Forms Of Environmental Protection Research Articles

The sustainable and coordinate progress of construction and environmental protection

It is the common goal of all mankind to advocate green environmental protection, control environmental pollution, reduce energy consumption and achieve sustainable development. At present, although our country pays a certain degree of attention to environmental protection, and the enterprises and constructions that produce a lot of pollution have been treated, in the long run, the form of environmental protection is still severe and unforgivable. Finding a balance between the contradictions of the project side and the owner side, the successful completion of the construction while reducing the environmental impact, and the protection of the environment in the urbanization process always come before the construction. Improving the content of each stage of building construction under the premise of environmental protection is the ultimate balance for the two. Environmental problems that arise should be actively resolved and summarized to form an institutionalized and standardized management system. This study aims to conduct an in-depth discussion and analysis of both architecture and the environment. This will lay the foundation for the infiltration of the concept of environmental protection during construction in the future and will promote the sustainable development of the construction industry at a lower environmental cost in the future.

Pengelolaan Sampah Melalui PLTSa Di Indonesia Untuk Mewujudkan Net Zero Emission

The goal of this paper is to conduct a normative analysis of the PLTSa development in Indonesia as a form of net-zero emissions policy. This research is normative and conducted through library research utilizing the statute approach method. It is done by looking normatively at the relevant statutory regulations. So, utilizing the theory developed by Hans Kelsen and Nawiasky, known as the stufenbau theory, he concentrates on the discussion of statutory regulations connected to PLTSa development in the discussion part and the study findings. Examining if different legal frameworks governing PLTSa development in Indonesia are harmonized is the goal. Additionally, the discussion and research findings in this paper draw on studies of the literature from a range of sources that address the integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the principles of Good Environmental Governance in Indonesia's PLTSa development plans. According to the research in this paper, it can be concluded that PLTSa development in Indonesia can positively influence efforts to achieve net zero emissions, and that PLTSa use in waste management is a form of environmental protection that is consistent with the objectives of sustainable development. In order to develop and administer PLTSa in Indonesia, the government still needs to take into account a number of factors, starting with the implementation of these policies and statutory regulations. in order for the PLTSa policy optimization to work effectively.

Environmental Disputes Without Protection Of Strict Liability Principles: Again, Law On Job Creation

The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in Article 28 H paragraph 1 states that a good and healthy environment is a human right and a constitutional right for every Indonesian citizen. The form of environmental protection is then accommodated, one of which is Article 88 of Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UU PPLH) through the Strict Liability principle or what is called absolute liability for every party who pollutes and destroys the environment caused by Hazardous and Toxic Materials (B3) and waste of Hazardous and Toxic Materials without the need to prove of the element of fault first. However, after the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, absolute liability for perpetrators of environmental destruction was lost because the phrase “without the need to prove of an element of fault” was abolished so that accountability was based on mistakes (liability based on fault). The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of eliminating the principle of strict liability in the settlement of environmental disputes in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the abolition of strict liability in the Environmental Protection and Management Law will burden victims in environmental disputes, especially ordinary people, to ask for accountability because of the complexity of proving the element of error in industrial activities that use high technology and are related to Hazardous and Toxic Materials (ultrahazardous activity dan abnormally dangerous). Keywords: Job Creation, Liability Based on Fault, Environmental Dispute, Strict Liability

Environmental Protection and Management of the National Capital Development in the perspective of Sustainable Development Goals

The purpose of this study is to discuss how the form of environmental protection and management by the government is related to the development of the State Capital (IKN) from the perspective of sustainable development goals (SDGs) and how to apply the concept of forest city in the development plan of the State Capital (IKN). Empirical juridical research methods, through search and study of secondary data, in the form of legislation, academic texts, policy recommendations, and scientific works of experts in the field of National Capital Development (IKN). Secondary data was obtained through library research (Library Research) sourced from printed and electronic library materials. Normative research (doctrinal) is needed to understand the current legal norms (Law in the Book), through a statutory approach (Statute Approach) and a conceptual approach (Conceptual Approach). The results of the study that the forms of environmental protection and management including prevention, prevention of damage and pollution as well as restoration of environmental quality have demanded the development of various policies and programs as well as activities that are supported by other environmental management support systems. Sustainable development involving current and future generations require joint efforts to achieve the goals of IKN development, by balancing three important aspects, namely economic, social, and environmental protection. The application of the Forest City Concept in IKN development in the form of stabilizing forest areas and resolving various land conflicts within forest areas that need to be carried out before building IKN.

