Benzocaine Research Articles

Anaesthesia in China.

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 1, Issue 9 p. 445-447 Personal View ANAESTHESIA IN CHINA Albert Saady M.B., B.S., Ph.C., F.F.A.R.A.C.S., Corresponding Author Albert Saady M.B., B.S., Ph.C., F.F.A.R.A.C.S. Visiting Anaesthetist n/a@dne.dne Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney Address for reprints: Dr A. Saady, B.M.A. House, 135 Macquarie Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 2000.Search for more papers by this author Albert Saady M.B., B.S., Ph.C., F.F.A.R.A.C.S., Corresponding Author Albert Saady M.B., B.S., Ph.C., F.F.A.R.A.C.S. Visiting Anaesthetist n/a@dne.dne Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney Address for reprints: Dr A. Saady, B.M.A. House, 135 Macquarie Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 2000.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1981 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb135727.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume1, Issue9May 1981Pages 445-447 RelatedInformation

DEATH ASSOCIATED WITH ANAESTHESIA IN FINLAND

The mortality associated with 338 934 procedures carried out in 1975 in 100 Finnish hospitals is reported. There were 626 deaths (1/541 or 0.18%). Mortality during the procedure was 1/5059 (0.02%). Twelve patients died primarily of anaesthesia during the procedures and 55 patients later (total anaesthetic mortality 1/5059, 0.02%). The frequency of cardiac arrest was 1/3808 (0.03%). Most of the 67 anaesthetic deaths were caused by inadequacy of management of fluid balance (17 patients) or respiratory insufficiency (15 patients). There were 12 deaths from cardiac complications, five each from technical errors and inadequate supervision after operation. The primary disease was responsible for approximately 72% of the reported deaths.

Comparison of Anesthetic Potency of Benzocaine Hydrochloride and MS-222 in Two Freshwater Fish Species

Abstract The hydrochloride of ethyl p-aminobenzoate was synthesized and its anesthetic potency compared with that of MS-222 at concentrations of 50,80, and 100 mg/L. The free compound of these agents in fish blood was also determined. The results indicate that benzocaine hydrochloride is a more effective anesthetic than MS-222 at the concentrations applied. It must be pointed out, however, that benzocaine hydrochloride is not registered for fishery use in the United States.

Kinetics of corneal drug uptake studied by corneal perfusion in situ I. Evaluation of system and uptake of ethyl p-aminobenzoate in rabbits

An in situ corneal perfusion system which enables quantitation of corneal drug uptake is described. By determining the decline in drug concentration in the perfusion apparatus as a function of time, it is possible to measure drug clearance from the system thereby obtaining a measure of corneal drug uptake. Using this method, the clearance from the system of ethyl p-aminobenzoate by rabbit corneas was investigated. The in situ perfusion system provides reproducible results and obviates many of the problems associated with isolated, in vitro corneal studies. This method can be utilized to study the effect of physical-chemical drug properties on corneal uptake, as well as in ocular pharmacokinetic modeling and dosage form evaluation.

RIB CAGE MOVEMENT DURING HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA IN MAN

Chest wall movement, partitioned into rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm contributions, was measured using four mercury-in-rubber strain gauges and an analog computer. The relative volume contribution of the rib cage and the abdomen/diaphragm to tidal volume was measured in 13 subjects before and during anaesthesia with thiopentone and halothane. In awake subjects, movement of the abdomen/diaphragm contributed more than 70% of the tidal volume, the smaller rib cage contribution ranged from 5 to 30%. Manual ventilation during induction of anaesthesia showed that the rib cage was less compliant than the abdomen/diaphragm, but when suxameth-onium was given there was a disproportionate increase in rib cage compliance. In nine out of 12 subjects, halothane anaesthesia resulted in a large decrease in the fractional contribution of the rib cage. In two of these subjects there was paradoxical breathing, the rib cage and the abdomen/ diaphragm movement being 180° out of phase. This effect was produced easily in three other subjects by inserting a resistance (1 kPa litre−1 s) into the anaesthetic circuit. The technique also produced information about changes in volume of the trunk induced by anaesthesia. Eleven subjects showed an increase in end-expiratory abdominal volume (mean increase 120 ml) during halothane anaesthesia while there was a mean reduction in end-expiratory rib cage volume of 29 ml. We concluded that halothane depressed both phasic and tonic postural reflex activity, which affected predominantly the rib cage musculature. This reduced the amplitude of phasic rib cage movement, impaired stability of the rib cage and predisposed to paradoxical ventilation. The results also suggested that the reduction in lung volume during anaesthesia may result from a loss of postural control of the chest wall and a central shift of blood volume.

