Forms Of Gender Discrimination Research Articles

Prawne aspekty dostępu do antykoncepcji w Polsce

The ability to choose safe, effective and affordable contraceptive methods and to have access to comprehensive information on all family planning methods is one aspect of reproductive rights, which are considered an integral part of human rights. According to reports by the European Parliamentary Forum for Sexual & Reproductive Rights, Poland has for years recorded the worst access to contraception among European countries. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the regulations in force in the Polish legal system provide real access to contraception that complies with international standards. The following methods of contraception were analysed: emergency, chemical, mechanical, hormonal, long-term and permanent. Furthermore, issues affecting access to contraception, such as the conscience clause, sex education, and the lack of autonomy of underage women in deciding on contraceptive methods, excluding mechanical and chemical, were covered. As the majority of contraceptives are intended for use by women, any restriction on access to them can be qualified as a form of gender discrimination.

Cyberspace and women’s human rights in the international legal order

Cyberspace has exacerbated certain transnational risks, such as cyber-discrimination, harassment, and aggression, particularly affecting women and girls on the basis of gender. Gender-based violence as a form of gender discrimination, including in its new forms, harms women and girls disproportionately, especially in their rights to equality, freedom from violence and freedom of expression. This article explores the contributions offered by different sources of law, in particular international human rights law, to address these gender-based risks and to prevent, eradicate and redress discrimination and gendered cyber-violations. It also analyses the opportunities that both the technological advancement concerning cyberspace, and the normative and interpretative standards developed to this effect, present for the construction of gender equality for women and girls worldwide.

Obstetric Violence and its Impact on the Mental Well-being of Ecuadorian women: A Quantitative Approach

Obstetric violence refers to certain practices and behaviors carried out by health professionals towards women that belittle, violate and oppress them during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium, whether in public or private settings. This type of violence is interpreted as a form of gender discrimination and represents a violation of human rights that has a direct impact on women's mental well-being. It manifests itself mainly as an inequality of power between healthcare professionals and pregnant women, whether during childbirth or the puerperium. The World Health Organization has stressed the importance of eliminating these harmful medical practices, urging medical personnel to react appropriately through dialogue and support for pregnant women. A nationally representative sample of women aged 12 years and older from the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey was used. Multicollinearity tests were used to avoid redundant information in the models. Next, we used factor analysis to generate an index of obstetric violence and performed linear regressions to observe the correlation between obstetric violence and mental well-being of women in our sample. Finally, we addressed the heterogeneity observed in the proposed relationship by using quantile regression techniques to disentangle the heterogeneous relationship in the distribution of mental well-being and obtain correlation coefficients, with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Based on our findings, we highlight the urgent need to raise awareness and sensitize health professionals about this specific problem, since our main result indicates that there is a misleading correlation between obstetric violence and women's mental well-being. It is crucial to modify those health practices that violate women's rights. Another significant measure to improve the current situation would be the implementation of programs that give visibility to gender violence in the health sector, as well as the promotion of research focused on obstetric violence and the implementation of interventions that strengthen the autonomy of users.

THE CRIME OF RAPE: AN ANALYSIS FROM THE FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY PERSPECTIVE

Rape is a crime that seriously impacts victims and society, especially women. In this research, feminist legal theory is used as a basis for analyzing the regulation of the crime of rape. feminist legal theory emphasizes placing women as the main actors in decision-making and upholding women's rights in any form. feminist legal theory emphasizes establishing women as the main actors in decision-making and defending women's rights in any form. This theory sees violence against women as a form of gender discrimination, where the parties who are most often victims are women. In feminist legal theory, violence against women occurs because of gender inequality and the power held by men in the legal system. The author analyzes the criminal act of rape regulated in positive law in Indonesia in protecting women. This research aims to find out how the crime of rape is regulated and how criminal acts are regulated from the perspective of Feminism Legal Theory. This writing uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach. This research shows that referring to feminist legal theory, the sexual violence crime law is a positive step in eliminating gender-based violence and providing justice for rape victims.

