Inventory Form Research Articles

The relationship of defecation symptoms and posterior vaginal wall prolapse in women undergoing pelvic organ prolapse surgery

Defecation symptoms are common among women with pelvic organ prolapse. However, the relationship between posterior vaginal wall prolapse and defecation symptoms remains debatable. Even though there is a plausible biomechanical rationale for posterior wall prolapse to cause obstructed defecation, previous studies have drawn contradictory conclusions regarding the association. We aimed to examine the association between posterior vaginal wall prolapse and defecation symptoms by assessing the following: (1) does prevalence of defecation symptoms increase along with posterior wall prolapse severity, (2) is postoperative symptom improvement greater in women who underwent posterior compartment procedures in comparison with those who did not, and (3) is symptom improvement related to the symptom's correlation with the degree of prolapse? We used data from a nationwide longitudinal cohort study with 3515 women undergoing pelvic organ prolapse surgery. We measured the prevalence of 9 defecation symptoms at baseline and at 6 and 24 months after surgery using the short form of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory. Baseline degree of prolapse was categorized in stages as defined by the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System. The relationship between the degree of posterior wall prolapse and prevalence of bothersome defecation symptoms was studied with logistic regression and adjusted for patient characteristics and severity of anterior wall and apical prolapse. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the longitudinal change in symptom prevalence in groups of participants with and without repair for posterior vaginal compartment. Correlations between symptom improvement and symptom dependency on the degree of prolapse was assessed by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient. The stage of posterior wall prolapse (stage 2 vs stage 0) correlated with splinting, straining, incomplete evacuation, fecal incontinence of liquid stool, pain during defecation, fecal urgency, and anorectal prolapse (adjusted odds ratios, 2.7, 2.1, 2.0, 1.5, 2.1, 1.4, and 2.2, respectively; P ≤ .007 for all). Flatal incontinence and fecal incontinence of solid stool were not associated with the severity of posterior vaginal wall prolapse. Obstructed defecation symptoms (splinting, straining, and incomplete evacuation) improved more in women undergoing posterior compartment surgery compared with women undergoing repair for other compartments. The greatest improvement at follow-up was observed for those symptoms that showed strongest association with the degree of prolapse at baseline. Obstructed defecation symptoms are dependent on the posterior wall anatomy. Women presenting with posterior wall prolapse, and these symptoms can expect to improve after surgery. Other defecation symptoms also improve after pelvic organ prolapse surgery, but they are not as specific to posterior wall anatomy as obstructed defecation symptoms.

Low Self-esteem and its Relation with Psychological Distress among Dental Students

Since self-esteem has been recognized to predict health and psychological well-being, it is crucial to assess the self-esteem and its relation with psychological distress. Methodology: This study was conducted among 257 dental students. The psychological distress was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) while self-esteem was assessed using the adult form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Results: Female students had significantly lower self-esteem compared to male students (51.4 and 59.1 respectively). There is a strong negative correlation between psychological distress and self-esteem (r= -0.5, p<0.00). Students with psychological distress had significantly lower mean self-esteem score compared to those who are not distressed (43.07 and 60.03 respectively). Conclusion: Low self-esteem is higher among female students and self-esteem is negatively correlated to psychological distress among undergraduate students.

Prevalence of Anxiety Symptoms and Their Association With Loss Experience in a Large Cohort Sample of the Oldest-Old. Results of the AgeCoDe/AgeQualiDe Study.

Background: Anxiety in adults is a common mental health problem. However, studies on anxiety in the oldest-old are lacking. We sought to identify the age- and gender-specific prevalence of anxiety symptoms in a large sample of general practice patients. Furthermore, we investigated relevant associations of anxiety specifically with respect to recent experience of loss. Methods: Based on the German Study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in general practice patients, a sample of 897 patients aged 82 years and older was assessed. Anxiety was assessed using the short form of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI-SF). For the assessment of loss, patients were asked whether there were cases of death in their closer social environment since the last assessment. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were run. Results: Of the oldest-old individuals (aged 82+ years, mean age: 86.8), 14.5% (95% CI 12.4–16.8) suffered from anxiety symptoms. Highest prevalence rates were found for 82- to 85-year-old women (17.2%, 95% CI 12.6–22.1) and for 86- to 90-year-old patients (both sexes) in general (15.9%, 95% CI 12.6–19.2). Older individuals who experienced cases of death in their close social environment within the last 18 months had almost twice the odds [odds ratio (OR) 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–3.17] of reporting anxiety compared to those without a recent loss. As expected, depression and impaired cognitive status were associated with the presence of anxiety symptoms. No relation was found between social network, gender, age, frailty, or physical illness and anxiety in regression analysis. Conclusions: This study provides for the first time age- and gender-specific prevalence rates of anxiety symptoms and associated risk factors among a large population-based sample of oldest-old primary care attenders. Anxiety is highly prevalent in individuals aged 82 years and older. Depression, impaired cognitive status, and recent experience of loss are associated with late-life anxiety. Our findings support the idea that recent experience of loss should be taken seriously in the context of clinical practice with respect to diagnosing and treating anxiety in old age.