Organophosphorus Compounds of Expected Biological Activity, Part II Preparation of Thiourea Derivatives and N-Aryl-phosphorothiomonoamidates

Abstract The examples of cyclodiphosphazanes so far studied do not contain any nuclei of biological interest [1]. In the present investigation we aimed to introduce ethyl p-amino-benzoate, 2-aminopyridine residues in the phosphazane molecule. For this purpose phosphorus pentachloride was treated with ethyl p-aminobenzoate, p-anisidine, 2-amino-pyridine and 5-aminoquinoline to give 1,3-di-p-ethoxycarbonylphenyl-, 1,3-di-p-methoxy-phenyl-, 1,3-di-2-pyridyl-and 1,3-di-5-quinolinyl-2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclo-diphos-phazane (1 a-d), respectively. The compounds 1 a-d were treated with potassium thio-cyanate in acetone. The oily products formed were then treated with p-anisidine, ethyl-p-aminobenzoate and 2-aminopyridine whereupon solid products (2 a-h) were obtained. The reaction probably takes place according to the following mechanism [2].

Le processus de multinationalisation des grandes banques commerciales

facilement transferable a l'etranger et par les contraintes d'un environnement fortement oligopolistique, dans le pays d'origine, sur la decision des grandes banques de multiplier leurs implantations a l'etranger. Il expose aussi les conclusions d'etudes empiriques menees sur les resultats (encours d'actifs, profits, pertes) des activites internationales d'un echantillon de 34 banques commerciales americaines, en attachant une importance toute particuliere a la qualite du portefeuille de prets accordes aux pays en voie de developpement. Ces conclusions s'accordent de maniere satisfaisante avec les hypotheses formulees au point precedent.

Linear solvation energy relationships. Part 2. Correlations of electronic spectral data for aniline indicators with solvent π* and β values

The solvatochromic comparison method is employed with electronic spectral data to unravel solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding effects on the p→π* transitions of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, 4-aminobenzophenone, 3,5-dinitro-aniline, 3-nitroaniline, and N-ethyl-3-nitroaniline. Values of b in the solvatochromic equation, ν(i)max=v0+sπ*+bβ are rationalized in terms of indicator HBD (hydrogen bond donor) acidities and solvent-induced rehybridization effects.

Contact allergy/photo allergy to glyceryl PABA and benzocaine

Contact allergy/photo allergy to glyceryl PABA and benzocaine

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:A HISTORY OF DENTISTRY IN NEW SOUTH WALES 1788 TO 1945 by R. W. HallidayA COLOUR ATLAS AND TEXTBOOK OF ORAL ANATOMY by B. K. B. Berkevitz, G. R. Holland, B. J. MoxhamINTRODUCTION TO PERIODONTICS by H. M. Goldman, D. W. Cohen, Saint LouisMINOR TOOTH MOVEMENT IN CHILDREN, Joseph M. Sim, Saint LouisDENTAL ASSISTANTS' MANUAL edited by A. A. Grant, J. K. Harcourt, Kurralta Park, S.A.ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE by G. W. Burnett, H. W. ScherpMONHEIM'S LOCAL ANESTHESIA AND PAIN CONTROL IN DENTAL PRACTICE by C. RichardPHOSPHATES AND DENTAL CARIES — MONOGRAMS IN ORAL SCIENCE by Bernard Lilienthal. Switzerland, S. Karger

ANAESTHESIA AND BLOOD LOSS IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT

ANAESTHESIA AND BLOOD LOSS IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT

Mass spectrometry of medicines. Quantitative determination by direct probe inlet system mass chromatography.

A fundamental study was performed to establish a method of quantitative analysis using mass chromatography by the direct inlet system. The samples were aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine, which are often used as cold medicines, and barbital, allobarbital, phenobarbital and phenytoin which are difficult to analyse by gas chromatography in their intact states. N-acetylsulfamine and ethyl p-aminobenzoate were used as internal standards. Direct inlet mass chromatography was performed by an on-line system of the Shimadzu LKB-9000 and the GC-MSPAC 300. The ratio of the cumulative ions of certain peaks of sample and the internal standard was studied. It was found that, whether the sample is a pure reagent or a mixture, the ratio of cumulative ions of a peak specific to the sample and of a selected peak of the internal standard is proportional to the sample size, the error being less than +/- 3.5% for aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine, and less than +/- 2.7% for barbital, allobarbital and phenobarbital. The same relationship was observed for the phenobarbital and phenytoin mixed in rat plasma, the error being less than +/- 2.0%. It can be concluded that this method is applicable to the quantiative determination of medicines in urine, body fluids and other biological samples.

Dermatitis due to benzocaine present in sunscreens containing glyceryl PABA (Escalol 106)

Contact DermatitisVolume 3, Issue 3 p. 170-171 Dermatitis due to benzocaine present in sunscreens containing glyceryl PABA (Escalol 106) Alexander A. Fisher, Alexander A. Fisher Department of Dermatology, New York University Post-Graduate Medical Center, Woodside, N. Y. 11377 USASearch for more papers by this author Alexander A. Fisher, Alexander A. Fisher Department of Dermatology, New York University Post-Graduate Medical Center, Woodside, N. Y. 11377 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1977 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1977.tb03637.xCitations: 18AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume3, Issue3June 1977Pages 170-171 RelatedInformation

Training in anaesthesia in Australia in 1977.

