motivation and responsible elements in conservation programs to actualize ecological piety.
 Keywords: ecotheology, fiqh al-bi’ah, hadith, conservation, understanding

Sufi Modernis: Peran Transformatif Mursyid TQN Suryalaya dalam bidang Pendidikan, Ekonomi dan Lingkungan Hidup

<p class="06IsiAbstrak">This study aims to reveal that the Tarekat in organizational review will develop rapidly if it is led by a Mursyid who has a transformative modernist role. This qualitative research was conducted using a phenomenological approach, participant observation approach and descriptive analysis. The results of the study reveal that TQN Suryalaya has modernist Sufi figures, namely the first Mursyid of TQN Suryalaya Abah Sepuh (Shaykh Abdullah Mubarok Bin Nur Muhammad) then followed by the second Murshid Abah Anom (Shaykh Ahmad Shohibul Wafa Tajul 'Airifn). Through these two Mursyids, it was found that the form of modernization typical of Sufis apart from in the field of ritual worship which is of course the main key, but furthermore has a role in transforming the quality of society towards a better direction in three fields: First, the field of education in the form of formal institutions in the field of basic education, secondary, and college. Second, in the field of Economics in the form of collaboration between Islamic boarding schools and SMEs in the surrounding community. The third is in the field of the environment in the form of nature conservation, irrigation technology, and plantations.</p>

Legal Aspects of the Borough’s Use of the Landscape-Nature Protected Complex

Under Art. 43 of the Act on Nature Conservation landscape-nature protected complexes are sections of a natural and cultural landscape which deserve protection because of their scenic or aesthetic value. As this provision points out they serve landscape conservation and may be employed unless the appropriate authority adopts other forms of nature conservation. Unfortunately, in practice, boroughs adopt resolutions establishing landscape-nature complexes in response to the demand of one of the parties to the conflict existing in a given territory, resulting from an investment implemented by an entrepreneur. It is precisely due to the collision of planned activities or economic undertakings with environmental goods, including protected natural assets, that it is necessary to develop and apply legal tools that would allow for the realisation of public rights to use the environment inter alia by ensuring active influence of entities having legal interest in the procedurę of creation of landscape-nature protected complexes. Such a legal framework would enable potential sources of conflict to be minimised.

Public Interest Regarding Nature Protection Pursued by the Municipal Government

The article contains an analysis of the issue of public interest pursued by the municipal government in the field of nature conservation, demonstrated on the example of individual forms of nature conservation, the latter term being the concept used by environmental law scholars. Moreover, it covers natural monuments, documentation stands, ecological grounds and natural and landscape complexes, which are established through a resolution of the municipal council, which constitutes an act of local law. On the other hand, administrative prohibitions introduced for this purpose in an act of local law must have statutory authorisation and they should take into account the constitutional principle of sustainable development and the principle of proportionality. This is because these prohibitions restrict the right of ownership of immovable property situated in their area. Moreover, such an act of local law shall also be subject to the judicial review by an administrative court, having been challenged by the addressee of such act, provided that the addressee has also a legal interest, not only a factual interest.

Naprawienie szkody spowodowanej ograniczeniem korzystania z nieruchomości w związku z ochroną przyrody – wybrane zagadnienia

<p>Establishing legal forms of nature conservation entails a restriction on the right of ownership and other property rights. For this reason, the legislature introduced in the Act of 27 April 2001 on Environmental Protection Law solutions allowing for the purchase of real estate or payment of damages. The provisions of the Environmental Protection Law set out an administrative-judicial procedure of claiming for remedying a damage caused by the legal operation of the public administration related to the protection of environmental resources. This procedure is based on the fact that a claim, essentially of a civil nature (a claim for remedying a damage caused by restricting the use of property) is pursued in two stages – the first in an administrative proceeding in which the administrative authority issues a decision and in the second, where the case is decided by a general court. The first stage is obligatory, in the sense that in the event of a dispute for compensation, the aggrieved party must apply to the administrative body for compensation. The second is initiated as a result of the action of the party dissatisfied with the compensation awarded by the administrative body.</p>

Features Of The Legal Regime Of National Parks Under The Legislation Of The Republic Of Poland

