Liquid Form Research Articles

PERILAKU IBU TERHADAP PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGOBATAN PENYAKIT DIARE PADA BALITA DI KELURAHAN KARANG PULE KECAMATAN SEKARBELA KOTA MATARAM TAHUN 2024

Diarrhea is defecated in a liquid form more than three times a day and usually lasts for two or more days. The most prone to diarrhea groups are 2-3 years, although many have also found relatively young sufferers between 6 months and 12 months. The purpose of this study is to know how mothers behave in the prevention and diarrhea treatment of toddlers in the pule coral region mataram city.The method of research used is descriptive research. The population and samples on this study are mothers who have children with diarrhea, the sample collection technique used is proposive sempling with as many as 81 respondents.Studies have shown that sufficient behaviors of respondents (mothers) (87.65%), diarrheal prevention measures are said to be sufficient with a percentage (85.55%) and diarrhea treatment is said to be less than a percentage (62.96%).Conclusion, the vast majority of infant respondents (mothers) who suffer from adequate adverse diarrhea while in the treatment of diarrheal diseases in toddlers are less. It is expected that health-care workers will be able to educate about treatment and prevention of disease in the area.

Antioxidant Activity and Biodegradability of Thermoplastic Starch Red Cabbage/Calcium Carbonate Biocomposite Films

Nowadays, thermoplastic starch-based biopolymers are an option to be developed into products for domestic use. However, thermoplastic starch (TPS) has poor antioxidant characteristic, which restricts its use in food packaging or films. To address this issue, the starch can be combined with a green and low-cost anti-oxidative agent, to create a new, reasonably priced TPS biocomposites. Anti-oxidative agent that derived from natural sources is the best option due to the non-toxicity, environmentally friendly and abundancy. In this study, the shear mixing and casting processes were employed to form biocomposite films made of TPS, red cabbage, and calcium carbonate with varying calcium carbonate loadings. Prior to the production of the biocomposite, the anthocyanins in the red cabbage was extracted for use as an antioxidant. The biocomposites' structures and morphology were examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant and biodegradability testing were performed to assess the suitability of the TPS biocomposites for biodegradable food packaging application. Results indicate that the antioxidant activity and biodegradability of the TPS improved with the addition of the red cabbage, either in powder form or liquid form. Furthermore, the red cabbage powder not only acts as antioxidant but also as filler together with CaCO3 to improve the performance of the TPS biocomposite for food packaging application.

Investigating the Bromoform Membrane Interactions Using Atomistic Simulations and Machine Learning: Implications for Climate Change Mitigation.

Methane emissions from livestock contribute to global warming. Seaweeds used as food additive offer a promising emission mitigation strategy because seaweeds are enriched in bromoform─a methanogenesis inhibitor. Therefore, understanding bromoform storage and production in seaweeds and particularly in a cell-like environment is crucial. As a first step toward this aim, we present an atomistic description of bromoform dynamics, diffusion, and aggregation in the presence of lipid membranes. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with customized CHARMM-formatted bromoform force field files, we investigate the interactions of bromoform and lipid bilayer across various concentrations. Bromoform penetrates membranes and at high concentrations forms aggregates outside the membrane without affecting membrane thickness or lipid tail order. Aggregates outside the membrane influence the membrane curvature. Within the membrane, bromoform preferentially localizes in the membrane hydrophobic core and diffuses the slowest along the membrane normal. Employing general local-atomic descriptors and unsupervised machine learning, we demonstrate the similarity of bromoform local structures between the liquid and aggregated forms.

Enhancing photosynthetic efficiency in Phalaenopsis amabilis through bioreactor innovations

