Form Of Complex Ions Research Articles

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ И УСЛОВИЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КОШКАРЧАЙСКОГО МЕДНО-ПОРФИРОВОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ (МАЛЫЙ КАВКАЗ, АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН)

The paper deals with peculiarities of location and evolution features of Koshkarchay copper-porphyritic field of Murovdagh ore province. Major factors of concentration of copper-porphyritic mineralization in rocks of gabbro-diorite-granodiorite formation has been revealed. It has been established that the structure of this ore region was formed as a result of successive alteration of some deformation stages accompanied by development of fractures in intrusive massive, by dike intrusions, blocks displacements along faults and the fractures composed of various mineral associations. It has been made clear that the copper-porphyritic mineralization is related to the wide halo of hydro-thermal-deformed rocks, frequently observed with clearly outlined ore-metasomatic zones. The general column of metasomatic zonation within the limits of ore region and fields are expressed by successive alteration of the following metasomatic zones: quartz → kalifeldspath → quartz-sericite → argillizated → propylitic. Based on structural-morphological features it can be stated that mineralization in Koshkarchay field is stockwork-vein deposit of embedded type in which the impregnations dominate over veins. The major useful component is copper. Its percentage within stockwork body varies within the broad range – from 0.2 to 2.5 %, with average 0.41 %. Among the mineral resources significantly impacting the importance of the field the molybdenum and precious metals can be indicated. In some intervals the average gold content is 2.0 grams/ton and higher. High silver content was also identified and its value reaches 30-45 grams/ton and this may positively impact the whole value of the field. Results of factor analysis of well data allowed identifying geochemical associations for localization of the areas of mineralization at various stages of evolution of porphyritic-epithermal system. Values of Ф1 factor correlate with quantity of chalcopyrite, bornite and pyrite and from this it can be inferred the tie of geochemical association of Cu (Mo, Pb, Sb) to the early chalcopyrite-bornite-pyrite mineralization of porthyric stage of structure evolution. Values of Ф2 factor referring to the association Mo (Cu, Pb, Co), statistically are related to the content of chalcopyrite and molybdenite, which are the main mineral paragenesis of copper-molybdeneporphyritic mineralization. Thermal-pressure and chemical methods applied for researches on impregnations of ore of pyrite-chalcopyrite, galenitesphalerite-chalcopyrite stages in quartz made it possible to describe the fluid mode of ore formation in this field. Ore-forming hydrothermal solutions by the data of researches on fluid impregnations were the chloride-sodium type, salt concentrations varied from 20 to 30 mass % – eqv. NaCl. Ore components were transferring by these solutions in a form of complex ions containing chlorides of Na and K, rarely sulfates and carbonates. Ore forming process was going under temperatures of 350-2000 С. The certain range of physical and chemical parameters and chemical composition of ore forming fluid corresponds to each type of mineralization. The study results enabled us to define temperatures of homogenization of impregnations and evaluate temperatures of fluids during mineralization at each stage, as well as to define concentrations of major salt components. Complexity of targets evidence high perspectives of copper-porphyritic areas and areas outlined in a range of perspective ore fields.

Sulfuric acid recovery from acid mine drainage by means of electrodialysis

In the present work the recovery of sulfuric acid from acid mine drainage by means of 3-compartment electrodialysis (ED) is evaluated. An effective recovery of sulfuric acid free from Fe(III) species was obtained in the anodic compartment as a result of the co-ion exclusion mechanism in the membranes. The difference in the pH and pSO42− values between the membrane phase and the external electrolyte promotes the dissociation of complex species inside the membranes. This phenomenon impedes the transport of Fe(III) and sulfates in the form of complex ions toward the anodic and cathodic compartment, respectively. The current efficiency values of the anion-exchange membrane at different current densities were approximately constant with time. However, the increase in the recovery of acid decreases as the current increases. This result is explained by the shift in the equilibrium at the membrane/solution interface as more SO42− ions cross the anionic membrane and, by the enhancement of the dissociation of water when the limiting current density is exceeded. The main limitation of the process is related to an abrupt increase in the cell voltage due to the formation of precipitates at the surface of the cation-exchange membrane.

Influence of Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) complex formation on interaction with model cellular membranes

Influence of complex compounds of nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) with nitrogen containing ligands on conductivity of bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) was studied. The role of conditions (pH, metal and ligand concentration) on complex formation and interaction with BLMs was evaluated. Composition and form of complex ions in solution which maximally change conductivity have been calculated. Relationship between the complex form predominant in the solution and BLM conductivity indicated that complex ions influence mostly depended on surrounding ligands and did not depend on the nature of the central atom. Permeability coefficients for complex ions which maximally changed BLM conductivity were calculated.