The paradigm of gender inclusion in the right to education: domestic and international experience

The issue of gender inclusion in the right to education is extremely relevant and characterized by scientific novelty. Given the active European integration movements of Ukraine, the stable position on the international arena and the adoption of relevant legislation, gender inclusion is gaining its popularity and the need for research.
 Within the framework of this scientific article, we conducted a conceptual and categorical analysis of the terms that form the basis of the work. It was concluded that the concept of “gender” can be represented as a designation of social, cultural, psychological and behavioral characteristics that society attributes to the female and male sexes based on social ideas, expectations and roles. Outlined the understanding of “gender inclusion” as an active practice and policy aimed at ensuring equal opportunities, rights and participation for women, men and persons with other gender identities in all spheres of society. The main goal of gender inclusion in the right to education was presented as a process of creating an inclusive, fair and equal educational system in which all participants can reveal their potential and develop their abilities without external marginalization pressure. Key aspects of the paradigm of gender inclusion in the right to education were presented, namely: provision of equal opportunities for learning and development regardless of gender and gender identity; elimination of gender stereotypes and practices of discrimination in educational institutions and pedagogical processes; implementation of gender analysis in the planning and development of educational programs, the content of educational materials and teaching methods; implementation of policies, legislation and programs aimed at protecting the rights of individuals in the field of education against any form of gender discrimination.

The Relevance of Food Processing Industry in Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Prayagraj District in India

The research article is concerned with the importance and performance of food processing industry in generating sufficient employment opportunities for female workers. A case study on a specific district brings out crucial aspects related to working conditions and struggles faced by women in these industries. The data collection and analysis are based upon the overall number of women employed. They are further categorized as per the type of employment offered to them under different kinds of industries. The findings show that the share of women in employment is much lower as compared to men. Various forms of gender discrimination are found at industrial workplaces. The lack of government support coupled with an adverse social mindset against working women is also observed in the region. The scope of entrepreneurship development is limited to SHGs. Nevertheless, FPIs could be a way forward to shift surplus women engaged in agricultural activities or construction sites to a better source of income generation while raising social status.

Gender Discrimination of Women in Baseball Girl Movie: A Study of Semiotics

The representation of women by the entertainment media as well as in the real world is always described as very typical, one of them is that they can only carry out limited professions and activities. So that the existence of women is not represented proportionally. Based on this, the study aims to describe the signs of women's gender discrimination and equality. This study used the semiotic theory of Roland Barthes which describes the forms of denotative meaning, connotative meaning, and myths contained in the Baseball Girl movie. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with listening and note-taking techniques. The results found in the Baseball girl movie are as follows: (1) the meaning of denotation in this study described the gender discrimination of women who are considered weak by the coach or the professional baseball recruiting team in participating in the trials towards the professional baseball team. (2) The connotative meaning found in this film shows four forms of gender discrimination, namely marginalization, stereotype, subordination, and violence. (3) The myth that can be concluded in this study is that there is a culture that is believed by the coach, the professional baseball team recruiter, and the mother of the main female character in this film who considers women physically weaker than men.

Stigma Media terhadap Fandom Perempuan dalam Pemberitaan Penggemar K-Pop

Stigma towards female fandoms is a form of gender discrimination caused by patriarchal culture domination. Such stigmas appear frequently in daily lives, including media. This study was aimed to analyze the stigmatization of K-Pop female fandoms in CNNIndonesia.com and how text discourse plays a role in constructing the representation of female fandoms in the media. This research used Sara Mills Discourse Analysis methodology. The results of this research suggested that there were discriminations to female fandoms in news broadcasted by CNNIndonesia.com. The news in this channel had a tendency to enhance the stigma towards female fandoms through figure of speech and the positioning of subject and object in the media. This news channel also tended to portray female fans as crazy fanatics who have psychological issues and act senselessly.

Sexual Harassment and Associated Factors Among Female Nurses: The Case of Addis Ababa Public Hospitals.

