Form Of Language Use Research Articles

Dialogues as an Involvement Strategy in Kadare’s novel "The Fall of the Stone City"

Discourse is not just a form of language use, but also a cognitive and social accomplishment within a communicative context. This article aims to interpret dialogues in Kadare’s novel The Fall of the Stone City through a combination of methods of discourse analysis and conversation analysis. The object of this analysis are the direct dialogues, in which characters are represented through their own voice, and where the narrator evades his/her own intervention during the transmission of the character’s sensory experience and does not give to the reader an indication of any sort of privileged information regarding the condition of the character. The central focus of this analysis is involvement strategies, as the basic principle in both conversational and literary discourse. The spoken genre is characterized by fragmentation and involvement, whereas the written genre is characterized by integration and detachment. The comparison of spoken and written narratives suggests that normal conversation and literary discourse have many similarities between them. The examination of the dialogues in Kadare’s novel The Fall of the Stone City clearly shows that the author combines involvement with integration in building scenes and triggering emotions. He uses familiar strategies, like repair and repetition in creating coherence and involvement, which are intentional in creating meaning.

VARIASI BAHASA DALAM LANSKAP LINGUISTIK DI KEBUN BINATANG SURABAYA

Linguistic landscape is a linguistic study that examines the use of language in public spaces. Language variation is defined as a form of language use that is different from a speaker. The emergence of language variations is motivated by the existence of a multilingual and multicultural society in Indonesia. This research aims to describe the use of language variations, language contestation, the function of these languages ​​and the sign-making linguistic landscape at the Surabaya Zoo. This research method uses descriptive qualitative with observation and photography data collection techniques. The data obtained is in the form of images containing language signs of the linguistic landscape. The research results found seven language variations at the Surabaya Zoo with three monolingual language variations, two bilingual language variations, and two multilingual language variations. The linguistic landscape sign makers at the Surabaya Zoo are from public and private authorities/individuals. The function of the linguistic landscape at the Surabaya Zoo namely, as a marker for buildings and rooms; as a medium of guidance and information; as a medium of prohibition and warning; as well as as a medium for distributing advertising. Keywords: linguistic landscape, language variations, surabaya zoo.

Book Review

Understanding Dialogue: Language Use and Social Interaction is written by two prominent psychologists of language. It develops an elegant model to account for the cognitive mechanisms of dialogue. The Shared Workspace Framework for Dialogue is capable of explaining how individuals contribute and control their utterances and how they can manage each other’s contributions and cooperate as one system. I believe this book is worth the attention of all linguists interested in language psychology. First, dialogue is the most fundamental form of language use; second, the theory of dialogue proposed in the book represents a major advancement in the psychology of conversation; third, the theory has a wide range of applications. I believe the current review of the book is the most comprehensive summary and assessment of the book to date.

Polyphony in Text and Discourse: A Cognitive Semantics Multimodal Case Study on Parenthesis and Quotation

Abstract Essentially grounded in Cognitive Semantics and conceived to capture fundamental compositional properties inscribed in (written) text and (spoken) discourse, this study proposes a unifying account of parenthesis and quotation in English. Understood as determinants of conceptual structure in language, these two categories, though ubiquitous in all forms of language use, but so far entirely missing from the Cognitive Semantics, research agenda, are (re-)conceptualized under the aegis of Bakhtin’s polyphony and voice, and Goffman’s decomposition of the speaker as ‘fictive’ polyphony. In achieving this goal, the paper explores via dense, multimodally informed micro-studies of authentic text and discourse how voices are made salient to readers and hearers, scrutinizing various categories of cuing devices. As a corollary, Cognitive Semantics is seen to be developed and enriched, opening it up to transcend the language system, thus paying respect to the ‘total linguistic fact’ in the sense of Silverstein.