In-situ Synthesis of Copper Phthalocyanine in Silica Xerogel Matrix

Using a newly developed “in-situ syntheses” technique during sol-gel process, copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is synthesized in-situ in silica xerogel matrix homogeneously. It has been confirmed by UV-Vis and IR spectroscopies that the copper ions which existed in the form of complex-ions [Cu(H2O)4]2+ and [CuCl4]2− in the stages of sol and wet gel were destroyed in the heat treatment process, meanwhile the copper phthalocyanine molecules were synthesized in-situ gradually during the wet gel to xerogel transition. The dimerization phenomenon of CuPc in the composite is suppressed greatly because the in-situ synthesized CuPc molecules were well isolated in the micro-pores of the xerogel matrix. The doping concentration of Copper phthalocyanine in sol-gel derived matrix can be enhanced also by this in-situ synthesis method.

UV/Visible Spectroscopy Studies of Ni(II) Coordination in Poly(ethylene Glycol)

Electrolyte solutions formed by low‐molecular‐weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are model systems for understanding the ion‐ion and ion‐polymer bonding in high‐molecular‐weight, poly(ethylene oxide)‐based solid polymer electrolytes. The electronic absorption spectra of Ni(II) in solutions of in PEG were analyzed to obtain information about the Ni(II) coordination environment. The results show that Ni(II) is partitioned between octahedral and tetrahedral complexes. The former are likely to be of the type or a variation which includes Br(‐ I) ions. They represent Ni(II) trapped by association with the polymer chains. The latter appear to be free Ni(II) in the form of complex ions. The equilibrium between the two Ni(II) forms shifts with salt concentration and can be correlated with changes in the viscosity and ionic conductivity of the electrolytes.

Schwefel-Isotopen-Untersuchungen am Pyrit-Sphalerit-Baryt-Lager Meggen/Lenne (Deutschland) und an verschiedenen Devon-Evaporiten

Sulphur isotope-ratios are reported for 65 sulphide samples and 72 barytes of the pyrite-sphalerite-baryte-deposit Meggen/Lenne. It was previously known that the Meggen “Kies”-deposit was formed in a shallow region of the Devonian ocean formed by the flat, dish-shaped top of a submarine elevation. The metal content (mainly pyrite) is derived from hydrothermal activity, and baryte was precipitated in a broad seam around the sulphide ore body. The S-isotope-ratios of both main components—sulphide and sulphate—differ only slightly from each other and show a markedly small spread. This contradicts any model of deriving both sulphur components from one common source : the transport of sulphide-and sulphate-ions in the same hydrothermal solution would give a large isotope fractionation due to the low temperature of formation (<100°C). Bacterial reduction of sulphate as a source of sulphide would give less fractionation but a large spread of δ-values, and concerning the deposition of baryte within a well separated seam, we can hardly derive the baryte-sulphur from oxydized ore-sulphide or hydrogen sulphide. Thus we must assume an individual source for each sulphur component: the sulphide sulphur has been brought by the metaliferous hydrothermal solutions probably in the form of complex ions, and the sulphate was precipitated from sea-water by Ba-ions of hydrothermal origin. Since no fractionation occurs in the normal sulphate precipitation, the baryte must preserve the S-isotope ratio of the Devonian ocean. This is proved by a plot of 25 new S-isotope measurements of Devonian evaporites from North America, published in this paper. Special attention is drawn to the evaluation of such evaporite data. Apart from the ore body, small amounts of sulphides of probably biogenic origin occur in various parts of the baryte-seam and in horizons above and beneath the deposit. They are depleted in S 34 and show a large spread of δ-values. The formation of a young fault within the ore body (Markhahnstörung) took place hydrothermally with a distinct fractionation of sulphur isotopes. From this fractionation a maximum temperature of 240°C is calculated for the mineralization.

STUDIES ON THE FORMATION AND IONIZATION OF THE COMPOUNDS OF CASEIN WITH ALKALI

1. Data from the results of transference experiments on solutions of the alkaline earth caseinates are given. 2. The data support the idea that part of the alkaline earth element is held by the casein in the form of complex ions. 3. Grounds are given for believing that the complex anions have a definite composition.