BackgroundMicro-propagation is the primary technique for the mass propagation of greenhouse orchids. However, various factors, including culture media and cultivation systems, influence the scaling-up and efficient commercialization of in vitro techniques. The utilization of liquid cultivation systems and bioreactors are relatively cost-effective and has attracted significant attention for mass production. In this study, we evaluated the effects of eight culture media, in both semi-solid and liquid forms, on the growth of in vitro mini-plantlets of Phalaenopsis orchids. We subsequently assessed the performance of four selected media: half-strength modified Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MMS), modified FAST (MFAST), and two simplified media (SM1 and SM2), across four types of cultivation systems, including semi-solid media in glass jars, liquid media in a permanent immersion system using Erlenmeyer flasks on a shaker (PIS), and a temporary immersion system (TIS) in two forms: FA-Bio bioreactor (TIS-FA-Bio) and RITA® bioreactor (TIS-RITA®).ResultsThe results indicated that the optimal culture medium for orchid growth depends on the cultivation system used. Among the eight evaluated semi-solid and liquid media, the highest plant growth was observed in the SM2 medium, attributed to the presence of additives (banana powder and activated charcoal), two types of sugar (with high carbon content), and small amounts of nickel and ascorbic acid. The high carbon content in the SM2 liquid medium, combined with the temporary immersion explants in a large volume of medium in the TIS-RITA®, resulted in the highest total carbohydrate content and enhanced plant growth. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the number of plantlets per liter in SM2 semi-solid medium were higher than those in the 1/2 MMS semi-solid medium (control), leading to a 61.6% reduction in production costs. Furthermore, the number of plantlets per liter in the TIS-FA-Bio containing SM2 (10.8 USD) was higher than in TIS-RITA® with 1/2 MMS (39.3 USD), resulting in a 72.5% decrease in production costs due to a lower volume of medium and the use of inexpensive equipment.ConclusionsWe recommend the use of SM2 in TIS-FA-Bio and TIS-RITA® for economical and efficient mass propagation of Phalaenopsis orchid.

Microencapsulation of Bacillus megaterium in Humic Acid-Supplied Alginate Beads Enhances Tomato Growth and Suppresses the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica Under Greenhouse Conditions

In recent years, interest in using encapsulated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a biocontrol agent against root-knot nematodes has increased. Root-knot nematodes are soil-borne parasites that mostly cause annual commercial losses globally by infecting tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). In this work, tomato plants (cv. GS) were grown in a greenhouse to test the effectiveness of encapsulated Bacillus megaterium with or without humic acid or in liquid form at different inoculum levels against Meloidogyne javanica and their impact on different growth parameters. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to visualize the microencapsulation of B. megaterium as well as viability and protease production In vitro. In a greenhouse experiment, humic acid-encapsulated B. megaterium resulted in a significant decrease in nematode parameters compared to the control group. When compared to other inoculants, the use of 10 capsules/plant decreased nematode infestation and enhanced plant growth parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and photosynthetic pigments. These results are reflected in increased dehydrogenase activity, total bacterial count, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase in soil 30 and 60 days after transplanting. Therefore, to increase the development dynamics of tomato plants and reduce nematode infestation, we advise using B. megaterium capsules supplemented with humic acid.

Scientific opinion on the extension of uses of quillaia extract (E 999) as a food additive.

The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF Panel) evaluated the safety of the extension of uses of quillaia extract (E 999) as a food additive in food supplements supplied in a solid or liquid form, excluding food supplements for infants and young children. Quillaia extract (E 999) was re-evaluated in 2019 by the EFSA FAF Panel, which derived an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 3 mg saponins/kg bw per day for E 999, while in 2024 a follow-up of the re-evaluation was published by the FAF Panel, recommending some modifications of the existing EU specifications for quillaia extract (E 999). Currently, quillaia extract (E 999) is authorised in two food categories (FCs) i.e. FC 4.1.4 'Flavoured drinks' and FC 14.2.3 'Cider and perry' (excluding cidre bouché, cydr jakościowy, perry jakościowe, cydr lodowy, perry lodowe). A 'food supplements consumers only' scenario was calculated for this opinion considering the proposed extension of uses, together with the current authorised uses at both the maximum permitted level (MPLs) and the typical reported use levels of quillaia extract (E 999) at the time of the 2019 re-evaluation. The Panel concluded that the exposure estimates using the typical reported use levels for the currently authorised food categories and considering the proposed extension of uses for E 999 in FC 17.1 'Food supplements supplied in a solid form, excluding food supplement for infants and young children' and FC 17.2 'Food supplements supplied in a liquid form, excluding food supplement for infants and young children', if authorised, would not result in an exceedance of the ADI in any population group.

Challenges and Safety Considerations in the Transportation of Dangerous Goods through Tunnels

This article explores the transportation of dangerous goods (DG) through tunnels, emphasising the associated challenges and safety considerations within this crucial infrastructure. It provides a detailed analysis of statistical data on DG transportation, specifically focusing on industrial hazardous substances in liquid or gaseous forms that can cause severe damage in underground environments, even in the absence of fire or explosion. By reviewing past incidents involving dangerous agents and critically evaluating current research, the article identifies significant gaps in safety protocols and emergency response strategies. It highlights the urgent need for comprehensive research to enhance safety standards and improve resilience in tunnel environments.