Analisis Gaya Bahasa dalam Pidato : Pasambahan Manyerak Bareh Kunyik

This research aims to analyze the language style in the pasambahan manyerak bareh kunyik in the city of Padang Panjang. This research explores the language styles in Pasambahan Manyerak Bareh Kunyik, a traditional Minangkabau art, with the aim of exploring the depth of the language styles and speech embedded in this performance. This research carries a stylistic approach with the aim of looking at the techniques and forms of a person's language style in presenting ideas in accordance with the ideas and norms used as well as the personal characteristics of the user. The term language style is not referred to the entire form of language use as discourse, but rather to words and units of speech that are considered to contain beauty. Therefore, the research carried out focuses more on units of expression in isolation, not on textual relationships. The method used in this research is the Listening Method to obtain data by listening to language use. The term listening here is not only related to the use of spoken language, but also the use of written language. Furthermore, the technique used here is the tapping technique which is referred to as the basic technique in the listening method because essentially listening is realized by tapping. In this article, researchers attempt to obtain data by tapping into the language use of a person or several people who are informants. In subsequent practice, this tapping technique was followed by a further technique in the form of free listening techniques without getting involved in the conversation, meaning that the researcher only acted as an observer of the informant's use of language and was not involved in the speech event whose language was being studied.

ФАКТОР ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ВАРИАТИВНОСТИ В ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЙ ОЦЕНКЕ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ

The article puts forward the objective to disclose the means and features of language functioning in various discourse systems. The methodological basis of the research comprises the concept of language variability and the theory of synergetic linguistics. Different lexical units are explored in use within various discourse types in terms of their functions. The objective of correlating language unit functions to the discourse situation made it necessary to select the most representative discourse systems. Stemming from the basic principle that there are no ironclad borders between discrete forms of language use, the author claims that a typical discourse situation as a system-shaping attractor dictates functional specifics of language units. In distinguishing discourse types, the underlying principle is the degree of implementing the function of information and that of impact. Linguosynergetic method makes it possible to formulate universal principles of functioning language units of different types in the context of different discourse systems. These principles necessarily impose pragmatically conditioned meaning.

Citraan Puisi di Negeri Amplop pada MK Kajian Puisi Mahasiswa Bahasa Indonesia FKIP UNKHAIR

Imagery is a form of language use that can give a concrete impressions of an object, scene, action, or statement that distinguishes it from abstract expository statements and usually has something to do with symbolism. This is illustrated in the poem "Di Negeri Amplop" by KH. A. Mustofa Bisri which involves 7 elements of poetic imagery. The purpose of this study is (1) to find out how students analyze the image of poetry in the land of KH's envelope. A Mustofa Bisri. (2). To find out the application of poetry learning materials by lecturers. Researchers use descriptive qualitative methods. Data collection techniques include: Observation, Interview, and Documentation. In connection with this, data analysis techniques can be obtained from various sources of books related to poetry. The data analysis techniques data reduction, data display, and verification. The results of this study show that students' ability to analyze poetry imagery is still very low. This is related to the method of application in learning is still conventional. Furthermore, it can be argued that imagery is a style of narration that is widely used in literary writing. The image gives an interesting impression to the poem "Di Negeri Envelope" by KH. A. Mustofa Bisri which involves the 7 elements of imagery. In connection with this, the application of literature learning methods must be varied so that students' analytical skills can be improved.

Analysis Discourse of “Blarak” Short Story by Yanusa Nugroho

In communicating, humans sometimes need to show directly what they mean. The use of language in communication between humans in dating is a form of discourse. Besides discourse being a form of language use, discourse is also an utterance. Discourse analysis based on context is, of course, inseparable from the use of pragmatics. Pragmatic discourse analysis in literary works has been done—analysis of the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramodya Ananta Tour, translated into English by Max. This study aims to analyze discourse with a pragmatic approach in the short story Blarak by Yanusa Nugroho. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. The data of this study are the words or sentences contained in the short story Blarak by Yanusa Nugroho which are contained in the 2009 Kompas short story collection. The data collection technique in this study used note-taking techniques. This study's research instrument (data collection instrument) is from the researcher himself. The analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative data analysis technique. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the deixis in the short story Blarak by Yanusa Nugroho includes personal deixis, place deixis, and time deixis. Keywords: analysis, discourse, short story

Semantic Choices and Patterns in YouTube Commentaries as Digital Language Variation

Various forms of language use in social media characterize digital culture as part of digital humanities. It is fundamental to be able to get some knowledge of knowing the behavior of people using digital platforms, because nowadays people communicate via digital. Digital communication is a valid text that does not happen suddenly because it can be considered as something that is passive. This paper is important so that the reader can get knowledge about choices and patterns in digital communication. This paper investigated the variety of digital language as social phenomenon in YouTube commentaries. The goals of such investigation were to reveal the semantic choices and the pattern of these choices as online communicative events. Applying qualitative and diachronic approach the research used YouTube comments on a YouTube channel discussing about family vacation throughout 3 years of period, from 2019-2022. Using Halliday’s theory about semantic choice, the paper revealed three groups of semantic choices, which were semantic choice for identifying logical fallacy, semantic choice for identifying statement of feeling and semantic choice for identifying ridiculous behavior. There is also a recurring pattern that can be identified following the results of the analysis. In conclusion, digital language could be used in comparison to in person communication as important and valid development of language in digital humanities.

