Form Of Cosmopolitanism Research Articles

The Good State: in praise of ‘classical’ internationalism

The end of the Cold War has seen Western internationalism migrate from the margins to the centre of International Relations theory and practice. As a consequence the modest ambitions of what we might now call ‘classical internationalism’ have come under challenge from more thoroughly cosmopolitan varieties from both the right and left of the mainstream Western political spectrum whose commonalities, moreover, are arguably becoming as prominent as their differences. This article attempts to recover the classical internationalist project and, more specifically, the understanding of statehood that underpins it. Some observations on the distinctions and tensions between varieties of contemporary internationalist and cosmopolitan thinking about international politics are followed by a critique of a pervasive scholarly disinterest in the varieties of Western internationalist states. These two exercises form the backdrop to advocacy of the idea of ‘the Good State’ as a response to dominant forms of contemporary Western cosmopolitanism and their critics.

World legislation: The form and function of a romantic cosmopolitanism

I suggest that a potential fruit of the idea of cosmopolitanism is the challenge it can pose to conventional oppositions between Enlightenment and Romanticism, and between empiricism and visionary imagination. I attempt to sketch an outline of such a challenge by deriving a dialectical conception of cosmopolitism, on the models of Hegel's “concrete universal” and Benjamin's discussion of Klee's “Angelus Novus,” from Kant's Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose. I try to illustrate the pertinence of such a conception to both English Romanticism itself, with particular emphasis on Wordsworth's “Intimations Ode,” and to recent critical discourse upon it, by way of discussions of Hartman, McGann, and Chandler.

COLLECTING ABORIGINAL ART IN THE AUSTRALIAN NATION: TWO CASE STUDIES

How Aboriginal acrylic painting came to be reframed as “high art” is an interesting ethnohistorical question. Scholars have traced the increasing frequency of the exhibition of Aboriginal Australian acrylic painting and the increasing emphasis on the framework of fine art and contemporary fine art in these exhibitions. Individual artists come prominently into attention, both in the press and also—eventually—with one‐person exhibitions. In this article I delineate the collecting practices and ideologies that lie at the foundation of two of the important early collections of acrylic painting in Australia—that of Tim and Vivien Johnson (which was gifted eventually to the Art Gallery of New South Wales) and that of Dame Margaret Carnegie (some of which was gifted to the Art Gallery of Victoria). My aim is to explore the differences in their understanding of the art and its importance as part of a more concrete analysis of the forms of cultural convergence between Aboriginal culture and particular formations in the larger social world in which it came to circulate. These processes involve Australia's distinction as a nation as well as its postcolonial emergence from British domination toward varying forms of nationalist cosmopolitanism.

“Cosmopolitanism” as a feature of the greek commercial diaspora

This article suggests that “Cosmopolitanism” was not merely a distinctive feature of Mediterranean ports between the mid‐nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century, but also a specific cultural phenomenon that characterized commercial diasporas. The latter have played key roles in international trade and proved to be basic agents of change in the urban and civic development of Mediterranean cities. I use the two examples of Odessa and Alexandria to support my hypothesis that “Cosmopolitanism” may be described as a distinctive cultural worldview and a set of publicly oriented practices that drew inspiration from Western European progressive Enlightenment. It characterized the activities of a segment of the Greek (and other) commercial diasporas in the Eastern Mediterranean, and was inextricably linked with an increasing internationalization of trade in the early industrial period. It comprised certain skills and qualities developed by merchants of family and kinship‐embedded international trading houses. It was also accompanied by a wider civic‐oriented philanthropy for regional or local development, often outside national borders. These not only facilitated commerce, but also contributed to the development of urban infrastructures and the embellishment of towns through giving them a common “European” culture. The type of Cosmopolitanism described in this article blossomed principally in the age of empires and declined when nationalism progressively recast ethnic identities and redrew national frontiers. Nationalism and increased competition from northern Europe transformed the old cultural forms of Cosmopolitanism. Taken together, these two forces—one cultural and the other economic—hindered direct communication and exchange between the ports of the old empires, and restructured the trade routes through which international exchanges had occurred. This consequently led to a relative decline of Mediterranean ports, the repatriation of capital to the new national centres, and the reshaping of identities to conform to the new cultural and political exigencies of the new nation‐states.