Biological Activities and Phytochemical Constituents in the Stimulatory Potential of Tithonia diversifolia Fermented Extracts: A Review

The world food production must increase by 70% to feed this massive population through the use of chemical inputs in the new millennium. Crop culture is challenged by parasitic constraints, seedlings unavailability and soil fertility issues, which can severely reduce productivity. However, the repeated uses of chemical inputs negatively impact environment, plant and human health equilibrium. So, pathogen resistance, seedling quality and plant fertilization are severely concerned over the course of time. In this context, the use of a plant extract as Tithonia diversifolia, could be a good natural alternative to chemical inputs stimulants. The lack of knowledge of phytochemical constituents involving biologicals activities in liquid form of T. diversifolia extract, need to be improved to ensure their labeling. This study reviews biological activities and main phytochemical constituents in the stimulatory potential of T. diversifolia fermented liquid extracts. The stimulatory potential bio-efficacy of T. diversifolia extracts concerns the combination of biocontrol and green fertilizer effects. The green manure is conducted by watering or mulching on varied crops, such as rice, maize or plantain banana. Existing concerns are to expand the information amounts concerning the stimulating properties of the bioactive compounds contained in the fermented liquid extracts. It would be a key to fully demonstrate their effectiveness in stimulating the mechanism of plant growth and the protection against phytopathogens. However, this review updates on the challenge of the possibility to characterize the major bioactive compounds in the extracts. The other challenge of this current work is to suggest an eco-responsible and biological labeling product based on T. diversifolia fermented liquid extract.

Efficacy and safety of weekly liquid alendronate in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a 12-month, multi-center, randomized trial

SummaryThis study compared liquid and tablet forms of alendronate for osteoporosis treatment. After 12 months, both forms increased bone density to a similar degree with no significant differences in side effects. New low-volume liquid alendronate is as effective as tablets, offering an alternative treatment option for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.Purpose/IntroductionAlendronate, despite its significant efficacy, poses challenges due to complex administration protocols and patient compliance issues, underscoring the need for various formulations. This study compared the efficacy and safety of once-weekly low-volume liquid alendronate sodium trihydrate (ALN-S), an oral solution, to once-weekly alendronate sodium (ALN-T), an oral tablet, in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.MethodsIn a 12-month, multi-center, prospective, randomized, open-labeled, parallel trial conducted at two hospitals in Korea, 170 patients were randomized to alendronate solution (ALN-S) (N = 85) or alendronate tablet (ALN-T) (N = 85) groups. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) was measured at baseline and after 12 months. Bone turnover markers (BTMs) were assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome was the percentage change in BMD of the LS, evaluated for non-inferiority.ResultsAfter 12 months, both ALN-S and ALN-T groups exhibited a significant increase in LS, FN, and TH BMD, with no significant intergroup differences (ALN-S: LS 5.0 ± 0.6%, FN 1.8 ± 0.6%, TH 2.2 ± 0.5%; ALN-T: LS 5.2 ± 0.6%, FN 1.6 ± 0.6%, TH 1.8 ± 0.5%). ALN-S was found to be non-inferior to ALN-T for BMD change at LS (treatment difference: − 0.22%, 95% CI: − 1.84 to 1.40%), excluding the predefined non-inferiority margin of − 2.29%. Changes in BTMs did not differ significantly between groups. The frequency of adverse events was similar between groups.ConclusionLiquid alendronate was non-inferior to tablet alendronate in increasing BMD in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, presenting a viable alternative when the tablet form is limited in various clinical scenarios.Clinical trial registrationThe trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05387200).

Assessment of the risks of impacts of heavy metals and arsenic entering the human body with herbal medicines