INVENTORY PROJECT FOR THE CULTURAL ASSETS OF ISTANBUL: A MODEL FOR DIGITIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

Abstract. Directorate of Cultural Heritage Preservation of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality had started an Inventory Project in 2015, for gathering the varying information of historical and cultural assets. Although there had been previous studies conducted by various institutions or local establishments, the absence of accessibility to whole updated database of historical values was a matter of concern, both for government and research studies. For this reason, it was aimed to create and update Istanbul Historical Database. The Directorate assumed the responsibility of creating the database and providing its accessibility through web and publications. It was also aimed to provide accurate information and multimedia, not only for existing but also further projects in respect of cultural heritage and preservation. There have been 41 people from different professions such as architects, restorers, urban planners, archaeologists and art historians being employed in this work. A huge amount of data including old maps, photographs, documents, drawings and projects were brought together and classified according to their contents. Afterwards, all registered values including monuments, civil architectural or urban elements were visited, observed and photographed. Also some buildings or assets were proposed to Preservation Boards to be registered. Furthermore, 74 types of data including location, architectural description, conservation state, materials, problems and bibliography were recorded. Database allows printing 4 types of inventory forms representing current state of the value. Database was integrated with spatial data to produce analytical maps. Database created by the project has been shared via internet and books to lead other projects about cultural heritage.

ANALISIS SISTEM DAN PROSEDUR AKUNTANSI ASET PADA DINAS PENDAPATAAN PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAN ASET DAERAH KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE

An asset is a resource that is absolutely necessary for the conduct of the Government. Government assets can be classified as financial assets and non-financial. Financial assets include cash, accounts receivable and investment. While the nonfinancial assets consist of assets which can be identified and which could not be identified. Intangible assets in the form of asset inventory (asset smoothly) and fixed assets, which in laws-known as an invitation of goods belonging to the country/region (BMN). The purpose of this research is to know the systems and procedures of Accounting Assets At the service of the Financial management of Income And assets of the Sangihe Islands Regency Area, with research methods used, are methods of data analysis that is descriptive. The results of the research on the system and procedure for an accounting of assets in the Sangihe Islands Regency indicates that the system and procedures of accounting assets are presented properly and in accordance with the government accounting system.

177Lu/153Sm-Ethylenediamine Tetramethylene Phosphonic Acid Cocktail: A Novel Palliative Treatment for Patients with Bone Metastases.

Background: Production of effective, low-cost, and efficient radiopharmaceuticals is an important task and requires further research and clinical studies. In this clinical trial, safety and efficacy of 177Lu/153Sm-ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP) cocktail has been evaluated for pain relief of bone metastases. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients with the mean age of 55.5 ± 15.8 years participated in this study. Patients received a total dose of 37 MBq/kg. Pain and performance assessments were followed using a Brief Pain Inventory form. Complete blood count and renal and liver function tests were also performed up to 12 weeks postadministration. Results: Eighteen patients (72%) demonstrated complete pain relief (relief = 100%) and approximately all patients (96%) experienced significant improvement in their quality of life. No grade IV hematological toxicity was observed during the 12-week follow-up period, and grade III toxicity was seen in 1 patient only. In addition, no abnormalities were seen in renal and liver function during the follow-up period. Conclusions: There were no considerable complications after administration of 177Lu/153Sm EDTMP; this cocktail seems to be a safe and effective treatment for bone pain palliation in patients with skeletal metastases and improves the quality of life.