A Pragmatic Analysis of the Speech Act of Warning by Kurdish EFL Learners in Social Contexts

Language is considered as a social behavioral phenomenon for human beings. It is the essential tool for communicative interaction among people. Humans use language to convey their thoughts, feelings, and wishes to others. Language is enriched by the speakers who use language for a specific purpose in a specific situation to convey meanings that help the language user to transmit information. Moreover, situational meanings are delivered by different forms of language use that occur in various contexts. In this paper, the speech act of warning has been examined to identify ten social situations applied on EFL Kurdish senior students at the English department. The research method adopted is a qualitative and a quantitative approach to analyze the data. The selected situation consists of 5 options introduced to the selected participants to select the suitable answer for warning strategies according to their knowledge and experience. The analysis focuses on two aspects: firstly, identifying the warning strategies that are expressed explicatory or implicitly and secondly on examining the verbal and nonverbal warning speech act. Austin (1962) and Searle (1971)'s theoretical framework of Warning speech act have been used in the analysis of the data. The results and findings of the analysis show that Kurdish EFL participants can competently interact with the implicit and explicit speech act of warning in the selected social situations, as well as that warning strategy can impact the participants’ verbal, non-verbal communicative skills in their reactions. Other findings show that Kurdish EFL participants use directness in expressing warning strategies in some situations, as well as indirectness in others. In the latter, the Kurdish participants develop politeness strategies in their answers to different situations in order to maintain a positive face to the addressees and help them not to face embarrassment.

Given-New Effects on the Duration of Gestures and of Words in Face-to-Face Dialogue

ABSTRACT The given-new contract entails that speakers must distinguish for their addressee whether references are new or already part of their dialogue. Past research had found that, in a monologue to a listener, speakers shortened repeated words. However, the notion of the given-new contract is inherently dialogic, with an addressee and the availability of co-speech gestures. Here, two face-to-face dialogue experiments tested whether gesture duration also follows the given-new contract. In Experiment 1, four experimental sequences confirmed that when speakers repeated their gestures, they shortened the duration significantly. Experiment 2 replicated the effect with spontaneous gestures in a different task. This experiment also extended earlier results with words, confirming that speakers shortened their repeated words significantly in a multimodal dialogue setting, the basic form of language use. Because words and gestures were not necessarily redundant, these results offer another instance in which gestures and words independently serve pragmatic requirements of dialogue.

The power of swearing: What we know and what we don’t

Swearing produces effects that are not observed with other forms of language use. Thus, swearing is powerful. It generates a range of distinctive outcomes: physiological, cognitive, emotional, pain-relieving, interactional and rhetorical. However, we know that the power of swearing is not intrinsic to the words themselves. Hence, our starting question is: How does swearing get its power? In this Overview Paper, our aim is threefold. (1) We present an interdisciplinary analysis of the power of swearing (‘what we know’), drawing on insights from cognitive studies, pragmatics, communication, neuropsychology, and biophysiology. We identify specific effects of swearing, including, inter alia: emotional force and arousal; increased attention and memory; heightened autonomic activity, such as heart rate and skin conductance; hypoalgesia (pain relief); increased strength and stamina; and a range of distinctive interpersonal, relational and rhetorical outcomes. (2) We explore existing (possible) explanations for the power of swearing, including, in particular, the hypothesis that aversive classical conditioning takes place via childhood punishments for swearing. (3) We identify and explore a series of questions and issues that remain unanswered by current research/theorising (‘what we don’t know’), including the lack of direct empirical evidence for aversive classical conditioning; and we offer directions for future research.