Dynamics of Changes in Selected Soil Traits in the Profiles of Arable Soils Anthropogenically Alkalised by the Cement and Lime Industry within the Kielecko-Łagowski Vale (Poland)

This study presents the influence of the cement and lime industry on the physical and chemical properties of arable soils. In spite of using modern forms of environmental protection against dust emissions, this type of industry causes unfavourable phenomenon of excessive alkalisation of soil. This process is relatively rare in Poland. However, in the Świętokrzyskie Province, it has been responsible for the largest transformation of soils in recent years. The analysis included soil samples taken from five profiles located in the vicinity of Dyckerhoff Polska Sp. z o.o. Nowiny Cement Plant. The study results obtained in 2019 were compared with those obtained in 1978 and 2005. The most attention was paid to soil pH; CaCO3 content; organic carbon and nitrogen content; concentrations of available components such as P2O5, K2O and Mg; and the saturation level of sorption complex with alkaline cations. It was found that long-term imission of pollutants caused significant changes in the basic soil properties, which remain in soils despite the evident decrease in the cement-lime dust emission. These include high pH values, excessive CaCO3 content, high soil saturation with alkaline cations and decreases in total carbon content, which were especially visible in soil humus horizons.

Using the potential of peripheral green areas of cities for educational and recreational purposes on the example of Stary Sącz, Nowy Targ and Kraków

AbstractGreen areas located on the peripheries of cities have the potential to become green public spaces not only of recreational but also educational character, promoting at the same time the knowledge about environmental protection. The cities included in the research belong to the małopolskie voivodeship (Lesser Poland voivodeship). With the use of geospatial data of land cover, as well as territorial forms of environmental protection, it was pointed that 48.4% of forest, wooded and shrub green areas located within city borders are covered by a form of environmental protection, thus being a valuable resource of significant nature potential. Making such spaces available in a conscious and attractive way is presented on the example of projects implemented in the cities of: Stary Sącz, Nowy Targ and Kraków. The presented projects were used to make recommendations for city authorities to create green public spaces.

Degradacja powierzchni ziemi – zakres terminologiczny, metody oceny i perspektywy badań = Land degradation – definitions, methods and research perspectives

The analysis of the Scopus bibliographic database indicates a doubling of the frequency of use of the term land degradation in scientific articles from 302 to 658 times between 2010 and 2018. Most often it was used in publications in the fields of environmental, agricultural, biological, social and earth sciences, respectively. The growing interest in land degradation reflects expected population growth and the consequent increasing pressure on the natural environment on a global scale, with it at the same time being difficult to predict the effects of extreme events due to climate change. The purpose of the article is to review the definition of land degradation from the point of view of various scientific disciplines, and to draw attention to the methods of identification and assessment of land degradation, as well as research perspectives. The review of definitions indicates that land degradation is a complex concept lacking a single identifying feature. It describes how natural resources (soil, water, vegetation, rocks, air and topography) are depleted or experience a lowering in quality. Although a precise definition of the concept of degradation is not possible, due to the existence of many factors responsible for it, land degradation is by definition not merely an environmental problem, but also a social once. The diverse range of land degradation concepts results in difficulties with the development of methodology and the supply of comparable information. The choice of identification method and degradation assessment, next to the purpose of the study, depends on the latter’s spatial scale. At detailed scales, over areas of up to approx. 100 km2 (e.g. a small catchment), expert knowledge is most often used in conjunction with field survey and the analysis of cartographic and remote-sensing data. In the assessment of land degradation on a medium scale (that of a region or country), a desertification and land-use analysis developed for the Mediterranean region – MEDALUS (Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use) is often used. It takes into account the values of several physical variables, including climate characteristics, soil features, vegetation and anthropogenic factors, including land use with the forms of environmental protection. MEDALUS is a stable degradation assessment procedure, verified in many European countries, including Central Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, as well as China’s subtropical zone. Only four approaches have so far been used to assess degradation on a global scale. All studies were based on proxy data in the form of degradation indicators derived from expert studies at various scales, satellite observations, biophysical models and the inventorying of abandoned farmland. The presented definitions, research methods and results of studies on degradation indicate that there are still serious deficiencies with the identification of degradation factors and the study of their interactions, especially at regional and national levels. The gathering together of many local expert studies into unified databases should facilitate transition to analysis at the level of large physico-geographical regions and countries. In this context, the possibility of an assessment of land degradation being combined with one relating to the provisioning of ecosystem services would seem particularly interesting.