SPENDING WELL: HOW TIME PERSPECTIVES IMPACT CONSUMER VALUES AND FINANCIAL DECISIONS AMONG MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS

The current research extends the time perspective literature by exploring the relationships between time perspectives and financial outcomes across several adult age groups. In combining various demographically diverse samples, our study includes a total of 9,065 adults that completed some form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). We found that people who are Future-oriented tend to have more responsible financial lifestyles. On the other hand, Past-Negative, Present-Hedonism, and Past-Fatalism orientations are associated with more detrimental financial lifestyles. Thus, the greater the deviation from a balanced time perspective middle-aged adults were, the (1) more they reported being materialistic, (2) more impulsive, compulsive, and conspicuous they were when shopping, and (3) less financially secure they felt. Also, our mediation models revealed that increased impulsive buying, compulsive buying, and conspicuous consumption partially mediated the negative relation between Past-Negative and financial security. However, decreased conspicuous consumption partially mediated the positive relation between Future and financial risk tolerance. We discuss potential ways to shape individual time perspectives, the developmental implications for time perspectives, consumer profiles, and well-being, as well as limitations.

Assessing anxiety and its correlates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The state-trait anxiety inventory.

We evaluated: (1) psychometric properties of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI Form Y); (2) clinical correlates of state and trait anxiety; (3) associations of anxiety with quality of life (QoL) dimensions. We assessed 159 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on STAI Form Y and on tests and questionnaires for depression, apathy, QoL, and cognitive abilities. Clinically diagnosed anxiety (by Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) occurred in 30 (19%) patients. STAI Form Y fitted a 2-factor structure and showed good psychometric properties. State and trait anxiety were weakly associated with female sex, bulbar functional decay, and cognitive decline in language and memory; trait anxiety was associated with lower educational attainment and poorer scores on visuospatial tasks. State and trait anxiety were associated with poorer physical and psychosocial QoL dimensions. Anxiety is tightly associated with QoL in ALS, and can be reliably assessed by STAI Form Y. Muscle Nerve, 2019.

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Learners' Decision-making, Anxiety, and Task Load During a Simulated Airway Crisis Using Two Difficult Airway Aids.

The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) difficult airway algorithm and the Vortex approach are difficult airway aids. Our objective was to demonstrate that a simpler cognitive model would facilitate improved decision-making during a process such as difficult airway management. We hypothesized the simpler Vortex approach would be associated with less anxiety and task load. Medical students were randomized to the ASA algorithm (n = 33) or Vortex approach (n = 34). All learned basic airway techniques on day 1 of their rotation. Next, they watched a video of their respective aid then managed a simulated airway crisis. We assessed decision-making using a seven-point airway management score and a completeness score. Completeness was at least one attempt at each of four techniques (mask ventilation, supraglottic airway, intubation, and cricothyrotomy). Two validated tools, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index, were used to assess anxiety and task load. Students in the Vortex group had higher airway management scores [4.0 (interquartile range = 4.0 to 5.0) vs. 4.0 (3.0 to 4.0), P = 0.0003] and completeness (94.1% vs. 63.6%, P = 0.003). In the ASA group, the means (SD) of National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index scores of 55 or higher were observed in mental [61.4 (14.4)], temporal [62.3 (22.9)], and effort [57.1 (15.6)] domains. In the Vortex group, only the temporal load domain was 55 or higher [mean (SD) = 57.8 (25.4)]. There was no difference in anxiety. Medical students perform better in a simulated airway crisis after training in the simpler Vortex approach to guide decision-making. Students in the ASA group had task load scores indicative of high cognitive load.

Optional wh-movement is discourse-connected movement in Eastern Cham

Eastern Cham (Austronesian: Vietnam) exhibits apparent optional wh-movement, which shares properties with apparent topicalization. This paper demonstrates that it is not true wh-movement, but discourse connected-, or DC-movement. DC requires a phrase to have an antecedent in a prior sentence and for the antecedent's sentence and the anaphor's sentence to be in a particular discourse structural configuration. Data from complex DP's, specifically partitives, inventory forms, and close appositives demonstrate that DC is a property of referential indices that bind DP's. The incompatibility of wh-phrases and topicality is then explained as the inability of wh-phrases to supply referential indices on their own.