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 1, Issue 20 p. 733-736 Original Article TRAINING IN ANAESTHESIA IN AUSTRALIA IN 1977 Brian Dwyer, Corresponding Author Brian Dwyer n/a@dne.dne SydneyDean. Faculty of Anaesthetists. Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. 1974—1976. Address for reprints: Dr Brian Dwyer. 12 Windward Ave. Mosman. N.S.W. 2088.Search for more papers by this author Brian Dwyer, Corresponding Author Brian Dwyer n/a@dne.dne SydneyDean. Faculty of Anaesthetists. Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. 1974—1976. Address for reprints: Dr Brian Dwyer. 12 Windward Ave. Mosman. N.S.W. 2088.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1977 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1977.tb131074.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume1, Issue20May 1977Pages 733-736 RelatedInformation

Complex formation between copper (II) and amines in N,N-dimethylformamide (author's transl)

Dimethylformamide solutions containing copper (II) perchlorate and amines were studied by absorption spectra and by magnetic measurement. Solutions of [butylamine]/[Cu (II)]=2-8 were yellow with a considerable absorption in the 400-nm region. The absorption can be ascribed to the presence of dimeric or oligomeric copper species, which was supported by the results of magnetic measurements. Solutions of the ratio over 10 were blue and their spectra had an absorption peak at 640 nm and no appreciable absorption in the 400-nm region. In these solutions copper was concluded to be present as Cu (amine)42+. Similar results were obtained with benzylamine and ammonia. Solutions containing Cu (II) and aniline had an intense absorption at 384 nm, which disappeared on acidification or on addition of amines with complexing ability. A similar absorption was produced by p-anisidine, p-toluidine, and m-toluidine but not by diphenylamine, ethyl p-aminobenzoate, or 2, 6-dimethylaniline. Magnetic measurement indicated Cu (II) species to be monomeric in the solutions. These results are interpreted in terms of the formation of a weak Cu (II)-aniline complex, possibly Cu (aniline)2+.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:ADVANCED DENTAL HISTOLOGY, by J. W. Osborn and A. R. Ten Cate.This is the third edition of a book from the Dental Practitioner Handbook series.DENTAL EVIDENCE. A HANDBOOK FOR POLICE, by I. A. Gladfelter. Springfield, Ill.PANORAMIC DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY, by Lincoln R. Manson‐Hing. Springfield, Ill., Charles G. Thomas, 1976.DENTAL PRACTICE PLANNING, by W. W. Howard St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1975.A MANUAL OF ORAL MEDICINE, by F. F. Nally and D. J. Eggleston.PRINCIPLES OF SEDATION, LOCAL AND GENERAL ANAESTHESIA IN DENTISTRY, by S. M. E. Shane.

A Note on the use of Benzocaine (Ethyl P-Aminobenzoate) as a Fish Anaesthetic

A Note on the use of Benzocaine (Ethyl P-Aminobenzoate) as a Fish Anaesthetic

Formation of Cyanide Ion by the Reaction of Amines and Nitrite Ion. II. Formation of Cyanide Ion by the Reaction of Aromatic Amines and Nitrite Ion

In addition to the previous finding that aliphatic amines reacted with the nitrite ion to form a cyanide ion, aromatic amines, such as p-nitroaniline, aniline, p-toluidine, and ethyl p-aminobenzoate, also reacted with the nitrite ion to form a cyanide ion, the concentration of which was markedly higher than that from the reaction with aliphatic amines. The formation of a cyanide ion from aromatic amines suggests the cleavage of the benzene ring by the nitrite ion.

Hydrolysis Kinetics of Benzocaine and Homologs in the Presence of a Nonionic Surfactant

The kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of benzocaine (ethyl p-aminobenzoate), n-butyl p-aminobenzoate, and ethyl p-n-butylaminobenzoate in the presence of a nonionic surfactant (polyoxyethylene 24 monocetyl ether) were investigated. The influence of the nonionic surfactant on the solubility and on the wavelength of maximum absorbance in the UV portion of the spectrum of the three compounds was also studied. At surfactant concentrations above thecmC, the rate of hydrolysis of the esters is decreased, the solubility is enhanced, and there is a bathochromic shift in the wavelength of maximum absorbance. As a result of the investigation, the partition coefficients of the compounds between the micellar phase and the aqueous phase, the location of the compounds within the micellar phase, and the hydrolytic rate constants within the two phases were determined. It was concluded that benzocaine and the homologs are probably associated with the polyoxyethylene portion of the micelle and that the observed change in the rate of hydrolysis can be attributed to both a decrease in the rate of hydrolysis and an increase of solubility within the micellar phase.

ANAESTHESIA IN SICKLE-CELL STATES A PLEA FOR 'SIMPLICITY

505 patients with various haemoglobinopathies were given a general anaesthetic between January 1970 and February 1972. One patient with haemoglobin SC disease and one patient with sickle-cell trait (HbAS) died postoperatively. Four other patients who were sickling positive, but whose genotypes were unknown, died, one from sickle-cell crisis precipitated by haemorrhage. A simple anaesthetic technique together with good postoperative care can provide safe general anaesthesia for patients with sickle-cell states. A plea is made for simplicity in the anaesthetic management of these patients.