Critical Theory, Democratic Justice and Globalisation

One way of providing a focus for critical theory today is to articulate those substantive and robust norms of egalitarian justice that would appear to be presupposed by the idea of a republican and democratic constitutional order. It is suggested here that democratic justice requires the equalisation of effective communicative freedom among all structurally constituted social groups (SCSGs) and that this will have far-reaching implications that entail the deconstruction of all social hierarchies in both domestic and global orders. This argument is presented in three sections. The first defends the focus on groups rather than individuals in theorising democratic justice. The second intervenes critically in contemporary debates surrounding the theoretical relation between various aspects of justice including the demands of redistribution, recognition and political empowerment. The third turns to the challenges for critical theory presented by a complex and multifaceted process of globalisation and it defends a qualified form of cosmopolitanism and high lights the need for a radical democratisation of the international order.

Complementary Medicine: Cosmopolitan and Popular Knowledge, and Transcultural Translations - Cases from Urban Mexico

This article discusses some aspects of the practice of complementary and traditional medicine in urban Mexico through a transcultural paradigm, hence it focuses on how medical knowledge(s) are commodified as well as how a `travelling' medical knowledge acquires agency in a transculturation process. This study, while analysing different practices of Chinese and Japanese medicine, argues that oriental medicine is translated in at least two ways - a popular and a cosmopolitan form - that shape particular expressions of citizenship. The popular form is carried out in low-income neighbourhoods and it focuses around a `Mexicanization' of oriental medicine and the reaffirmation of the popular as part of the national. Cosmopolitan medicine, on the other hand, is particularly practised in exclusive health spas and seeks to purge the popular out of the national and to incorporate `traditional' medicine as one of the multiple components of cosmopolitan consumption. The article argues that both popular and cosmopolitan expressions are important to understanding how complementary and oriental medicine have become not only part of a global market, but also part of a particular history of national and popular medical systems.

AN AFRO-ASIAN SPECIES OF MESOCYCLOPS (COPEPODA: CYCLOPOIDA) IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO

Abstract The presence of populations of the Afro-Asian cyclopoid copepod crustacean Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides Harada, 1931, in southeastern Mexico and in Central America is recorded. This species was recently redescribed in detail from Old World specimens. Because of the rarity of cosmopolitan forms in Mesocyclops, neotropical records of this species were suspected to be undescribed taxa of a widespread species complex. However, it was possible, through an upgraded morphological analysis and taxonomic comparison, to confirm the occurrence of M. thermocyclopoides in the neotropics. The American specimens are described in full. In the Americas, this species seems to be distributed in Mexico and Central America only. This is the third or fourth Asian or African species of the genus that has apparently been introduced into the New World by human agency. The others are M. pehpeiensis, M. ogunnus, and M. aspericornis.

The Prospects of a Cosmopolitan World Order

This article employs a case study approach using the process and outcome of the UN's Finance for Development Conference as a tracer in order to assess the empirical basis of the work of David Held (1995), Richard Falk (1995, 1998), James Bohman (1996, 1997, 1999), and John Dryzek (1999). Delanty's (2000) distinction between legal, political and `global public sphere' conceptions of cosmopolitanism is used in order to differentiate between the range of cosmopolitan agendas. The investigation suggested that while moves towards legal forms of cosmopolitanism were seen to be unlikely, minor moves towards political forms are occurring, while the establishment of a `global public sphere' was evident at and through the conference. The evidence suggested that a more coherent version of cosmopolitanism could be constructed through the incorporation of the different conceptions of cosmopolitanism. This would enable them to take account of a variety of forms of autonomy, and remain in touch with empirical reality while providing a coherent normative vision.

