Form Of Kits Research Articles

Work Experience of Medosmotr39 LLC in Organizing and Conducting Medical Support for the Floating Staff of the Fishing and Scientific Fleet in the Subject of the Russian Federation

There is a problem in the country of comprehensive and competent pre-voyage medical examination of seafarers. Since the implementation of Federal Law no. 326 dated 11/29/2010 On Compulsory medical insurance in the Russian Federation, the issues of compulsory medical insurance in the field of marine medicine have not been resolved. Crew members with chronic diseases are sent on the flight without prior medical examinations. There is no medical worker on the ships, a member of the crew is responsible for the medical part without a license to provide medical care, who does not have the right to provide it, which in turn led to an increase in morbidity and deaths on the voyage. There is no single standardized form of laying first-aid kits on ships, which also affects the health of the crew. This situation prompted the medical organization Medical Examinations 39 to open a Marine Medicine Department at its base, which significantly improved the situation in the region. We also propose to legislate the issue of a single form of packing first-aid kits on flights, the composition of which will depend on the time of year, natural and social conditions of the area to which the sailors will go.

«ДОРОЖНАЯ КАРТА» БИОМАРКЕРОВ ПРИ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОМ ТЕЧЕНИИ HBV-ИНФЕКЦИИ

Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes both acute and chronic infection that can be asymptomatic or mild, occur as severe or fulminant hepatitis. Testing for HBV markers and establishing a diagnosis of hepatitis B are a key component affecting the epidemic process and allowing people with CHB to receive effective care to prevent or slow down progressive liver damage. Objective. To present a diagnostic «road map» of HBV biomarkers for doctors of various specialties involved in the diagnosis, treatment, screening and prevention of HBV infection. Material and methods. An electronic search was carried out on PubMed, UpToDate, Scopus, Web of Science, elibrary, CDC, ECDC, WHO/WHO using key words. In accordance with the specified search criteria and the purpose of the study; the titles, abstracts and full texts of scientific articles were studied, that is fully reflected in the list of references. Results. There have been provided a description of CHB natural history, its well-known diagnostic markers and new serological opportunities for medical monitoring, such as nuclear antigen (HBcrAg), pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) as well as quantitative determination of antibodies - qAnti-HBc. The diagnostic and prognostic effectiveness of “classical” and “new” biomarkers when used together opens up new opportunities for solving epidemiological or clinical problems. Conclusions. The unavailability of new tests in the form of commercial diagnostic kits complicates the use of some of them, at least that of HBcrAg, pgRNA, qAnti-HBc, which are on the “waiting list” for implementation.

Improving a practical course assignment for mechatronics education

Hands-on learning is widely recognized as an essential component of mechatronics education. In this article, we describe an implementation of a student work assignment in an advanced course in mechatronics. The article compares the previous free-form project with the new common-form exercise. The purpose is to renew the form, execution, and grading of the assignment, for better control over the learning outcomes and focusing the workload of the teaching staff without needlessly limiting the students’ own exploration of the topic. The evaluation is based on the teachers’ observations and the students’ feedback. In the assignment, the students will design and build a controllable see-saw mechanism powered by ordinary computer cooling fans. Similar experiments are commonly used for teaching in the form of ready-made plans, kits or complete devices. In our version, we wanted to involve the students in the lower level design to better illustrate the effects of mechanical details on the control system. The updated exercise was well received, the students reported clearer understanding of the synergy between the different disciplines of mechatronics, and the teachers were able to provide more comprehensive assistance on questions. Some challenges were identified, including a lack of analytical research by the students when not specifically prompted to do so. In our opinion this renewed approach is flexible enough to accommodate students from various backgrounds and helps the teachers to better adjust the supplied materials according to their students’ particular needs.