The article presents an analysis of one of the oldest and most important forms of nature conservation - National Parks, and their regulation in the legislation of the Republic of Poland. The material is based on the systematic interpretation of the Law of the Republic of Poland «On Nature Conservation», the analysis of scientific literature and the identification of some problematic issues of implementation of the prescriptions of the legislation in practice. Much attention is paid to the theoretical characteristics of National Parks, their place among other forms of nature conservation in Poland, the functions they perform. The issues of creation of the National Park, the regime of management of its territory, organization and zoning of the National Park have been consistently revealed. It also analyzes the bans fixed within the National Park and ensures its protection against external adverse effects. Problematic issues are raised related to the removal of land and real estate from private owners, the achievement of a compromise between private economic interests and public environmental interests. A comparison of the basics of functioning of National Parks in Poland and Ukraine is also partly presented.
 The author focuses on the differences in the legal regime of national nature parks under the legislation of Ukraine and Poland. The Polish legislation does not distinguish as an independent recreational function and does not allocate separate recreational functions within the national park. At the same time, the organization of tourist routes and the provision of conditions for visiting the park is one of the tasks and a significant source of revenue for the national parks of Poland, and the number of visitors many times exceeds their number in the territories of the national parks of Ukraine. In the territory of the national parks of Poland (as in Ukraine) a combination of exclusive state ownership (in Ukraine - the property of the Ukrainian people) and private property is possible. At the same time, as in Ukraine, the most problematic issue is the acquisition of ownership of real estate (including private land) when creating or expanding the territory of national parks.

National and landscape parks as a part of sustainable regional development in Northern Poland

Sustainable development at a local and regional level depends on many factors. One of them, strictly related to biodiversity conservation and proper ecosystem functioning, is the presence of such protected areas as national (NP) and landscape (LP) parks in the region. Such forms of nature conservation are established in places of high environmental values. However, this also means restrictions and prohibitions that may limit possibility of local development. The main aim of the research is an attempt to study an influence of LP and NP on socio-economic development of communes in three provinces in the north of Poland (Western Pomerania, Pomerania, Warmia and Mazury). The results of examination survey sent to local authorities were used in the research. The results are ambiguous and may depend on the location of a particular park. Moreover, the majority of research respondents did not believe that the presence of such protected areas have a strong negative impact on communes, the local development and also pointed to some benefits related to NP and LP, like enhancing tourist attractiveness of the area.

Prośrodowiskowe determinanty polskiej i europejskiej polityki rolnej

The aim of the paper was to identify determinants of Polish agriculture in the light of the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy. A particular attention was given to the aspects of environmental protection in agricultural production. It is also noted the main legal issues arising from the policy of greening, cross-compliance rules, agri-environmental and climatic commitments. It highlighted the existing European and national legal solutions relating to agricultural activities in the areas covered by special forms of nature conservation.

PUBLIC AUTHORITIES ADMINISTERING THE FORMS OF NATURE CONSERVATION IN POLAND

Specialized authorities in the field of environmental protection have existed since the beginning of the creation of the system of organization of environmental services and the amount of them has been steadily widening. This has been particularly evident in case of nature conservation law which is a part of environmental law. The fact of existence of authorities having specialized knowledge is particularly important in the context of new environmental tasks resulting from the implementation of European Union legal norms often using professional knowledge. The purpose of this article is to present the specialized authorities functioning in the field of nature conservation, the scope of taking advantage of their professional knowledge potential. The article also aims at taking of trial of assessment of adopted regulations accuracy concerning the division of tasks and competences of public authorities with regard to administration of forms of nature conservation, as well as presenting de lege ferenda comments aiming at nature conservation tasks performing more effectively.

Lack of demographic equilibrium indicates natural, large‐scale forest dynamics, not a problematic forest conservation policy – a reply to Brzeziecki et al.

AbstractBrzeziecki et al. 2016 (Journal of Vegetation Science 27: 460–467.) describe a decrease in population densities and proportion of younger individuals for several tree species in permanent research plots in the core zone of the Białowieża National Park. They attribute insufficient tree recruitment inter alia to the strict protection. Although the authors performed a thorough analysis of tree population dynamics, the scales of the study mean that their far‐reaching conclusions on the causes and consequences of the lack of demographic equilibrium cannot be supported by the data. The inadequate spatial and temporal scales of the study did not allow for the observation of representative population dynamics. Furthermore, they did not compare the results obtained in the strictly protected area with known demographic dynamics of trees in surrounding managed forests or under other forms of nature conservation. Looking from the wider ecosystem perspective, it is clear that strict protection is not a cause for concern and, instead, that such a near‐natural forest manifests population dynamics at rather larger scales.