Introduction. Liquid dosage forms based on medicinal plant raw materials are very convenient to use and must meet safety requirements. In the context of harmonization of pharmacopoeial requirements, determining the total content of heavy metals in tinctures is not enough. Risk assessment is necessary to calculate the permissible concentrations of heavy metals in tinctures.Aim. To assess the safety of using tinctures in terms of the content of heavy metals and arsenic within the framework of a risk-oriented strategy.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 20 samples of valerian and motherwort tinctures manufactured by various enterprises. The quantitative content of 15 elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, V, Zn) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results and discussion. The concentrations of elements in tinctures varied in the range of 0–1.84 μg/g. Manganese and zinc were found in maximum quantities, while cadmium, molybdenum and vanadium were found in minimum quantities. Mercury was not detected in any of the samples. The content of toxic elements in the tinctures did not exceed the levels of permissible concentrations regulated by the normative documentation of the Russian Federation. Total hazard indices (HI) were calculated at the levels of the median and 90th percentile of the content of elemental toxicants. In the tinctures, they were, respectively: valerian – 0.016 · 10–5 and 0.027 · 10–5, motherwort – 0.022 · 10–5 and 0.028 · 10–5. The obtained values were significantly lower than 1.0. Calculation of individual carcinogenic risk (CR) of elemental carcinogens (Cd, As, Cr, Pb) entering the body with tinctures of valerian and motherwort showed that the CR values were in the range of 4.9 · 10–9–6.84 · 10–7, which did not exceed the permissible threshold value (1 · 10–6).Conclusions. The actual content of toxic elements (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) in tinctures of valerian and motherwort was 0–0.006 μg/g, which did not exceed the levels of permissible concentrations. Calculations of non-carcinogenic risks when using tinctures of valerian and motherwort showed that the total impact of 15 studied elements on human health when consuming a daily dose of tinctures is characterized as permissible, periodic monitoring of the content of non-standardized elements in samples of herbal medicines is not required. It was established that the studied tinctures of valerian and motherwort are not oncogenic factors and do not require risk reduction measures.

Research progress on solid-phase electron donors for the denitrification of wastewater: A review

Electron donor-mediated biological denitrification, the most extensively employed method for the treatment of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), involves NO3−-N directly or indirectly by acquiring electrons provided by electron donors and converting them into N2. Currently, the most widely researched electron donors are gaseous, liquid, and solid forms. Owing to the difficulties in storing and transporting gaseous and liquid electron donors, and their potential for causing secondary pollution, solid-phase electron donors (SPEDs), which can be slowly utilized by microorganisms, have gradually gained attention. SPEDs not only serve as a carrier for microbial attachment, but most SPEDs are also low-cost and readily available, making them advantageous for practical applications. In this review, the different types of SPEDs are classified and their microbial utilization mechanisms in the biological denitrification process discussed based on their classification. Their denitrification performance, influencing factors, practical applications, and existing issues are summarized. This review provides a reference for future research on SPED and its applications. It also provides an outlook on SPED-mediated mixotrophic denitrification and SPED-coupled electrochemical technology for enhanced nitrogen removal processes, in view of this hot direction in SPED research.

Development of Solidified Self-microemulsifying Delivery Systems Containing Tacrolimus for Enhanced Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Profile.

The use of tacrolimus (FK506) as an immunosuppressant is limited by its low aqueous solubility and bioavailability. The self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) has successfully improved the solubility of FK506 in our previous study. This study focused on the solidification of liquid SMEDDS to capture the benefits of both liquid SMEDDS and solid dosage forms. Among several porous silica adsorbents evaluated, Aeroperl® 300 Pharma showed the best performance in terms of droplet size, in vitro dissolution, adsorbent-drug compatibility, and tabletabilities. And precoating the adsorbent with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 resulted in complete drug release. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose based matrix tablet was developed to achieve a sustained release of FK506. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction indicated that FK506 was present in a molecular or amorphous state in the solidified SMEDDS and tablets. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that the self-prepared tablet had improved bioavailability (179.02%) compared to the marketed product Advagraf®. This study provided a promising candidate with improved dissolution and bioavailability for FK506 and a prospective platform for SMEDDS development.

Composition of carbohydrate, protein and lipid derived from microalgae using thermally pretreated solid waste.

Microalgae are widely recognized for their capacity to generate value-added products in a variety of sectors, including the pharmaceutical and food industries, bioenergy industries and wastewater industries. The quality of a microalga is significantly influenced by its proliferation. Along with growth, the biochemical profile may also vary based on the nutrient that is supplemented. The majority of the supplemented nutrients utilized are not in a functional state, as they are typically extracted in liquid form or pretreated prior to use. Parallel to numerous commonly applied pretreatment processes, including chemical, mechanical and biological, thermal pretreatment appears to receive less attention. Hence it is crucial to comprehend the potential for thermal pretreatment as well as its mechanism in militating the solid waste to release additional nutrients in order to enhance the biochemical profile of microalgae. The current review takes a closer look at the impact of various thermal pretreatments on solid waste on influencing microalgal performance in terms of their overall biochemical profiles such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. This approach is likely to enhance the circular economy by utilizing waste products and effectively closing the loop on waste. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Role of Amphiphilic Compounds in Nasal Nanoparticles