Consumer Culture, Ecology and the Possibility of Cosmopolitan Citizenship

This article argues that the study of citizenship needs to be engaged with questions raised by consumer cultures and ecological concerns. The article begins by investigating the different ways in which we might view contemporary consumer societies from the vantage point of citizenship. I go on to examine the relationship between citizenship and environmental questions. Finally, I argue that the social transformations brought about by the development of a consumer society and questions of ecological risk mean that citizenship needs to find cosmopolitan forms of expression. Unless ethical agendas are able to develop the practice of citizenship in this direction, we are unlikely to be able to find adequate political responses to some of the key dilemmas of our age.

Quantitative trait loci affecting a courtship signal in Drosophila melanogaster.

Courtship plays a major role in the sexual isolation of species, yet the genetics underlying courtship behaviour are poorly understood. Here we analyse quantitative trait loci (QTL) for a major component of courtship song in recombinant inbred lines derived from two laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster. The total variance among lines exceeds that between parental strains, and is broadly similar to that seen among geographic strains of the Cosmopolitan form of this species. Previous studies of the quantitative genetics of fly song have implied a polygenic additive inheritance with numerous genes spread throughout the genome. We find evidence for only three significant QTLs explaining 54% of the genetic variance in total. Thus there is evidence for a few large effect genes contributing to the genetic variance among lines. Interestingly, almost all of the candidate song genes previously described for D. melanogaster do not coincide with our QTLs.

Congolese Rumba and Other Cosmopolitanisms

In this paper I will look briefly at how Afro-Cuban music came to be imported and distributed in the Belgian Congo and I will discuss some of the stylistic borrowing that has given Congolese music a strongly Afro-Cuban flavor. But I am also interested in the way that Congolese rumba has gradually undergone a process of indigenization which has made it the “musica franca” of much of sub-Saharan Africa and an important marker of Congolese national identity. My central argument is that Cuban music became popular in the Congo not only because it retained elements of “traditional” African musical and performative aesthetics, but also because it stood for a form of urban cosmopolitanism which was something other than European. By comparing the appropriation of Afro-Cuban music in the Congo during two distinct historical periods (during the peak of colonialism and several years after the death of Mobutu), I hope to show not only how changes in larger political economies correspond with changing notions of cosmopolitanism in a local setting, but also how popular music mediates at various levels between the local and the foreign.

The Recent temperate foraminiferal biofacies of the Gippsland Shelf: an analogue for Neogene environmental analyses in southeastern Australia