Overview Of Passenger Service Standards Above Kmp. Siginjai Lintas Jepara – Karimunjawa Based On Pm 62 Year 2019 In Central Java Province

Central Java Province is located at 5°40' – 8°30' South Latitude and 108°30' – 111°30' East Longitude. The area reaches 32,548 km² or 25.67 percent of the land area of Java-Madura. The furthest distance from west to east is 263 kilometers and from north to south 226 kilometers (excluding Karimunjawa island). Central Java is bordered by the Indian Ocean and DI Yogyakarta in the south, West Java Province in the west, East Java Province in the east, and the Java Sea in the north. The province of Central Java also includes Nusakambangan Island in the south, and the Karimunjawa Islands in the Java Sea. In order to create services that are in accordance with the level of passenger service, analysis is neededusing the method of conformity level of minimum service standards for passengers with existing conditions. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that there are variables that are still lacking in the services of several ferry transportations such as:Information and Safety Facilities that are easily visible and affordable are not yet available in the form of health workers, stretchers, and inadequate first aid kits, the absence of passenger service facilities, not yet available proper temperature control facilities, passenger toilet facilities according to needs, no breastfeeding mother room facilities, no wheelchair special room facilities and special room facilities for wheelchair users

Amplifying CRISPR: Next-Generation Diagnostics

The CRISPR JournalVol. 6, No. 2 EditorialFree AccessAmplifying CRISPR: Next-Generation DiagnosticsRodolphe BarrangouRodolphe BarrangouEditor-in-Chief, The CRISPR Journal.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:13 Apr 2023https://doi.org/10.1089/crispr.2023.0004.editorialAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Although the path to the clinic of CRISPR-based technologies has focused primarily on therapeutics, the road to most consumers is much more likely to be in the realm of diagnostics. Indeed, CRISPR diagnostic assays are on the way to our homes in the form of test kits and rapid tests enabling the detection of agents responsible for infectious diseases.As we have all observed over the past 3 years, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed our world in many ways. Although large-scale systemic testing is not as en vogue as it once was, advances in CRISPR-based detection are on the rise. Moving forward, we need access to nimble technologies that will monitor and detect the next wave of viruses, wherever and whenever they materialize.The convenient programmability of Cas molecular machines engineered for genome editing, in combination with the specificity of natural CRISPR-Cas systems for adaptive immunity, makes them ideal for diagnostics. Indeed, their exquisite programmability enables the accurate targeting of sequences unique to viruses and bacteria responsible for infectious disease, whereas superior specificity allows the sensitive detection of low levels of human pathogens in small samples.Several platforms have already been developed by commercial entities, building off technologies such as SHERLOCK, DETECTR, and others, using Cas effectors such as Cas12 and Cas13 to detect DNA and RNA, respectively.In this issue of The CRISPR Journal, we feature a collection of CRISPR diagnostic research articles, making up our latest special issue (after our four previous special issues on “The CRISPR Toolbox” (2019), “Human Hereditary Genome Editing” (2019), “CRISPR in China” (2020), and CRISPR's Path to the Clinic (2021).The CRISPR diagnostics collection in this issue illustrates the potential and practical applications of Cas effectors for epidemiological surveillance and detection. On page 99, an international team encompassing groups from Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States shows how multiplexed Cas13-based assays can be used for detection of several COVID-19 variants, including delta and omicron. Using a combination of LwaCas13a and PsmCas13b, the authors show how these variants of concern can be detected and discerned in one-pot reactions for point-of-care diagnostics.On page 116, a team from Mexico shows how multiplexed Cas12a guides can be used in parallel for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA down to 10 copies in clinical samples. The authors show that this can provide readouts within 25 min for fluorescence readers, or 45 min for lateral flow sticks.Besides the detection of nucleic acid from infectious disease agents, this approach can be used in the context of DNA diagnostics for cancer detection. On page WW, a team from The Netherlands shows how Cas12a can also be used to target cancer-associated mutation hotspots for presymptomatic cancer detection or post-treatment monitoring. There are prospects for cost-effective point-of-care tumor biopsy analysis and opportunities for individualized monitoring of patients with proof of concept provided for melanoma, and breast, mouth, lung, and mouth carcinoma.Likewise, a French group (page 140) shows how oncogenic EGFR rearrangements involved in chronic myeloid leukemia can be detected. The authors show that SHERLOCK sensitivity is superior to the PCR gold standard, opening opportunities for detection of low-level tumor residuals from blood samples.These interesting reports illustrate the power of exploiting CRISPR-based molecular machines for human diagnostics across infectious disease and DNA mutations. Besides access to quick, sensitive, and specific assays, there is a strong upside with regard to affordable point-of-care use with price elasticity implications across governmental health care financial models. Furthermore, in addition to human diagnostics, these technologies hold potential for agricultural deployment across the food supply chain in an ever-expanding global context, as well as environmental monitoring for sustainability applications.We keep putting CRISPR to work. Only time will tell how far and how fast this disruptive technology will reach patients and consumers.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 6Issue 2Apr 2023 InformationCopyright 2023, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishersTo cite this article:Rodolphe Barrangou.Amplifying CRISPR: Next-Generation Diagnostics.The CRISPR Journal.Apr 2023.85-85.http://doi.org/10.1089/crispr.2023.0004.editorialPublished in Volume: 6 Issue 2: April 13, 2023PDF download