Zihinsel Durum Kavramsal Öğrenme Envanterinin Türkçe ye Uyarlanma Çalışması

The aim of this research was to adapt the Mental State Conceptual Learning Inventory (MSCLI) developed by Liu, Hou, Chiu and Treagust (2014) into Turkish and to conduct validity and reliability studies. The original language of the inventory is English and it consists of 40 items. For the adaptation study, the inventory was translated into Turkish and linguistic equivalence was provided. Opinions of experts were obtained for content validity and the study was conducted with 862 high school students. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to provide the construct validity and it was determined that the most satisfactory goodness of fit indices was obtained by the model which is consisting of 30 items and four sub-dimensions [χ2(397, n= 862) = 1902.75, p<.000, RMSEA= 0.066, GFI= 0.87, CFI= 0.94, NNFI= 0.94, χ2/sd≤5]. Factor loadings of the items were statistically significant and ranged from .30 to .84. The Cronbach’s α reliability coefficient was calculated as .841 for emotion sub-dimension; .788 for intention sub-dimension; .703 for internal mental representation sub-dimension; .813 for external mental representation sub-dimension and .899 for the inventory. As a result, it could be stated that the Turkish form of the Mental State Conceptual Learning Inventory is a valid and reliable scale.

Efficiently assessing firm, fair, and caring relationships: Short form of the Dual Role Relationship Inventory.

Many people involved in the justice system and people with serious mental illness are required to participate in psychosocial treatment, whether they want it or not. With these clients, case managers, probation officers, and other providers are tasked with both promoting client recovery (a helping, therapeutic role) and protecting community safety (a controlling, surveillance role). The 30-item revised Dual-Role Relationship Inventory (DRI-R) assesses the quality of provider-client relationships in mandated treatment-and DRI-R based research indicates that firm, fair, and caring relationships (authoritative, not authoritarian) predict better client outcomes. In this study, we developed and validated a short form of the DRI-R-the 9-item DRI-SF-by applying multidimensional item response theory methods to four data sets (N = 815). We simultaneously refined the measure by selecting items that cleanly assessed relationship features (i.e., minimized construct-irrelevant variance from provider traits) and performed similarly across client groups (juveniles and adults; with-and-without mental illness). DRI-SF total scores strongly predict DRI-R total scores (r = .97). The DRI-SF fully represented the DRI-R's range of item difficulties, produced the same three-factor structure, predicted theoretically relevant external covariates as strongly (i.e., groups known to differ in relationship quality, relationship satisfaction ratings, future arrests)-without item bias by sex or race. Moreover, the favorable psychometric properties of the DRI-SF were replicated in a new sample and shown to generalize across provider groups (from probation officers to treatment providers). This newly developed DRI-SF applies to a range of provider-client relationships in mandated treatment-and will benefit practitioners and researchers with ease of administration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AND TEACHERS’ GUIDANCE TOWARDS STUDENTS’ ADVERSITY QUOTIENT

This paper aims to report results of research on the association between sociodemographic indicators and teachers’ efforts to help students cope with problems and help build students’ Adversity Quotient. A questionnaire in the form of self-report inventory was distributed to 102 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students of A- and C-accredited primary schools in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Multiple regression and inductive reasoning were used for analysis. FGDs with teachers were conducted in order to explore teachers’ efforts in helping improve students’ adversity quotient. Research results showed that students who were middle child had significantly lower AQ compared to those of first-born or earlier-born child, while sixth-graders had significantly higher AQ scores compared to fourth graders, and children whose fathers were skilled workers had greater odds of having high AQ. Teachers had already done some LEAD sequence, but had not guided students to explore and analyze the problem by themselves. The results have some implications for the education policy to integrate religious teachings into the curriculum that can facilitate the improvement of students’ Adversity Quotient.