Abstract. This study describes the foraminiferal biofacies of a temperate stenohaline shelf and associated euryhaline marine lakes of Gippsland in southeast Australia. The study incorporates facies analyses and interpretations of three types of foraminiferal distributional data: forms alive at the time of collection, recently dead forms and relict forms. Four principal biofacies types occur: (1) the euryhaline marine Gippsland Lakes silts and sands; (2) inner shelf medium to coarse quartz-rich sands and bioclastic silty sands; (3) medium shelf bryozoan-rich bioclastic silt and silty sand; (4) outer shelf bryozoan- and plankton-rich silts and fine sands.The euryhaline marine Gippsland Lakes silts and sands contain abundant Ammonia beccarii and Eggerella, with minor Quinqueloculina, Elphidium and Discorbinella. The Gippsland inner shelf biofacies (0–50 m depths) consists of medium to coarse quartz-rich sands and bioclastic silty sand. Abundant living, relict and recently dead miliolids occur in the inner shelf with rare planktonic forms. Common planktonic foraminifera, with Cibicides, Parrellina, Elphidium and Lenticulina and relict forms occur in the bryozoan-rich bioclastic silt and silty sand of the Gippsland middle shelf (50–100 m depth). Bryozoan and plankton-rich silts and fine sand occur in the outer shelf to upper slope facies (100–300 m) below swell wave base on the Gippsland Shelf. A diverse fauna with common textulariids, Uvigerina, Bulimina, Anomalinoides and Astrononion and rare relict forms, occurs in this biofacies. Planktonic foraminifera and Uvigerina are most abundant at the shelf break due to local upwelling at the head of the Bass Canyon.Estimates of faunal production rates from live/dead ratios and full assemblage data suggest that the fauna of the Gippsland Shelf has not been significantly reworked by wave and/or bioturbation processes. Most relict foraminifera occur in the inner shelf, with minor relict forms in the middle to outer shelf. This pattern is similar to other shelf regions in Australia, where shelf areas were exposed during Pleistocene lowstand times, principally reworking pre-existing inner to middle shelf faunas. Correspondence analyses of the foraminiferal data yield a clear depth-related distribution of the faunal assemblage data. Most of the modern Gippsland Shelf fauna are cosmopolitan species and nearly a third are (semi-)endemic taxa suitable for regional palaeo-environmental studies. From biostratigraphic studies it is clear that the modern Gippsland foraminiferal assemblage evolved since Early Miocene times, with most elements present by the Late Miocene. Hence, the Recent Gippsland Shelf foraminiferal biofacies distribution is a good analogue for Neogene palaeo-environmental studies in the region. The longer ranging pre-Miocene mixture of epifaunal and infaunal taxa are deeper shelf cosmopolitan forms and are inferred to be more conservative since they evolved in relatively lower stress environments, typifying mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions compared to inner shelf epifaunal forms with ecological niches markedly affected by sea-level and temperature fluctuations in zones of constant wave action, in oligotrophic environments.The foraminiferal and facies analogues of this study on the Gippsland Shelf can be used for palaeo-environmental analyses of the Gippsland and Otway Neogene sedimentary successions. Such improvements will lead ultimately to a better understanding of the evolution of the neritic realm in southeastern Australia, an area facing the evolving Southern Ocean during the Cenozoic.

Ammonoid faunas from the Cardium Formation (Turonian–Coniacian; Upper Cretaceous) and contiguous units, Alberta, Canada: II. Collignoniceratidae and Placenticeratidae

Ammonite species of the genera Prionocyclus, Subprionocyclus, and Collignoniceras described here from the Cardium Formation, in combination with scaphitid ammonoids and inoceramid bivalves, allow recognition of all biozones for the Turonian Stage (Upper Cretaceous) established farther south in the United States Western Interior Basin. Although many of the species used in this zonation were endemic to the Western Interior seaway, more cosmopolitan forms at some levels do allow correlation with western European sequences. The presence of Prionocyclus germari Reuss is firmly established in the lower parts of the Leyland Member, confirming the position of the Turonian-Coniacian boundary and earlier proposed constraints on the duration of the Cardinal–Leyland hiatus.

The city and the sea: evolving forms of Mediterranean cosmopolitanism in Tunis, 1700-1881

The city and the sea: evolving forms of Mediterranean cosmopolitanism in Tunis, 1700-1881

Ethical Reflections on the Institution of Asylum

This article explores the rationale for protecting and assisting refugees, from an ethical perspective. It also examines the relationship between a country’s obligation to provide asylum and that country’s affluence. The field of tension between statist and cosmopolitan ethics is analyzed. After showing that the former establishes weak and limited asylum obligations and after offering a brief argument for cosmopolitanism, the article explores cosmopolitan forms of utilitarianism, libertarianism, and egalitarianism. A reasonable synthesis of the last three perspectives is proposed: it includes a strong duty to provide asylum, a broad definition of the kinds of displacement that create entitlements to international protection and assistance, and international burden-sharing based on relative affluence.