Communicative culture on the internet and media linguoecology

Abstract The development of digital technologies impacted Internet-communication, which has become the dominant type of communication and a new form of language use. The Internet today is the most influential sphere of social communication, and it has a strong influence on the transformation of traditional norms and rules of speech behavior – both public and interpersonal. The digitalization of language and the digitalization of culture has posed a number of new problems for society: from the destruction of traditional and the emergence of a new literacy in Internet communication to the formation of a new type of culture – media culture, with certain communicative dominants that distinguish it from traditional culture. The media and digital turns in modern linguistics have served as triggers for the awareness of the new linguistic reality being formed in the Internet environment as an increasingly significant part of modern media space. Therefore, it is necessary to create within the framework of the new scientific direction of linguoecology an independent field, which we have conventionally designated as media linguoecology. We think of media linguoecology as a theoretical and applied discipline, in the scientific field of which not only riskogenic zones of Internet communication will be identified, but also ways of overcoming them will be worked out.

BAHASA PEMIKAT HATI PELANGGAN : KREATIVITAS BAHASA DALAM INDUSTRI KREATIF

The Language of Captivating Customers' Hearts: Language Creativity in the Creative Industry. This study aims to: (1) describe the form of language in the creative industry of fashion products (2) describe the function of language in fashion products that use the customer's heart (3) describe consumer responsses to language that creates attractiveness. This type of research is qualitative research. Sources of data in this study are the fashion industry, and informants based on gender, age, and occupation. Data collection techniques were carried out by documentation, questionnaires, and interviews. The research instrument consisted of the main instrument being the researcher and the supporting instruments, namely voice recordings, and data analysis guides. The results of the study revealed that the forms of language used in T-shirt products were the use of regional languages, wise words, word games, proverbs, plays, rhymes, expressions, appeals, and funny words. The language functions in t-shirt fashion products are the entertaining function, the motivating function, and the inspiring function. In addition, consumer responsses can be seen on the three variables such as by gender, age, and occupation. Various forms of language use on t-shirts are due to different consumer choices/tastes, with various language functions that make consumers really believe in choosing these fashion products.

Just Enough English to Get by: Language Practices of Transnational Migrants in Chinese Stores in Cape Town, South Africa

Abstract The presence of a Chinese community in South Africa has become increasingly visible over the last decade, particularly in the trading sector. This is illustrated in the sizable number of new shopping centres settled specifically by groups of Chinese traders, known as China Towns. Shopkeepers and shop assistants come from various linguistic and cultural backgrounds, China and other African countries respectively, but living and working in a multilingual South Africa, they communicate in English, which is the lingua franca. This paper explores their language practices and reflects on a particular language contact situation where shopkeepers and assistants of various migrant origins work closely together. The study adopts a linguistic ethnographic approach to the analysis of the interaction between shopkeepers and assistants and uses conversation analysis to elucidate the ways in which meaning is negotiated and understood in interaction between multilingual speakers. Unscripted audio recorded spoken interaction of the participants throughout the workday is the primary source of data. Additionally, interviews and observational notes are used to supplement the interactional data and illustrate the creative forms of language use that emerge in a in a China Town centre near Cape Town in the Western Cape.

‘Ojisan gokko shiyo! [Let’s pretend to be old men!]’: contested graphic ideologies in Japanese online language play

ABSTRACT This article examines how social beliefs about language use and users influence writing-restricted variation in contemporary Japan by analyzing ojisan gokko (‘impersonating middle-aged men’), a practice where young Japanese women playfully message each other as though they were lecherous men. While the production of a stylized ojisan voice during ojisan gokko involves many traditional Japanese indexes (markers) of ‘male’ language, it also relies prominently on particular uses of script, emoji, kaomoji, and punctuation, ultimately creating a form of mocking which is bound to the written mode. Using indexicality as a framework, the article analyses 195 screenshots of ojisan gokko acts shared on Twitter to establish which writing-restrict forms are key to the practice, and examines the multiple social motives and origins behind these forms. Ultimately, ojisan gokko is noted to involve a complex interplay of variants traditionally linked to distinct social groups, with this combined use traced to a series of Japanese social actors observing, imitating, discussing, or parodying how others write. Consequently, ojisan gokko shows that writing-restricted variation can be highly motivated by social concerns, ideologies, and conflicts, including the desire to establish, contest, and modify which identities and forms of language use are appropriate or ‘cool’.

