Form Of Compulsory Insurance Research Articles

SICK PAY INSURANCE AND SICKNESS ABSENCE: SOME EUROPEAN CROSS‐COUNTRY OBSERVATIONS AND A REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH

AbstractAll European countries have some form of compulsory insurance against the loss of income due to temporary disability. The insurance schemes vary widely between countries both in terms of measurable entities (such as the compensation level) as well as in unmeasurable traits concerning the actual implementation of the programs. In this paper we use European Labour Force Survey data to study how the measurable differences in the programs is associated with differences in absence rates. We also summarize the theoretical literature on insurance principles in this field. Based on the empirical literature we then discuss how different forms of incentives may affect the work absence rate.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ГРАЖДАНСКО-ПРАВОВЫХ МЕХАНИЗМОВ КАК ОДНОГО ИЗ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ ДЛЯ ВОЗМЕЩЕНИЯ УЩЕРБА УЧАСТНИКАМ ОБОРОТА ПИЩЕВОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ

We presented an analysis of regulatory documents governing the application of civil law mechanisms in ensuring the quality and safety of food products. An assessment of the property damage to the consumer was made when purchasing non-conforming products, including food fraud in the Russian Federation, the Urals Federal District and the Sverdlovsk Region for certain food groups and their compensation. It was found that property damage to the consumer significantly exceeds the amount of compensation of its moral damage according to the results of the assessment. We determined that the amount of property damage for all participants in the turnover of food products is formed from the costs arising from the circulation of hazardous products, including falsified ones, as well as during the seizure of defective products and in the framework of bringing to administrative responsibility in the form of fines and / or compensation for moral damage. Considering the amount of damage arising from the circulation of low-quality and dangerous food products, the application of civil law mechanisms in the form of compulsory insurance is a promising area, which makes it possible to provide social and economic guarantees for property protection of participants in the turnover.

Should Social Insurance Pay Compensation for Pain and Suffering?

origins in ancient Roman Law and which regulated civil liability in this field. In the process of its historical evolution, this system found concrete legislative expression in Continental Law in the French Code Civile of 1804', and later, in many laws in most States. Then, about a century ago, a second system emerged, designed, inter alia, for the same purpose. This was the system of social insurance, 2 and since that time, there are two parallel - albeit totally different - legal systems for ensuring conpensation for personal injury. The first milestone in the above-mentioned evolution was the German Workmen's Compensation Act 1884. This revolutionary Law, the passage of which constituted an event of utmost importance in the history of law, ushered in a new era in the field of compensation for personal injuries. Its importance was fourfold: first, it extricated, for the first time, a most important and defined segment of compensation (i.e. for work injuries) from the sphere of tort law, relocating it in another, totally new field. Secondly, it introduced, for the first time, liability insurance (concerning the liability of employers) of significant dimensions, in the novel form of compulsory insurance. Thirdly, it implemented, for the first time, a comprehensive system of No-Fault liability and insurance in the form of absolute liability; and fourthly, it embodied the archetype of social insurance in our time for the injured, and symbolised the birth of such insurance. In all these aspects, the said Law possesses the birthright on a world-wide level. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend for certain provisions in the field of tort law to be brought closer to the field of social insurance: consequently, it is possible to talk of the birth of a new category of legal provisions designed to compensate the victims of personal injury, represented by quasi-social provisions which have departed significantly from the classical forms of tort law.