Nasal medications hold significant importance and are widely utilized due to their numerous advantageous properties, offering a compelling route for both local and systemic therapeutic effects. Nowadays, the development of nasal particles under 1 micrometer is in the focus of much scientific research. In our experiments, the use of innovative nanotechnology to increase the effectiveness of the active substance was of paramount importance. Our aim was to create solid nanoparticles that enable targeted and effective delivery of the active ingredient into the body. The innovation of this experimental series lies not only in highlighting the importance of amphiphilic compounds in enhancing penetration, but also in the fact that while most nasally administered formulations are in liquid form, our formulation is solid. Liquid formulations frequently suffer from the disadvantage of possible leakage during administration, which can reduce the bioavailability of the active ingredient. In our experiments we created novel drug delivery systems of finely divided powders, which, thanks to the penetration enhancers, can be successfully administered. These enhancers facilitate the swift disintegration and penetration of the particles through the membrane. This represents a new direction in nasal drug delivery methods. The results of our trials are promising in the development of innovative pharmaceutical products and outline the role of amphiphilic compounds in more efficient utilization and targeted application of active substances. According to our results it can be concluded that this innovative approach not only addresses the common issues associated with liquid nasal formulations but also paves the way for more stable and effective delivery methods. The use of finely divided powders for nasal delivery, enabled by penetration enhancers, represents a major breakthrough in the field, providing a dependable alternative to conventional liquid formulations and ensuring improved therapeutic results.Graphical

Effects of buffers on spray-freeze-dried/lyophilized high concentration protein formulations

Solid-state protein formulations are known to exhibit enhanced storage stability compared to their liquid dosage form counterparts. pH is one of the factors affecting the stability of protein formulations. The pH of protein formulations in the solution could be influenced by the buffer used, directly impacting their solid-state stability. During lyophilization, buffer components may interact with other formulation components present in the protein formulations, causing a pH shift. This study aimed to investigate the effects of phosphate buffer and amino acid buffers (such as histidine and/or arginine) on the physical properties and accelerated storage stability of spray freeze-dried or lyophilized protein formulations. A model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was used to prepare high-concentration protein formulations. The formulations consisted of BSA, trehalose, and mannitol in an 80:15:5 ratio (w/w), respectively. Various buffers were utilized in the preparation of protein formulations, and the resultant solid formulations underwent screening via accelerated stability study using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The combination of phosphate and arginine buffers resulted in increased monomer loss in the accelerated storage stability study. Additional characterizations, including solid-state Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ssFTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), were conducted. While these analyses did not definitively elucidate the mechanism behind the observed instability, their outcomes provide valuable insights for further investigation, highlighting the need for future research in this area.

Comparison of ex-situ solid and liquid iodine doping methods at different temperatures to improve electrical properties of polythiophene nanostructure films synthesized by atmospheric pressure plasma process

Despite advancements in research on conducting polymers, obtaining stable conductivity in thin films remains challenging. Although ex-situ iodine (I2) doping methods have exhibited promise, they often result in unstable conductivity with increasing exposure time. This study aimed to produce polythiophene (PTh) nanostructure films with stable electrical conductivity through optimized ex-situ I2-doping techniques using a newly fabricated atmospheric pressure plasma reactor for PTh deposition. I2 charge carriers in the form of solid and liquid were separately incorporated into the PTh at room temperatures and 60 °C. FE-SEM, EDS, and FT-IR revealed an enhanced molecular structure, the distribution of element and functional chemical composition of the doped PTh nanostructure films, respectively. Compared to solid I2 doping, the liquid-doped PTh exhibited improved electrical conductivity and stable conductivity over a long period. The results also proved promising for reliable applications in electronic devices, making ex-situ liquid I2 doping a good technique.

Addition of polyphenolic extracts of Myrtus communis and Arbutus unedo fruits to whey: valorization of a common dairy waste product as a functional food.