Assessment of freight vehicle characteristics and impact of future policy interventions on their emissions in Delhi

Vehicle emission inventory forms a critical element for the air pollution studies. The methodology for capturing intercity freight fleet operations is already available. However, urban freight activity and characteristics may be quite different from intercity freight operations. The present study thus aims to provide a generalised methodology to capture urban freight operations data relevant to emission estimates. Delhi has been selected as the case study city to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology. In order to quantify freight fleet emissions, relevant freight fleet characteristics such as age distribution, fuel distribution, fuel economy, and the number of in-use freight vehicles are established through on-field surveys. Further, special attention is paid to quantify the contribution of previously neglected external freight trips entering Delhi to the city’s air pollution. Comprehensive disaggregated analysis for external freight trips terminating in Delhi and transiting through Delhi is presented. 72-hour traffic count and a 24-hour origin and destination surveys are conducted at 17 entry locations of Delhi. Based on the captured characteristics, different emission scenarios are estimated for future policy intervention in the city. The developed methodology will serve as a means of generating emission relevant freight data for various urban areas. Integration of the urban and non-urban freight characteristics is expected to offer a robust and reliable national road freight transport emissions.

Chronic pelvic pain improvement: impact on quality of life and mood

Women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) frequently suffer from mood disturbances and reduced quality of life. Whether pain improvement ameliorates mood and quality of life is still unclear, and it was investigated in an observational prospective study performed in a cohort of 117 of the outpatient services for endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain at a University Hospital. Depending on disease, women were treated either by surgery or by the administration of an estrogen–progestin or a progestin alone. Pain during menses, between menses and at intercourse was evaluated by a 100 mm visual analog (VAS) scale. Quality of life was evaluated by the SF-36 questionnaire, state of anxiety by the Y-1 form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y1) and depression the Self Evaluating Depression Scale (SDS). Women were 34.2 ± 8.1 years old. After a mean follow-up period of 10.0 ± 9.1 months, and independently on treatment (43.6% surgery), pain during menses (−28.2 ± 36.8; p<.0001), between menses (−11.3 ± 37.1; p<.002) and at intercourse (−8.3 ± 35.4; p<.02) decreased. SF-36 increased (3.3 ± 16.2; p<.03), STAI slightly decreased (−1.9 ± 8.6; p<.02), while depression did not change (−0.7 ± 7.8; p=.36). Pain changes were not related to changes of SF-36 or mood scores. In women with CPP, prolonged pain amelioration, has little impact on mood, particularly on depression. The data support the need for a multidisciplinary approach to women with CPP.

Аналіз ефективності використання запасів на підприємстві.

Inventories are an important component of the material resources of production processes (in the form of inventories) and the needs of consumers (in the form of inventories of finished goods). In order for businesses to operate effectively, inventories must be optimal, as accumulating a large amount of them leads to freezing of funds for a long term, reducing their liquidity, increasing maintenance costs, and their lack - to downtime, failure to meet consumer demands, and therefore reducing competitive advantages. The nature, volume, quality of material resources and their inventories and the level of management of them depends on the competitiveness of enterprises, the scale of production and efficiency. The article defines the main tasks and fundamental directions of stock analysis at Ukrainian enterprises. The issues of stock security and the general need for them are considered. The necessity of careful selection of suppliers to maintain the rhythmic work of the enterprise is investigated. The peculiarities of determining the main indicators of the effective use of inventories in the process of carrying out economic activity are revealed. The list of factors that influence the level of material consumption of products is highlighted.

Sleep Problems and Depression in Iranian Nurses: The Predictive Role of Workaholism.

Background:Sleep problems and depression are issues that can be addressed as far as nurses are concerned. This study aimed to investigate the role of workaholism in predicting the sleep problems and depression among Iranian nurses.Materials and Methods:we used the cross-sectional analytic research and correlational research design. Two hundred and forty-seven nurses in Malayer participated, based on the census method, in this study, that began in January and ended in March, 2017. Workaholism scale, sleep problem scale, and Short Form of Beck's Depression Inventory were used to collect the data that were finally analyzed by independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression tests.Results:About 13.77% of the nurses were workaholics, and 17.83% had mild–moderate depression. The main sleep problems were difficulty in starting sleep (44.53%) and extreme daytime sleeping at work (40.48%). The effect of marital status on workaholism (t = 1.99, p < 0.05) and depression (t = −2.55, p < 0.01), the effect of educational status on sleep problems (t = 3.08, p < 0.002), and the effect of occupational ward on workaholism (t = 2.06, p < 0.04), sleep problems (t = 4.83, p < 0.001), and depression (t = 1.99, p < 0.05) were statistically significant. Workaholism was positively correlated to sleep problems (r = 0.19, p < 0.003) and depression (r = 0.13, p < 0.04), working excessively (F = 22.75, p < 0.001), working compulsively (F = 21.00, p < 0.001), educational status (F = 7.25, p < 0.03), and occupational ward (F = 9.29, p < 0.001) were also shown to be significant predictors of sleep problems, age (F = 7.11, p < 0.001) and job experience (F = 7.19, p < 0.009) turned out to be the significant predictors of depression.Conclusions:Attention to psychological strategies to reduce the nurses' workaholism level plays an important role in decreasing such psychological problems as sleep problems and depression.