Birds of Lednické rybníky Fishponds (Czech Republic)

ABSTRACTThe Lednické rybníky fishponds are among the most important bird localities in the Czech Republic with more than 140 recorded species of fishpond ecosystems and several forms of nature conservation areas being declared. The aim of the map presented in the paper is to introduce the locality and present data on observed numbers of selected important species and their changes during the last several decades. The main topographic map brings information about touristic infrastructure and general geography of the area. Several smaller thematic maps then show (i) forms of nature conservation, (ii) water levels during summer drainage of fishponds, (iii) migration of birds, (iv) extent of reed vegetation in the years 1933 and 2009, and (v) distribution of selected species within the Czech Republic. The maps are accompanied by short texts dealing with the presented issues, including the illustrations of selected important bird species (Northern Shoveler, Red-crested Pochard, Greylag Goose, Pied Avocet, Black-crowned Night Heron and Grey Heron) and graphs of observed individuals and nesting pairs in the years 1973–2014. The map is intended to serve as introductory material for birdwatchers and other visitors of the area as well as to supplement a brochure of the same title.

Valuation of natural assets of some raised peat bogs against a background of Bieszczady Mts. landscape of the Lutowiska district

The “Land of the Valleys” lying in the area of the Lutowiska district in the Western Bieszczady Mts. is undergoing unwelcome succession-related changes, such as for example the extinction of valuable plant species or even whole plant associations, and the disappearance of the mosaic pattern of biocoenoses. It is therefore necessary to conduct investigations aimed at assessing the natural values of this region. The natural assets of the Lutowiska district, where the three raised peat bogs under study (Wolosate, Litmirz and Tarnawa) are situated, were assessed using the Oświt [1995] method for the natural valuation of wetlands and associated landscapes. The method involves awarding points to three groups of indicators: (i) the scope and forms of nature conservation; (ii) general natural values; and (iii) the richness of wetland biotopes, plant communities and flora [Oświt and Dembek 1995]. Altogether, the district scored 60.7 valuation points (with 9 points for relief richness included), which allows classifying it as an area with very high natural values (class VIII on a scale of I-X).

Специфіка охорони об’єктів неживої природи в Польщі

An attempt was made to present the state and the characteristic of the nature conservation in Poland. Mainly in that part which deals with inanimate nature objects; systematizing the experience of our neighbors by adapting existing organizational forms to the new forms introducted in the world, to show the most interesting of the existing classifications and principles of their creation. Key words: forms of nature conservation, geoconservation, geodiversity, geotop, geoparks, geotourism.

Beetles (Coleoptera) occurring in decaying birch (Betula spp.) wood in the Kampinos National Park

Abstract The composition and structure of beetle clusters living in rotting birch wood in Kampinos National Park was investigated. Photoeclectors were used to remove beetles from collected wood samples. Ten different research plots, each corresponding to a different forest type, were sampled every month over a 1-year period. A collection of 3256 beetles from 37 families comprising 206 species was amassed during the study. The collected beetles were divided into trophic families, species rareness, and constancy and site fidelity classes. At the more fertile sites, species only able to live on highly-decayed wood were collected (F3), also species facultatively able to live on either dying trees or decaying wood (F1), species that do not live on decayed wood (F0) and other rare species. Trophic group of carnivores (Z) provided most species on more fertile sites. At coniferous forest sites, as well as mixed deciduous forest sites, most individuals collected belonged to mycophagous and myxomycophagous trophic groups. At the other sites, the largest group of collected individuals was zoophagous. The number of rare species was positively related to site fertility. The average number of species increased in accordance with increasing site fertility, however this trend was only statistically significant when applied to moist coniferous forest (Bw) and moist mixed broadleaved forest (LMw) sites. The study revealed differences in the composition and structure of beetle clusters from different forest types. These differences were probably not directly related to site type, but more likely to the form of nature conservation imposed on a particular area and the potential number of decayed deciduous tree trunks. Two different clusters of saproxylic Coleoptera related to birch rot were distinguished: the first includes strictly protected deciduous forest types, the second contains the remaining forest types.