Reaction, Resilience, and the Trumpist Behemoth: Environmental Risk Management from “Hoax” to Technique of Domination

The election of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency has led to significant changes in environmental governance, unleashing an authoritarian, nationalistic, and business-deregulating juggernaut aimed at destroying various forms of environmental protection. We seek to name and explain this juggernaut as the Trumpist Behemoth. Using this terminology, we show how Neumann’s classic 1942 study of the Nazi Behemoth can be used to build a critique of the Trump administration’s approach to governance. We join this with the contemporary critique of Climate Leviathan by Mann and Wainwright along with diverse critical literatures on resilience to argue that the Trumpist Behemoth is further distinguished by its anti-Leviathan reactionary appropriation of the politics and practices of resilience. This creates a regime that retains certain neoliberal commitments to market rule but rearticulates and reterritorializes them nationalistically. Connecting business interests with a border-building vision of “America First,” it simultaneously reterritorializes nature as national in ways that obscure the global ecosystems and contradictions of the Anthropocene cum capitalocene out of which the Trumpist Behemoth has been birthed. Key Words: authoritarianism, climate Behemoth, green neoliberalism, reaction, resilience.

The Landscape Attractiveness of Abandoned Quarries

This study is a trial for presenting high attractiveness of shape form in abandoned quarry areas, as well as for indicating social interest in the areas in terms of their attractiveness. For this reason, a procedure of evaluation of the landscape attractiveness of abandoned quarries is suggested, which was created by assigning additional partial criteria, and their comparison with the criteria of already existing methods. Methods used for the research are as follows: the semantic differential technique (also called Osgood’s method), the entropy method, and the method of point bonitation. In order to verify the procedure suggested, 10 objects (quarries) located in the area of the Ślęża Landscape Park with its buffer zone were studied. Then, comparative studies were conducted, this time with quarries from Great Britain and Austria, also subject to some forms of environmental protection. The results of the research suggest that the main indicator of a quarries’ attractiveness is their uniqueness, aesthetic appeal, interest, and the curiosity they raise, which allows the formation of four classification groups for attractiveness: very attractive, attractive, slightly attractive, and unattractive quarries. The research conducted also indicates that highly attractive quarries may gain a larger number of tourists and the development of hiking, cycling, horse riding, and, in some cases, also qualified tourism (rock climbing or diving) through creating additional side attractions. Additionally, due to their uniqueness and form differentiation, abandoned quarries may be used for common social education, being a didactic place in programmes of touristic trips, science lessons, and ecological education.

Environmental management from left to right – on ideology, policy-specific beliefs and pro-environmental policy support

Due to growing environmental challenges, the demand for effective management through pro-environmental policy measures is increasing. The effectiveness is, however, largely determined by the degree to which the policy measures are supported by the actors affected by them. A consistent finding in the literature is that ideology (or subjective positioning on the left–right dimension) affects environmental policy support, with left-leaning individuals being more pro-environmental. A major caveat with previous research is that it seldom makes a distinction between different kinds of policies. Therefore, we are concerned with investigating how different ideological positions affect attitudes towards different forms of environmental protection. Using unique survey data, we show that ideology is related to conceptions about the fairness and effectiveness of different policy tools, which in turn steer preferences. In that sense, this paper makes the discussion on the effects of ideological position on pro-environmental policy support more nuanced.