Meningkatkan Kesadaran Pentingnya Pendidikan dan Kesehatan pada Anak-Anak Suku Kokoda

This service aims to increase the awareness of the children of the Kokoda Tribe in Warmon Village about the importance of formal education and health. The methods used are counseling and demonstrations. Counseling was carried out to provide awareness and motivation to the children of the Kokoda tribe, while demonstrations were conducted to provide examples and direct practice on how to wash hands and brush their teeth properly and correctly. In addition to counseling and demonstrations, in this service activity, gifts in the form of stationery and personal hygiene kits were also distributed to the children of the Kokoda Tribe, Warmon Village. After the dedication, it was seen that the children of the Kokoda Tribe in Warmon Village became motivated and enthusiastic and were diligent in going to school.

Microplastics as potential source for environmental pollution: An updated review on Indian scenario Post Covid -19

Technological advancement has tremendously accelerated the promotion of microplastics in our environment. In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the production and use of plastics in the form of facemasks, face shields and PPE kits across the globe has intensified and becomes a new environmental challenge. As scientific knowledge is limited concerning the source, exposure, toxicity, and bioavailability of microplastics in the surroundings, this review has been aimed to provide comprehensive information about microplastics present in the environment with special emphasis on their deposition and related increasing menace in India, during and after the COVID 19 period. We have focussed on the 5 key research needs, involving (1) the occurrence and abundance of microplastics (2) sources, fate, and occurence of microplastics in different media (water, air and soil), (3) toxicological implications of microplastics on human beings, (4) scenario of microplastics disposal during COVID-19 pandemic and (5) major challenges and future directions to curtail them. We suggest that addressing these knowledge gaps will lay the groundwork to counteract such environmental issues which are important to prevent them from exacerbating. Combating microplastic contamination can be achieved through an intensive and combined effort of all, including the stakeholders, researchers, educators, media and policymakers. We can join the effort to manage plastic in the environment by refusing, reducing, reusing and recycling the plastic products, to prolong every item’s life cycle as far as possible. A start would be a focus on limiting the use of single-use plastic products, especially if alternatives are readily available.

"Enzyme-Like" Spatially Fixed Polyhydroxyl Microenvironment-Activated Hydrochromic Molecular Switching for Naked Eye Detection of ppm Level Humidity.

The detection and monitoring of ultralow humidity (<100ppm) are critical in many important industries, such as high-tech manufacturing, scientific research, and aerospace. However, the development of ppm level humidity sensors with portability, low cost, and ease of regeneration remains a significant challenge. Herein, an innovative "enzyme-like" construction strategy is proposed to address this problem by employing suitable molecular-level humidity-sensitive units and chemically constructing a multilevel spatial synergistic sensitization microenvironment around it. The as-prepared ultralow humidity-sensitive paper (UHSP) achieved a naked eye recognition humidity of 0.01-100ppm. UHSP not only is simple to prepare, handy and low-cost, but can also be simply and efficiently regenerated as well as recycled many times by skillfully utilizing the "unconventional sublimation" and "lime slaked" of calcium oxide. The molecular reaction mechanisms involved in the humidity response and regeneration of UHSP have been demonstrated in detail. UHSP can provide a promising new method for ultralow humidity detection in the form of portable kits or sirens. The demonstrated "enzyme-like" construction strategy can bring unlimited ideas and implications to the design and development of sensors with tunable response thresholds, particularly high sensitivity.

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on aquatic environment and fishing community: Boon or bane?

COVID-19 pandemic is a serious threat for mankind having an extensive socio-economic impact. However, it is considered as an unfortunate event with some positive environmental effects where nature is retrieving itself. The water quality index in different places of the world was reported to be improved during the lockdown, which in turn whipped up the regenerative process of fishes, sea turtles, marine mammals, and aquatic birds. Additionally, ecologically sensitive areas such as mangroves and coral reefs were also seen rejuvenating during COVID-19 seal off. But these favourable implications are temporary as there is an unexpected surge in plastic waste generation in the form of PPE kits, face masks, gloves, and other healthcare equipment. Moreover, the outbreak of the pandemic resulted in the complete closure of fishing activities, decline in fish catch, market disruption, and change in consumer preference. To address these multidimensional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, government organizations, NGOs, and other concerned authorities should extend their support to amplify the positive impacts of the lockdown and reduce the subsequent pollution level while encouraging the fisheries sector.