Representation of Jombang as “a santri city”: landscape linguistic study

This study examines the representation of Jombang district as a santri city. The purpose of this study is to describe the extent to which the representation of the mention of Jombang district as a santri city is examined from the use of language in public spaces that can reflect these nicknames. The data in this study are forty forms of language use on billboards, shop names, road signs, and general signs on other roads that can reflect the designation of Jombang district as a santri city. This is a qualitative descriptive research. The theory used is the basic theory from Landry and Bourhis (1997) which focuses on the study of landscape linguistics which refers to information functions and symbolic functions. The results showed that there were five ways of representing Jombang as a santri city, namely (1) representation through naming shops, buildings, and community groups using Arabic which was written using Latin letters, (2) representation through naming streets, alleys, and institutions using names. family or the founder of the Islamic boarding school, (3) representation through the provision of special information for the boarding school students, (4) representation through the promotion of Islamic boarding school-based schools, and (5) representation through other objects. The methods of representation are divided into six categories of language signs in public spaces, namely in the category of road signs, advertising or promotional signs, warning signs, building names, information signs, and objects. There were also factors that influenced the presence of language signs in public spaces that represented Jombang as a santri city, namely (1) being close to the boarding school area, (2) following trend which is done by other subjects around the boarding school, (3) the need for the existence of an institution, and (4) information facilities for the general public.

Churchill’s reflection discourse

AbstractThis study presents the results of a cognitive analysis of Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs at the textual, lingual and conceptual levels in order to interpret the implicatures of Churchill’s reflection discourse. The scope of the present research covers Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs as one of the most fruitful types of literary text with regard to the realization of reflection, which is organically interwoven into his texts. The study is done by means of complex analysis with the application of discourse, textual, semantic, cognitive, and conceptual analyses. In the process of the investigation, it was found that Churchill’s reflection discourse represents a special form of language use that discloses a cognitive personality type, which is characterized by the prevalence of logical, deductive and cause-and-effect reasoning. The conceptual space of Churchill’s reflection discourse is constructed as a network model which represents different types of relations among the reflection concepts (subordination, identity, spatial, associative, subjective-and-causative, opposition, causativeand-resultative, attributive, qualitative, attributive-and-possessive, attributive-and-appositive, partitive, functional, reversive-and-functional, paradoxical, and dependency). The verbalization of the reflection concepts actualizes the implicatures of Churchill’s reflection discourse and helps determine the dominant messages implied in Winston Churchill’s historical works and memoirs.

The Analysis of Grammatical Errors in University Students’ Essays

This study aims to identify and analyze grammatical errors in student essays. In this case, every student's grammatical error consisting of errors in the use of diction, syntactic structure and meaning were identified and described in detail within the framework of the correct grammatical rules. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method because the data collected was in the form of language use, especially grammatical errors. The subject of this research is English Education Study Program students who joined essay writing courses. Meanwhile, the object of research was grammatical errors in student essays. The data were collected through the collection of student essays obtained from the end-of-semester test and interview guide. The percentage of grammatical errors made by students in their essays in sequence were as follows; fragments: 280 (17.5%), runs on: 235 (14.7%), verb forms and verb tense: 225 (14.1%), passive: 220 (13.8%), linking verb deletion: 160 (10 %), plural disagreement: 120 (7.5%), unclear reference: 115 (7.2%), proposition misuse 89: (5.6%), subject-verb disagreement: 80 (5%), and parallelism: 74 (4.6%). Grammatical errors that needed to be considered more seriously were parallelism and passivity, which, although they look low in percentage terms, for they were rarely used in student essays; but when both forms were present, the grammatical construction tended to be wrong. In addition, both forms were also difficult to understand, compared to other types of errors that could be learned quickly.

Pragmatic markers and events on social media in new habit era of COVID-19 outbreak

The phenomenon of language use in social media is interesting and important because it can describe positive or negative language use. The purpose of the study was to analyze the pragmatic markers and forms of language use on social media in the era of new habits during the COVID 19 outbreak. The research method used a qualitative approach. The results of the study are: (1) religious markers, (2) pronoun markers, (3) interjection markers, and (4) appreciation markers. The form of pragmatics consists of, (1) the form of syntax, (2) the form of discourse, and (3) the form of strategy. Conclusion (1). Positive utterances from speakers are responded to by positive and negative utterances from speech partners, while (2). Negative speech from the speaker is responded to by negative speech from the speech partner. (3). The pragmatic markers and forms of speech by speakers are 50% positive and 50% negative, while the pragmatic markers and forms of speech partners are 30% positive and 70% negative. (4). Positive pragmatic markers and forms are important to be used by speakers and speech partners so that they will have an impact on positive and healthy social media.