BackgroundSexual harassment of female nurses at work is an issue that is receiving more attention globally and is progressively being acknowledged as a form of gender discrimination in the workplace. Africa’s situation is getting worse every day, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Determining the prevalence of workplace sexual harassment and associated factors among female nurses working in Addis Ababa public hospitals was the aim of this study.MethodsA cross-sectional research design was conducted in August 2021 GC and 339 randomly selected female nurses working in an Addis Ababa public hospital were selected. The data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. EPI-Info 7 was used to enter the data, which was then exported to SPSS version 26 for further analysis.ResultsForty six (46.6) percent of workplaces reported having experienced sexual harassment. One hundred sixty seven (49.3%) of all cases involved physical sexual harassment, while 79 (51.2%) involved verbal sexual harassment. Sexual harassment was 4.64 times more likely to happen to single female nurses than to married people (AOR= 4.64, 95% CI [2.6, 8.4]). Female nurses in the 20–25 age group were roughly 4.7 times more likely to suffer sexual harassment than those in the >40 age group (AOR=4.69, 95% CI [2.44, 9.03]). Alcohol consumers had a 4.5-fold higher chance of experiencing sexual harassment than non-consumers (AOR=4.50, 95% CI [2.40, 8.50]).ConclusionViolence among female nurses was demonstrated in this study. It demands a particular focus from the involved bodies. Age, marital status, and alcohol consumption were found to statistically significantly correlate with sexual harassment. Female nurses must get training that emphasizes behavior modification, and healthcare facilities must foster a pleasant atmosphere for nurses, patients, and other staff members.

DISCRIMINATION OF GENDER AGAINST WOMEN IN THE NOVEL KIM JI-YOUNG, BORN 1982 BY CHO NAM-JOO

Sex-based discrimination includes gender discrimination. The fundamental cause of gender discrimination against women is that patriarchal ideology shapes society’s attitudes and behaviors. This study examines how women are treated differently because of their gender in the novel Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982. This study aims to find out the types and impacts of gender discrimination against women in the novel. This study is categorized as qualitative research and uses a feminism approach. The feminism theory presented in Simone de Beauvoir’s book The Second Sex (1949) is used by the researcher to analyze the novel. The researcher discovered two types of gender discrimination in Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982; gender discrimination in domestic spaces and gender discrimination in public spaces. The five different forms of gender discrimination in domestic spaces are; (1) the expectation that women should have male offspring, (2) the favoritism toward sons over daughters, (3) the idea that sons are the ones who ensure the success of the family, (4) woman as a reproducer, and (5) woman as a housewife. The novel also shows three forms of gender discrimination in public spaces; (1) discrimination toward women in school, (2) discrimination toward women in the workplace, and (3) sexual harassment of women. Furthermore, the main character, Kim Ji-Young, experiences gender discrimination against women, and the impacts of the gender discrimination on Kim Ji-Young are feeling inferior and experiencing mental changes.
 Keywords: gender discrimination, feminism, patriarchy ideology, novel

Novel Analisis Kekerasan Simbolik dalam Novel Kim Ji-yeong Lahir Tahun 1982

In a society with such strong patriarchal power it is not uncommon to cause a variety of gender polemics. Starting from the distinction of rights between men and women. Different job opportunities between men and women. Until domestic affairs are left entirely to women. These actions ultimately lead women to face symbolic violence. Symbolic violence is the result or form of gender discrimination and the perpetuation of patriarchal culture. The problem of symbolic violence is raised in the mass media, one of which is the novel Kim Ji-yeong born in 1982 by Cho Nam-joo. The Novel depicts a series of symbolic violent polemics received by women as a child, mother, wife, and employee in the company. This study uses a qualitative research approach by analyzing the discourse of symbolic violence obtained through the texts in the novel. In line with Pierre Bourdieu's concept of power domination, the analysis focused on the aspect of language that represented symbolic violence. The results explain that symbolic violence occurs because of the dominance of power from the parties who have higher capital.

A Study to Analyze the level of “Glass Ceiling – The Invisible Barrier” as a Hindrance in Women Career Advancement in it sector with Special Reference to Gurugram and Noida (NCR Region)

In recent years, women and in addition gender orientation issues have transform into a noteworthy zone of concern. Classes, workshops are being held over the world to talk about women issues and women movement in all regions of life.Glass-Ceiling’ is that buzzword which traditionally was not a barrier to individual as such, but it was a barrier to women. Thus ‘Glass-ceiling’ is that kind of intangible barrier that is a great hindrance within a hierarchy of any organization which hinders the growth path of women in achieving top positions in workplace. The glass ceiling effect, which refers to the barriers that stop women from advancing to the top positions in their organizations. It is a form of gender discrimination. The present study is carried out to analyze the intent of the glass ceiling in the workspaces in IT sector in 02 cities of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh State, i.e., Gurugram and Noida (NCR Region). This study was conducted with the help of primary data through the recording of responses of 215 respondents working in public and private IT Sector companies of the selected areas. The primary data has been collected with the help of a well-structured questionnaire. This study will be helpful for the research scholars and the decision makers in knowing the presence of the glass ceiling in the IT sector.