Diversity and biogeographic distribution of Jurassic nautiloids of Kutch, India, during the fragmentation of Gondwana

Biogeographic distribution patterns of nautiloid species found in the Jurassic rocks of Kutch, India, are considered in relation to the fragmentation of Gondwana. The pattern of early diversity and endemism during Late Bathonian-Early Callovian times, followed later by a dominance of cosmopolitan forms particularly during the Oxfordian, is interpreted as a consequence of the rifting of Gondwana. The creation of a shallow basin immediately followed by drifting of the Indian Plate triggered early speciation events. The later development of sea routes made free faunal exchanges across the Tethys possible and resulted in a marked increase of pandemism in faunal association. Possible barriers to the dispersal of nautiloids are also briefly reviewed.

Characterization and sequencing of prototypic human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) from an HTLV-1/2 seroindeterminate patient.

Serological screening for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) parallels the standard screening process for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in which samples found positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are confirmed with a modified Western blot procedure. There are a significant number of cases in which HTLV-1/2 ELISA-positive specimens demonstrate an incomplete banding pattern on this Western blot. Individuals providing these atypical antibody responses are categorized as seroindeterminate for HTLV-1/2. Although HTLV-1 genomic sequences are readily detectable in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of seropositive individuals, previous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that PBL from the vast majority of HTLV-1/2 seroindeterminate individuals are PCR negative for HTLV-1. As a result, identification of the agent responsible for this indeterminate reactivity has been of interest. We have generated an HTLV-1-positive B-cell line (SI-1 B) from one of these seroindeterminate individuals. Previous screening for HTLV-1 in PBL from this patient had been routinely negative by primary PCR; however, HTLV-1 tax had been periodically detected by nested PCR. DNA sequence data generated with genomic DNA from the SI-1 B cell line and HTLV-1-specific primers demonstrated the presence of a full-length viral genome with >97% homology to the Cosmopolitan form of HTLV-1. A 12-bp deletion was identified in the 3'-gag/5'-prot region, which would predict translation of altered or nonfunctional proteins from these genes. We propose that this HTLV-1/2-seroindeterminate patient is infected with a prototypic form of HTLV-1 at an extremely low viral load and that this finding may explain HTLV-1/2 seroindeterminate reactivity in at least a subset of these individuals.

THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC MEDIA CULTURES

This paper seeks to tie in the arguments that can be connected to the development of a global media culture and concerns around cosmopolitan forms of democracy. This is done by considering arguments for: (i) a global human right initiative in respect of global media conglomerates; (ii) technological change in respect of digital cultures; and (iii) the arrival of what Castells'shas described as the culture of 'real virtuality'. These views and perspectives are assessed in terms of the contributions they are likely to make towards what I call a 'cautious cosmopolitanism'. Finally I seek to make some definite policy recommendations that might help foster conditions in which cosmopolitan democracy could flourish.

Conceptions of Cosmopolitanism

Lately there has been a renewal of interest among political philosophers and theorists in the idea of cosmopolitanism. However, there is little consensus among contemporary theorists about the precise content of a cosmopolitan position. This article calls attention to two different strands in recent thinking about cosmopolitanism. One strand presents it primarily as a doctrine about justice. The other presents it primarily as a doctrine about culture and the self. Although both forms of cosmopolitanism have some appeal, each is sometimes interpreted in ways that render it untenable. This article attempts to distinguish between the more and the less plausible versions of each form of cosmopolitanism. In each case, the distinction turns on how the normative status of particular interpersonal relationships and group affiliations is understood.

The Evolving Spheres of International Justice

Recent discussions about globalization and increasing global inequalities of wealth have reawakened interest in the possibility of a just international order. The unequal distribution of wealth remains central to discussions of global justice but it is not the sole consideration. Additional issues are raised by the democratic deficit in international relations, the growing importance of cross-border harm, the need for cooperation to protect the environment and the treatment of non-human species. These different spheres of justice prompt the question of whether states can act as agents of reform, encouraged by the more progressive forces in global civil society. A related issue is whether the interplay between the states-system and global civil society will lead to more cosmopolitan forms of national and international law. Answers to these questions require new advances in normative and empirical inquiry.