Covid-19: A Pandemic Outbreak

A pandemic disease which is widely spreading all over the world leading to deaths of millions of people. A novel coronavirus (CoV) known as COVID-19 or nCoV-2019 or 2019 novel coronavirus identified by World Health Organization (WHO) is currently maintaining all the data of COVID-19 and it was started in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Coronavirus is a harmful disease and fastly spreading disease. The WHO declared coronavirus as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. The first case was occurred in Wuhan, Hubei province, china which showed the first symptom of respiratory illness. The family of SARS is MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. MERS-CoV is an epidemic; SARS-CoV is also a pandemic which was long lasted in the year 2009 now SARS-CoV-2 which has been started in the year 2019 and still it is going on. The symptoms which reflects that a person he/she who is suffering from COVID-19 is respiratory illness, fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, change in taste of mouth, fatigue. The coronavirus is affected to all age groups but especially to those people who are old in age and are suffering from diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, hypertension, and chronic liver diseases. It can spread from one person to another person very easily through droplets or aerosols or particles and transfer from hands. People who are 6 feet to infected people have 100% chances of being affected to virus. The incubation period for an infected person should be atleast 2-14days. If the normal person meets the infected person the person should see for 14 days if he/she is not infected then he/she is not confirmed with COVID-19. The preventive measures are get vaccinated as soon as possible, should keep physical distance from every person at least 1 m, should wear mask and gloves compulsory, while cough or sneeze bent your elbow. The COVID-19 is tested or diagnosed by RT-PCR test. It is available in the form of kits and it is developed and is available in all clinical labs. RT-PCR results shows just 30-75% accurate because it shows incorrect use of kits or shows not enough virus in our blood at the starting stages of infection. The current outbreak has much importance in bioinformatics in drug designing. Some databases and tools are used to design drug-using lopinavir and remdesivir.

Experiences and challenges faced by the working population during COVID-19 Lockdown: A qualitative study.

Background:The largest COVID-19 national lockdown was declared on 25 March 2020 in India with a total shutdown of workplaces and transport sectors. A complete lockdown deemed the entire population of the country to stay wherever they were residing at that point of time with no entry or exit movements being permitted thereafter. This unique situation betwixt a menacing health crisis rolled out a scenario uncustomary to the nation`s citizens. The varied responses of the masses to the lockdown need to be captured in order to understand the difficulties and dilemmas faced by them. Hence, this qualitative analysis aimed to capture the immediate challenges and experiences faced by the working population during the first-ever declared nationwide lockdown.Methodology:After obtaining institutional ethical committee clearance, a qualitative study was conducted using grounded theory approach. Using purposive sampling, people representative of the working-class population in Kerala were selected from three districts of the state. Equal representation of males and females were maintained. In-depth interviews were conducted via telephone using an interview guide till data saturation was obtained. The audio recorded data were later transcribed verbatim and translated to English. The transcripts were then manually coded to identify the emerging themes and subthemes and conclusions were drawn after triangulation.Results:The age of the study participants ranged from 32 to 71 years, they were occupied in different vocations and belonged to middle-class families across three districts of Kerala. All of them were aware and were mentally prepared for a national lockdown. They also made arrangements such as purchase of food, drinking water, medicines, etc., for home but also for office as well. Even though most of them were initially excited about the lockdown it was then followed by fear of contracting the disease, worries about loss of work and financial security. The study participants identified the advantages of lockdown as having more time for self & for family, use of the online/digital medium for routine activities and many also appreciated the support provided by the government in the form of food kits and loans. The lockdown was found to have increased the workload especially for women who had to manage not only family but also online work from home.Conclusion:The study was able to capture the different experiences and challenges faced by the middle-class working population. Even though they went through a cascade of initial excitement followed by fear of contracting the disease, it eventually turned into concerns of job and financial insecurities. The united frontline work of various sectors like police, health sector, local self-government, Kudumbashree and voluntary groups collectively aided in building community resilience enabling the southern state of Kerala to overcome the devastating effects of the pandemic and lockdown.