Prevalence and forms of gender discrimination and sexual harassment among medical students and physicians in French-speaking Switzerland: a survey

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and forms of gender discrimination and sexual harassment experienced by medical students and physicians in French-speaking part of Switzerland.Design and...

GENDER DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN BINA SHAH’S BEFORE SHE SLEEPS: A REVIEW ON THE MAIN CHARACTER

The main topic in this research is gender discrimination which is based on the study of the main character in Bina Shah's Before She Sleeps. This research process involves the whole story, intrinsic elements: characters and characterizations, settings, and conflicts, as well as extrinsic elements: gender discrimination, patriarchy systems, and power relations. This qualitative research is supported by descriptive analysis methods and literature study techniques which result in findings that politicized gender disparities are the cause of gender discrimination. The main character, Sabine, experiences several forms of gender discrimination namely limited access to education and not allowed to work. Her only choice is to be a good housewife with three to five husbands, and to bear as many children as possible. This system, prompting Sabine to put up resistance by running away.Keywords : gender; gender discrimination; gender gap; patriarchy system; main character

Peran Kesetaraan Gender di Masa Pandemi

<p><em>During this pandemic, there are many issues that have been neglected due to compelling conditions, one of the issues that has begun to be neglected is gender. Through the 4psace.foryou program we want to educate our followers to know about gender and the forms of gender discrimination during this pandemic. The aim of our program is to educate and bring awareness about our forms that respect gender. Our method for educating his followers program is to create a campaign on Instagram with 3 main topics. This program is also protected by a Content Creator named Iwan Kurniawan. This 4space.foryou campaign program was successful in getting 100 participants and we managed to influence our followers through the content we created on Instagram by gathering aspirations and from our 100 followers. This program has also succeeded in bringing influence to Iwan Kurniawan and his followers on Instagram. Overall, the objectives and benefits of this program have been achieved, and we can prove it through the data that has been collected.</em></p>

Embedding gender-responsive approaches in impact assessment and management

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the special issue on gender in impact assessment and management. We discuss the absence of gender-responsive approaches in conventional impact assessment practice and management, and associated implications for meaningfully addressing gender relations and the rights of women and LGBTQI+ people. We also introduce the special issue, which sheds light on gaps in impact assessment but also demonstrates that practical approaches exist to further embed gender-responsive approaches. Collectively, a central argument emanating from the contributions is that gender-neutral approaches to impact assessment and management can perpetuate or even create new forms of gender discrimination. This runs counter to the expectations set by international human rights law and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which rest on the central principles of non-discrimination, substantive gender equality, and ‘leaving no one behind’. Four themes for more gender-responsive impact assessment and management are highlighted: (1) gender-responsive context analysis; (2) gender-responsive engagement and increased participation of women and LGBTQI+ people; (3) adaptation of tools, methods, and skills for enhanced gender responsiveness; and (4) embedding gender-responsive approaches from the project level to the governance sphere. Without presuming transferability across contexts, the contributions show that such strategies are necessary and possible in diverse global settings.

Sexual Harassment Experience, Gender Harassment and Body Objectification Effect on Disordered Eating Tendencies