The assessment of land cover in the Nowy Targ commune with particular focus on the area of Natura 2000

Summary The rural landscape in Poland has been changing for the past several dozen years. The changes are visible in the land use and land cover. Technological progress, changes in people’s outlook and a low profitability of agriculture resulted in transformations of rural landscapes, especially in the areas of high level of land fragmentation, as it is the case in the south part of Poland. These changes are accompanied by growing awareness of environmental or cultural landscape protection related issues. Recent years have also brought new forms of environmental protection, for example the programme Natura 2000, being the result of agreements with European Union. The network of Natura 2000 cover the areas of special protection of birds, habitats, and according to the Act on Nature Conservation – areas of special interest for the Community. The goal of this form of protection is a preservation of valuable or engendered elements of biodiversity. The question arises then whether in the era of landscape transformations and changes of land cover qualifying a particular area as part of Natura 2000 network has any influence on the way of land use. The aim of the article is an analysis and evaluation of land cover changes, also in the areas covered by Natura 2000 programme, within the piedmont commune of Nowy Targ in Malopolskie Voivodeship. Moreover, a thesis is proposed that submontane lands, specifically used, due to large terrain height differences, are faced with less intense urbanization pressures and land transformations. Is it also the case of the Nowy Targ commune, covered in more than 22% by the Natura 2000 areas?

Environmental Awareness Among the Rural Population in Natura 2000 Areas, with Bartoszyce and Sorkwity Communes as an Example

Abstract The aim of this study was to learn about environmental awareness among the inhabitants of communes in which Natura 2000 areas had been designated. Field study with the use of an interview questionnaire was conducted in 2013 in two communes of Warmińsko-Mazurskie province, namely Bartoszyce and Sorkwity. The study in-volved a total of 61 inhabitants. The obtained results demonstrated that despite the actual presence of various forms of environmental protection within the areas under study, the depth of knowledge in the subject concerned was relatively low among the local population. Research shows that the respondents perceive the need for pro-environmental measures; however, they rarely take those mea-sures themselves, unless they can see economic profits in it. Even though more than half of the respondents have heard the name Natura 2000, majority of them know nothing thereof.

Environmental Protection as Market Pathology?: Carbon Trading and the Dialectics of the ‘Double Movement’

Polanyi's concept of the ‘double movement’ is frequently interpreted as the opposition between the problematic and unsustainable dynamics of the market and the benign and normatively desirable reaction against this by ‘society’. This paper questions this dualistic interpretation of the double movement and undertakes a problematization of the Polanyian idea of social and environmental protection. It does this by revisiting the concept of the double movement in light of the recent proliferation of market-based mechanisms for environmental regulation. Through an exploration of the different interpretations of Polanyi's work, the paper presents a dialectical reading of the double movement that conceptualizes the idea of social protection within a broader capitalist framework. This is then illustrated with the case of emissions trading as a particular form of environmental protection. Carbon trading as a mitigation strategy, it is argued, corresponds to the Polanyian idea of ‘social protection’ in that its protective potential to reduce emissions is itself constrained by the socioeconomic framework within which it operates. This in turn points to the need for a critique of climate mitigation efforts that goes beyond a focus on current problems with emissions trading schemes.

Ecotourism – sustainable development

Nowadays tourism has become a very important element of modern life and culture and a significant factor of economical growth. In this article the problem of ecotourism in Poland is presented along with its perspectives of development and the conflicts which occur when it is practised on the large scale. This article presents areas mostly affected by the negative changes during the excessive practice of tourism e.g. seaside areas, high mountains, river banks, forests, caves, national parks, nature reserves. When one particular area becomes a national or scenic park, nature reserve or Natura 200 Area, it immediately attracts increased tourist traffic. All the forms of environmental protection are the most valuable locations to practice ecotourism. The least conflictual form of tourism is ecotourism = sustainable tourism. Key words: forms of environmental protection, ecological education, ecotourism, sustainable tourism.

Trust, Culture, and Cooperation: A Social Dilemma Analysis of Pro-Environmental Behaviors

Social dilemmas require a choice between cooperation, or sacrificing for the greater good, and self-interest. One commonly studied social dilemma is environmental conservation. Previous work suggests that trust predicts cooperation in the form of environmental protection. We contend that this view ignores cultural factors. Building on prior cross-cultural research, we predict an interaction between strength of social ties and trust on cooperation. Findings from General Social Survey data indicate that low trust levels found in the U.S. South (a collectivist culture) renders trust ineffective at promoting environmental protection. However, trust predicts cooperation in nonsouthern regions (which are more individualist), where trust levels are higher.