Detection of Biothiols Using Some Novel Chemosensors: An Overview

Thiol-containing amino acids and peptides play crucial roles in many physiological processes. For example, Cysteine (Cys) and Homocysteine (Hcy) are considered to be related to a number of health disorders, such as renal failure, AIDS, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, neural tube defects, and coronary heart disease. Glutathione (GSH), an important tripeptide with a thiol group, performs vital biological functions that are involved in combating oxidative stress and maintaining redox homeostasis. Cysteine also plays important roles in our bodies as an antioxidant, a metal cofactor binder in enzymes, and a protein structure stabilizer by disulfide bond formation in the proteins. Hcy is involved in cellular growth and GSH in redox homeostasis. Hence, the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of such biothiols is of considerable importance and significant interest. Different fluorescent chemosensors have been introduced to develop and improve the detection techniques and accuracy of these biothiols. In this review article, we have presented some research works to show a guiding principle for the design of effective chemosensors that are highly sensitive and selective for the detection of a particular group of biothiols in an aqueous medium. In line with these developments, the researchers have developed novel chemosensors that signal the binding events of these above-mentioned biothiols through their optical properties. The binding mechanism and properties have also been established with different theoretical studies. Their applications in the form of colorimetric kits, logic gates, live-cell imaging, and quantification from different biological samples have also been developed.

Trainer Kit Pneumatik sebagai Media Pembelajaran pada Mata Kuliah Mekatronika di Program Studi Pendidikan Vokasional Teknik Elektro Untirta

The research is a research and development (RD) with the aim to produce learning media products in the form of pneumatic trainer kits and pneumatic jobsheet trainers as pneumatic material in mechatronics courses to determine the level of eligibility and strengthening of competencies in Vocational Education in Electrical Engineering FKIP Untirta. This study uses the 4D or Defne model, namely the problem definition stage to be investigated, Design which is the product design stage and the material design josbheet material, Development (Development), namely the product manufacturing stage, product validation as well as user testing with competency strengthening and Dessiminate. The final product resulting from this development research is in the form of an electropneatic trainer kit and jobsheet which is also the main object of research. The method used in collecting data in this study includes interviews, observation, questionnaires and test questions for strengthening psychomotor competence. Testing the feasibility level of pneumatic media trainer kit involves three media experts and three material experts, as well as testing for psychomotor competency strengthening conducted by students of the Electrical Engineering Vocational Education study program in the 6th semester of 2017. The power analysis technique uses quantitative descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the study obtained a score on the feasibility test of media experts to get 91.3 included in the category of "Very Eligible", scores on the feasibility test of material experts obtained 86.3 who were included in the category of "Very Eligible", and the results of the answers to the matter of strengthening psychomotor competence obtained a score of answering with "True" of 324 while the score of answering with "False" of 96 which states that a pneumatic trainer kit along with a pneumatic trainer josbheet can be used as a reinforcement of competence in mechatronics courses.

ANALISIS MISKONSEPSI MAHASISWA PGSD DENGAN METODE CERTAINTY OF RESPONSE INDEX (CRI) MELALUI FITUR QUIS EDMODO

The problem of this research is the finding of wrong conceptual understanding by students on vibration and wave material. Wrong understanding of the concept results in misconceptions in cognitive aspects, scientific attitudes and student skills. This study aims to analyze student misconceptions with the Certainty Of Response Index (CRI) model through the edmodo quis feature. The subjects of this research were students of the PGSD STKIP MB Study Program for the 2019/2020 Academic Year. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. Furthermore, the research instrument used an objective test instrument. The results of this study are in the form of evaluation test kits that have been validated from the aspects of the content of the material and language by the experts. The results of the validation of the material content aspect were 93.75% in the very good category, the question construction aspect was 96.42% in the very good category and the language aspect was 90.6% with the very good category. This shows that the question has the feasibility of being applied. The test results showed that the misconceptions experienced by students regarding the wave material were very diverse. The average student misconception on vibration and wave material was 23.17% with the low category.