Whey, a nutrient-rich byproduct of the dairy sector, possesses high potential for creating novel nutraceutical products. The present study investigates a potential new functional food by incorporating polyphenolic extracts from Myrtus communis and Arbutus unedo fruits into whey in both liquid (LA) and powder (PA) addition forms. Chemical, microbiological, physical stability and antioxidant activity were monitored for 60 days (from T0 to T60). Both LA and PA of fruit extracts remained chemically stable for the whole period, except for A. unedo PA, which showed a decline in polyphenols after T45. Enriched whey samples showed higher antioxidant activity than pure whey. Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of lactic acid bacteria, indicating potential prebiotic effects. However, the high tannin concentration of A. unedo extracts partially modified the casein micelle structure. Whey enriched with Mediterranean fruit extracts shows great potential as a functional food, combining the benefits of plant antioxidants, probiotic bacteria and good stability. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

BS SO09 - Use of ursodeoxycholic acid in preventing gallstone formation after bariatric surgery – introduction of a new clinical pathway

Abstract Background Rapid weight loss is a risk factor for symptomatic gallstone formation. Managing gallstone disease such as choledocholithiasis can be more challenging after Bariatric Surgery (BS) due to altered anatomy. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a low-cost and low-risk method of reducing the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease and cholecystectomy by almost a third in patients who have had BS. However, it is not yet included in national guidelines for bariatric surgery. We audited prescription rates of UDCA in patients who underwent BS with a view to introducing it into our standard post BS care bundle. Method Data was collected from 30 consecutive patients who underwent a sleeve gastrectomy or Gastric bypass in November and December 2023. The results informed our practice and a UDCA prescribing pathway was developed using evidence from randomized trials. The pathway was circulated to all members of the bariatric service on 17/1/2024 and discussed at the departmental meeting. The audit loop was closed by collecting data from a further 30 consecutive patients. Demographic data, type of operation, BMI, history of gallstone disease, prescribing data and reasons for non-compliance were collected. The compliance rate to the UCDA pathway was expected to be 100%. Results Data was collected from 60 patients (85% female; median BMI 49; median age 45). No patient who could have benefited received UDCA prior to the intervention. After the intervention, 15/30 (50%) of patients were correctly prescribed UDCA. Therefore, correct prescription of UDCA did not meet target compliance rates. No patient was incorrectly prescribed UCDA. Reasons for non-compliance include human error, concern about the size of the tablet, inadequate knowledge about how to administer (e.g. crushing in liquid) and misconceptions of oral intake after BS. Conclusion UCDA can reduce incidence of symptomatic gallstones following BS, yet use of UDCA in bariatric centres in the UK is thought to be low. We discovered that more time should be dedicated to educating the team about administration methods and how it interacts with the current postoperative diet plan. A UCDA pathway and education of bariatric teams can improve compliance with appropriate UDCA prescribing. Further intervention is required and planned in our centre such as utilising e-prescribing as a prompt to include UDCA in the discharge prescription and considering the use of the drug's liquid form in the short term.

Developing Biodegradable Liquid Soap Detergent Solution for Domestic and Industrial Applications

Liquid soap solution is a versatile and widely used personal care product, offers a convenient and hygienic way to maintain cleanliness. This abstract summarizes the key aspects of liquid soap. This is soap in a liquid form. Generally liquid detergent are used with soft water. Where as in case of detergent powder cloths can be washed in hard as well as soft water. Liquid soap for Industrial use as well as house hold use can be manufactured by employing a very simple process. A typical formula for 1 kg of product is given below. This is called 25% liquid soap, since the acid slurry (active matter) used is 25% For lesser Concentration the quantity of acid slurry may be decreased correspondingly. The main aim of this project is to develop the liquid soap solution.

Impact of Fertility Levels and Biofertilizers on Chickpea Yield, Soil Fertility and Economic Returns

A field experiment was conducted for two rabi seasons (2019-20 & 2020-21) at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyala, Andhra Pradesh to study biofertilizers of PSB and inorganic fetilizers on growth, yield and quality Chickpea crop for Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. Afetr two years of the study, Significantly highest available soil Nitrogen (188 kg ha-1), Phosphorous (66.9 kg ha-1) and Potassium (484 kg ha-1) were recorded in treatment T8 (100% RDF + PSB in liquid form). Significantly highest chickpea yield of 2156 kg ha-1 was recorded with T8 (100% RDF + PSB (liquid form), the lowest yield was recorded with control (1839 kg ha-1). However, this treatment yielded results comparable to all treatments except the control during the two rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21. The economic evaluation of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers application in chickpea crop revealed that maximum net returns (Rs 1,02,675) and higher B: C ratio (3.45) were obtained with application of 50% RDF plus PSB application. The present study was done to study to evaluate the influence of bio fertilizers on growth and yield of chickpea.