The Association between Body Mass Index and Gender Role Stress Among Young Hungarian Males

According to literature references, Body Mass Index (BMI), the quality of sexual life, sexual activity, and satisfaction with sexual life are closely associated. However, we found no research dealing with the relation of gender role stress to the above-mentioned factors in our review of the literature. That is why we chose to focus our research on the association of BMI and gender role stress of young Hungarian adult men. Our data is from the ‘Hungarostudy 2013’ (SUSÁNSZKY &amp; SZÉKELY 2013) national representative survey (N = 2000) of which 298 18–35-year-old men belonged to the subsample researched. Besides socio-demographic data, we used data on height, weight, selfrated health status, the WHO (World Health Organization) Well-Being Index, the Illness Intrusiveness Rating Scale and the short form of Beck Depression Inventory. The Male Gender Role Stress Scale (MGRS) was used to measure gender role stress. Our results demonstrate that overweight and obesity play a significant role in the development of gender role stress. Young overweight and obese men in our sample were much more likely to report high gender role stress (OR = 1.67) and within this, sexual performance related stress (OR = 1.76) and sexual arousal related stress (OR = 3.15) than men with normal BMI.As our research was aimed at investigating social expectations measurable in terms of gender role stress and not with real sexual dysfunctions per se, our results indicate that even male gender role expectations, more precisely, sexual performance related expectations, may cause considerable stress for overweight/obese men.

Childhood Traumas, Attachment and Alexithymia in Adolescents with Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizure Type of Conversion Disorder

In this cross-sectional study, childhood traumas, attachment security and alexithymia in adolescents with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) were compared with those of adolescents without any psychiatric disorder using both semi-structured clinical interviews and self-report scales. This study included 42 adolescents with PNES aged between 12-18 and 38 healthy adolescents who were matched with the study group in respect to socio-demographic variables. All adolescents and their parents were interviewed using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version in order to evaluate psychiatric disorders. Clinician- Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale for Children and Adolescents was used to examine the presence of PTSD symptoms. All adolescents completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-28, Short Form of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. Adolescents with PNES had more emotional and sexual traumatic experiences and PTSD symptoms compared to the control group. PNES group perceived higher "communication" but lower "trust" in attachment relationships with their mothers and fathers. Higher alexithymia and lower self-esteem were determined in the PNES group. Childhood traumas, lifetime PTSD symptoms and alexithymia were found to be significant risk factors for PNES in adolescents. Results indicate that comorbid psychiatric disorders, traumatic experiences, attachment problems and alexithymia need to be evaluated and treated in adolescents with PNES.

Attachment Security and Perceived Expressed Emotion in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa.

The aim of this study was to compare the attachment security and perceived expressed emotion of female adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and those without any psychiatric disorder and to compare the expressed emotion of their parents. We also aimed to investigate the relationships between these variables and the effects of depression and anxiety symptoms of the adolescents on attachment security, perceived expressed emotion and expressed emotion of the parents. The study enrolled 43 female adolescents aged 12-18 years diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and an age and economic statusmatched control group of 37 healthy female adolescents. Both groups completed the Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40), the Perceived Expressed Emotion Scale (PEES), the Short Form of Inventory of Parentand Peer Attachment (IPPA), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Screenfor Child Anxietyand Related Disorders (SCARED). Parents were assessed with the Expressed Emotion Scale (EES). As compared to the control group, the female adolescents with anorexia nervosa had lower attachment security and higher perception of parental expression of criticism and hostility. Presence of depression and anxiety symptoms did not affect these results. The security of maternal attachment in the adolescents with anorexia nervosa predicted their perception of criticism and hostility in their mothers. The results of this study indicate the importance of assessing attachment security and perceived expressed emotion in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and the requirement of parental inclusion in the therapeutic process during follow up for implementation of appropriate interventions.