South Korean Health Diplomacy in Facing COVID-19

This study aims to discuss the economic impact caused by the COVID-19 virus outbreak, and look at South Korea's steps in suppressing the spread of the COVID-19 virus and diplomatic steps to help three priority countries namely the United States, United Arab Emirates, and Indonesia. This study uses qualitative research methods that use the concept of health diplomacy, and data collection techniques by conducting library research. The results of this study indicate the global economic and health impacts, collaboration of various parties by conducting health diplomacy is a solution in an effort to improve health and relations with various countries. South Korea conducts health diplomacy in the form of rapid test kits to detect the spread of the COVID-19 virus to America because there is an agreement on currency exchange and new virus cases there, the UAE maintains cooperation in various sectors, and Indonesia as an important partner in ASEAN to realize the new vision of South Korea. So health diplomacy is not just about health in the face of COVID-19, but also to improve relations between countries.

Impact of DOTA-Chelators on the Antitumor Activity of 177Lu-DOTA-Rituximab Preparations in Lymphoma Tumor-Bearing Mice.

Background: This work aimed to evaluate the influence of two chelators: DOTA(SCN) and DOTA(NHS) on radioimmunotherapy using 177Lu-DOTA-Rituximab preparations in murine lymphoma xenograft models. Subsequently, based on animal data, the organ radiation-absorbed doses were extrapolated to humans (adult male). Materials and Methods: Therapeutic efficacy of 177Lu-DOTA-Rituximab was evaluated in male nude mice bearing either Raji (B lymphocyte, CD20+) and Jurkat (T lymphocyte, CD20) xenografts, utilizing an anti-CD20 antibody-Rituximab conjugate with either DOTA(SCN) or DOTA(NHS). The DOTA-Rituximab conjugates were prepared in the form of freeze-dried kits. Results: All radioimmunoconjugates were obtained with high radiolabeling yield (radiochemical purity, RCP > 95%) and specific activity of ca. 0.5 GBq/mg. Therapeutic effects of 177Lu-DOTA-Rituximab were observed in animals regardless whether DOTA(SCN) or DOTA(NHS) were used for conjugation. Importantly, therapy involving 177Lu-DOTA-Rituximab was more effective than use of Rituximab alone. Conclusions: The degree of antitumor efficacy was dependent on the type of applied bifunctional chelators conjugated to mAb. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Dosimetry calculations showed that the absorbed radiation doses extrapolated to humans were very low for osteogenic cells regardless of the conjugates. Organs like the liver and spleen, treated with 177Lu-DOTA(SCN)-Rituximab, showed similar radiation absorbed doses when compared with 177Lu-DOTA(NHS)-Rituximab.

Small Fish, Big Questions: Inquiry Kits for Teaching Evolution

Evolution education poses unique challenges because students can have preconceptions that bias their learning. Hands-on, inquiry approaches can help overcome preset beliefs held by students, but few such programs exist and teachers typically lack access to these resources. Experiential learning in the form of self-guided kits can allow evolution education programs to maximize their reach while still maintaining a high-quality resource. We created an inquiry-based kit that uses live Trinidadian guppies to teach evolution by natural selection using the VIST (Variation, Inheritance, Selection, Time) framework. Our collaborative team included evolutionary biologists and education specialists, and we were able to combine expertise in evolution research and inquiry-based kit design in the development of this program. By constructing the kits with grant funds slated for broader impacts and maintaining them at our university's Education and Outreach Center, we made these kits freely available to local schools over the long term. Students and teachers have praised how clearly the kits teach evolution by natural selection, and we are excited to share this resource with readers of The American Biology Teacher.

003.5 Clinician-taken extra-genital samples for gonorrhoea and chlamydia in women compared with self-taken samples analysed separately and self-taken pooled samples:

Background Extra-genital sampling (rectum and pharynx) using nucleic acid amplification tests is becoming increasingly important in women as vulvovaginal swabs (VVS) alone may miss infections. We compared clinician-taken extra-genital samples in women with self-taken samples analysed both separately and as pooled samples for accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Methods Women attending a sexual health clinic were invited into a ‘swab yourself’ trial. Clinician and two self-samples (analysed separately and pooled) were taken from vulvovaginal, pharyngeal and rectal sites for gonorrhoea (NG) and chlamydia (CT) using AC2. Sampling order was randomised. Patient infected status was defined as at least two positive confirmed samples. Results 402 women recruited January–March 2015. Overall prevalence: gonorrhoea 3.2% (rectal 2.7%, pharyngeal 1.5%), chlamydia 13.7% (rectal 12.9%, pharyngeal 3.2%). One NG case (7.7%) and 7 CT cases (12.7%) were VVS negative. McNemar test showed no difference between clinician-taken and self-taken rectal or pharyngeal samples, or between self-taken samples analysed separately or pooled. Conclusion This on-going work is the first randomised study showing women’s self-taken extra-genital samples are comparable to clinician-taken and can be analysed accurately as a pooled sample. High levels of extra-genital infections were found with 12.7% of CT infections being missed on VVS. Trebling diagnostic costs with rectal, pharyngeal, and VVS samples would be unaffordable for many health systems but a pooled sample has the same laboratory cost as the current VVS. Disclosure of interest statement Dr Janet Wilson has received honoraria and travel and accommodation expenses from BD Diagnostics, and research grants in the form of diagnostic kits from Hologic/Gen-Probe.