Implementation of the 1∶10 000 Scale for Visualisation of Environmental Changes

This paper is an elaboration of the theses proposed in ‘Cartographic presentation of forms and degradation of the natural environment: sozological map on a scale of 1∶50 000’ (), where a sozological map of Poland was presented. The said map contained comprehensive cartographic information on the forms of environmental protection and degradation, made to a scale of 1∶50 000. The thematic scope of the map has already been modified twice: in 1997 and in 2005, with the ensuing changes presented in corresponding manuals: Sozological Map on a Scale of 1∶50 000, in an Analogue and Digital Form (Chief National Geodesist, 1997) and Technical Guidelines GIS-4. Sozological Map of Poland, Scale of 1∶50 000, in an Analogue and Digital Form (2005). Many years’ worth of experience gained since the launch of this cartographic system points out to the need for broadening the presented content and improving the map’s scale. Thus, attempts have been made at rescaling the map to 1∶10 000. Increasing the degree of detail is particularly necessary for presenting areas of intensive human activity. In this paper, the authors propose technical and graphical solutions for the 1∶10 000 scale.

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.

Centenarians in Tuscany: The role of the environmental factors

Statistical data of Italy, issued on 1st January 2005, show that Tuscany has a high percentage of elderly subjects, and that to reach 100 years is a common possibility, mainly for women. Comparable values appear for longevity index (LI%), either calculated on the basis of the various resorts above sea level, or on the basis of the number of inhabitants. However, some differences are observed considering the various provinces: Grosseto Province has the second higher value of >65-year-old subjects, while its LI% is the lowest. Centenarity index (CI%) considerably differs from LI%: if ranking Tuscany according to the various heights of territorial positions, the first displays a negative, while the second one shows a positive correlation with the local height. If comparing for inhabitants number, CI% is maximal in provincial cities, while LI% is higher in smaller communities. All these data indicate that residents in small communities of the mountains reach easily 90 years, while 100 years are more frequently reached in larger cities in the plane areas. In conclusion, the highest province longevity (Lucca) coincides with the highest centenarian sex ratio, and it suggests that in this province the older women may enjoy particular forms of environmental protection, which helps them for reaching 100 years of age. Differences between the results of this study and others performed in Sardinia are discussed.

Les conflits d’environnement : entre sites et réserves

Cet article s’interroge sur les conflits lies a la mise en œuvre des politiques d’environnement dans les espaces ruraux. Il traite de deux formes contrastees de protection de l’environnement. La premiere (Reserve Biologique Forestiere Integrale) est de type sanctuariste, donc incompatible avec des activites humaines ordinaires, tandis que l’autre (issue de la directive Habitats) procede d’une demarche de concertation et n’exclut pas la presence humaine. L’interet de ces deux situations est qu’aucune espece de faune ou de flore emblematique n’est reellement mise en cause, ce qui invite a chercher ailleurs les raisons des conflits qui s’y deploient, a la base de dynamiques particulierement structurantes pour les territoires ruraux. Fondee sur une demarche et une documentation ethnographiques, la reflexion montre que ces conflits d’environnement amenent autant les collectifs a redefinir leurs relations aux ressources et aux espaces naturels qu’a ajuster les rapports sociaux faits d’autorite, de concurrence, et/ou de complementarite, qu’ils entretiennent les uns avec les autres. On montre en quoi la nature anthropologique des conflits d’environnement tient avant tout a la facon dont ces groupes veillent a assurer leur perennite dans l’espace et dans le temps.

Habitat protection: has the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 made a difference?

This article aims to ascertain the impact of the UK habitat protection system. This was one of the earliest examples in the environmental field of a regime which relies heavily on voluntary agreements coupled with financial incentives to achieve its objectives. The problems associated with the use of traditional command and control regulation for environmental protection have resulted in an increasing interest in such an approach. Since its inception, however, the habitat protection system has been described as 'toothless' and has been heavily criticised by numerous commentators. Despite this, the Government has indicated a continuing commitment to this approach for habitat protection and is proposing the use of a similar range of instruments for other forms of environmental protection. It is therefore valuable to examine the extent to which this approach has been effective.