Various research on sexual harassment and gender harassment confirms the adverse effects on a person's physical and emotional health (Shrier, 1990), but so far, little is known about the impact of sexual harassment and gender harassment on one's body objectification and links to disordered eating behavior. Sexual harassment and gender harassment are not only based on gender stereotypes but also play an essential role in supporting gender norms in society by regulating what is seen as acceptable and unacceptable behavior, and appearance for gender. According to the theory of body objectification (Fredrickson, Roberts, 1997), both forms of gender discrimination can induce attention to one's body and appearance, which ultimately can lead to reduced satisfaction of one's body (Szymanski et al. 2011). Since body dissatisfaction is one of the leading causes of eating disorders (Brechan, Kvalem, 2015; Cruz-Sáez et al. 2018), it is important to have a better understanding of sexual harassment and gender harassment relationship with body objectification and disordered eating behavior. The study aims to assess the relationships between sexual harassment and gender harassment experiences, body-objectification, and disordered eating behavior tendencies. 181 (23 males, 158 females) aged 18-38 (M=24.12) participated in this research. Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire (Fitzgerald et al. 1998) was used to measure both Unwanted Sexual Attention (Cronbach α – 0,893) and Quid Pro Quo sexual harassment (Cronbach α – 0,876), and Gender Harassment experience (Cronbach α – 0,868). Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (McKinley et al. 1996) was used to measure body objectification: Body Shame (Cronbach α – 0,825) and Body Surveillance (Cronbach α – 0,804). The Eating Attitudes Test (Garner et al. 1979) was used to evaluate disordered eating behavior tendencies: Dieting (Cronbach α – 0,924), Bulimia and Food Preoccupation (Cronbach α – 0,725) and Oral Control (Cronbach α – 0,714). The results revealed significant sexual harassment and gender harassment experience differences between genders showing that women report significantly higher results of all forms of sexual harassment and gender harassment than men. Data analysis also revealed a statistically significant relationship between higher results of sexual harassment, gender harassment experience, and more pronounced disordered eating tendencies and higher body objectification. Data analysis has shown that gender harassment experience is a significant prognostic factor for higher body surveillance and body shame results, more frequent dieting.

When women eat last: Discrimination at home and women's mental health.

The 2011 India Human Development Survey found that in about a quarter of Indian households, women are expected to have their meals after men have finished eating. This study investigates whether this form of gender discrimination is associated with worse mental health outcomes for women. Our primary data source is a new, state-representative mobile phone survey of women ages 18-65 in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra in 2018. We measure mental health using questions from the World Health Organization's Self-Reporting Questionnaire. We find that, for women in these states, eating last is correlated with worse mental health, even after accounting for differences in socioeconomic status. We discuss two possible mechanisms for this relationship: eating last may be associated with worse mental health because it is associated with worse physical health, or eating last may be associated with poor mental health because it is associated with less autonomy, or both.

ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ТЕАТРАЛЬНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ЩОДО ГЕНДЕРНОЇ СОЦІАЛІЗАЦІЇ СТУДЕНТІВ ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ ЗАСОБАМИ ПОЗАНАВЧАЛЬНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article characterizes the potential of theatrical and pedagogical technologies for gender socialization of students of pedagogical higher education institutions by means of extracurricular activities. The identity of the meanings of the potential of theatrical technologies and extracurricular activities of students is substantiated: nonlinearity, indirectness, self-actualization, complementarity, cooperation, compensability, flexibility, tolerance, recreation. The essence of the concepts “gender socialization”, “theatrical technologies”, “theatrical and pedagogical technologies” is specified. Theatrical technologies are interpreted as an ordered (in time, space, methods of interaction of subjects and objects, etc.) set of means for realizing the process of activity, the leading integrative characteristic of which is theatricality. Theatrical and pedagogical technologies are defined as specific to theatrical technologies, i.e. those of them, the direct subject of which is implementation of pedagogical influence on the individual. The functions of theatrical and pedagogical technologies in the context of optimizing the sociocultural environment of the pedagogical institution of higher education from the point of view of the tasks of gender socialization of future teachers are revealed. In particular, it is determined that the use of theatrical and pedagogical technologies contributes to the approximation of the characteristics of the socio-cultural environment of the higher education institution in three essential requirements: formation and satisfaction of student needs for knowledge and mastery of egalitarian gender values and norms; creating conditions for self-realization and personal self-development in accordance with the requirements of gender equality; ensuring the transmission of socio-cultural potential free from all forms of gender discrimination. It is found out that the essential characteristics of theatrical and pedagogical technologies best correspond to the new paradigm of pedagogical education – post-classical pedagogy, which shifts the emphasis in the content of modern higher education from the translation of knowledge and values to the organization of changing conditions of cognition. At the same time, the task of forming the students’ egalitarian worldview is decisive. Value (nonviolent) attitude to the world, society, personality is determined by the core of the professional system of the teacher and it can’t be ensured by only rational and logical influence.

The impact of gender discrimination on a Woman's Mental Health

The impact of gender discrimination on a Woman's Mental Health