P13.11 Self-taken extragenital sampling for chlamydia and gonorrhoea in women – is it acceptable? feedback from a self-swab and clinician-swab trial

Introduction Self-taken vulvovaginal swabs analysed by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for chlamydia and gonorrhoea are standard practice worldwide. Extra-genital sampling (rectum and pharynx) is becoming increasingly important in women, with evidence that urogenital sampling alone may miss infections. Yet, little is known about women’s views of extra-genital sampling. We explored the acceptability of self-taken extra-genital samples for women as part of a clinician versus self-taken extra-genital sampling study. Methods Women attending a sexual health clinic were invited to participate in a ‘swab yourself’ trial. After randomisation, both clinician and self-taken samples for chlamydia and gonorrhoea NAATs from vulvovaginal, pharyngeal and rectal sites were taken. Participants were then invited to complete a questionnaire about the extra-genital sampling. Results 400 surveys were returned from 402 women recruited (response rate >99%), age range 17–57 (mean 25.2) years. 75% disagreed/strongly disagreed with the statement ‘taking my own samples was difficult’. 72% agreed/strongly agreed that they felt confident taking their own swabs but 30.5% agreed/strongly agreed they felt uncomfortable taking their own swabs; of these 53 (43%) stated they had never had anal sex. 42% agreed/strongly agreed that they would prefer to take their own samples compared to 34% who agreed/strongly agreed they would prefer clinician-taken swabs. 66% agreed/strongly agreed they would be happy to take the samples themselves in a non-clinic setting. Free comments covered themes of ‘more confidence if had clinician samples taken before’, ‘concerns if self-swabbing would give correct results’. Nine commented specifically on discomfort, but none disagreed with the statement ‘I would be happy to take my own swabs in a non-clinic environment’. Conclusion Extra-genital sampling was highly acceptable to the majority of women, with high levels of confidence and low reports of discomfort. This has positive implications for the future of extra-genital testing in women, especially in non-clinic settings. Disclosure of interest statement Dr Janet Wilson has received honoraria and travel and accommodation expenses from BD Diagnostics, and research grants in the form of diagnostic kits from Hologic/Gen-Probe.

Diagnostic Utility of Auto Antibodies in Inflammatory Nerve Disorders

A wide range of autoantibodies have been described in immune-mediated nerve disorders that target glycans borne by glycolipids and glycoproteins enriched in the peripheral nerves. Their use as diagnostic biomarkers is very widespread, despite some limitations on sensitivity and specificity, and the lack of standardized assays and access to quality assurance schemes. Although many methods have been applied to measurement, ELISA, in the form of commercial kits or in-house assays, still remains the most widely available and convenient assay methodology.Some antibodies have a particularly robust and widely appreciated clinical significance. Thus, the anti-MAG IgM antibodies that are found in IgM paraprotein related neuropathies define a relatively uniform clinical and prognostic phenotype. IgG antibodies against gangliosides GM1 and GD1a are strongly associated with motor axonal variants of Guillain-Barré syndrome, and anti-GQ1b with Miller Fisher syndrome. In other chronic neuropathies, antibodies against disialylated gangliosides including GD1b and GD3 are detected in ataxic neuropathies, usually associated with an IgM paraprotein, and antibodies against GM1 and the complex GM1:GalC are frequently found in multifocal motor neuropathy. Unfortunately, autoantibodies strongly associated with the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies and with demyelinating forms of GBS are still lacking.Identification of autoantibodies that map onto a specific clinical phenotype not only allows for improved classification, but also provides better understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory neuropathies and the potential for therapeutic interventions.