Formation Of Channels Research Articles

Experimental and theoretical investigation of cationic-based fluorescent-tagged polyacrylate copolymers for improving oil recovery

AbstractThe growing need for energy and the depletion of oil wells necessitate advanced Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, particularly water and polymer flooding, which play a crucial role in augmenting hydrocarbon recovery rates. However, water flooding in high-permeability layers often leads to water breakthroughs, reduced sweep efficiency, and the formation of preferential channels, posing significant challenges to oil recovery and reservoir management. Conformance control treatments, including the use of polymer microspheres, offer a promising solution by sealing high-permeability zones and enhancing sweep efficiency. This study focuses on the application of fluorescent polymer microspheres based on polyacrylamide, which is extensively employed in the oil sector as an oil displacement agent. Fluorescent polymers called Poly 400, Poly 200, and Poly 600, incorporating cationic methacrylamide monomers, were synthesized through copolymerization to create amphiphilic polymers with enhanced stability and functionality. These fluorescent polymers were evaluated through flooding tests using a quarter-five-spot model of transparent quartz glass under UV light, allowing for instantaneous measurement and observation of fluorescence intensity. At reservoir conditions, the oil displacement experiments confirm that the incremental oil after water flooding by Poly 400, Poly 200, and Poly 600, is 13.1%, 9.1%, and 6.1% of OOIP respectively. The findings showed that fluorescent polymer microspheres could efficiently target high-permeability layers, adapt to varying pore throat sizes, and improve the plugging rate of high-permeability channels, thereby optimizing oil recovery. A subsequent simulation study using the CMG simulator provided further insights into the efficacy of these fluorescent polymers as EOR agents, revealing their potential to enhance sweep efficiency and enhance oil recovery. Simulation results showed that oil saturation decreased from 68% (initial) to 13.5%, 16.1%, and 18.3% after Poly 400, Poly 200, and Poly 600 flooding respectively. This work highlights the potential of fluorescent polymer microspheres as a valuable tool for EOR applications, offering significant advancements in reservoir management and oil recovery optimization.

ANALYSIS OF YAM (Dioscorea spp) PRICES IN THE URBAN AND RURAL MARKETS IN THE WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the prices of yam (Dioscorea spp) in the urban and rural markets of the western agricultural zone of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Data of monthly urban and rural prices on yam were collected from Nasarawa State Agricultural development programme. The result of the descriptive statistics showed that the minimum (13.89) and maximum (500.00) prices were recorded in Toto and Nasarawa respectively. The result of the ADF test shows that the price series in the western zone were all stationary both at level I(0) and at first difference I(1) except for Toto that did not attain stationarity at level I(0) but attained stationary after first differencing I(I). The co-integration result shows that only four (4) pairs were not co-integrated and these were Nasarawa/Laminga, Masaka/Gitata, Masaka/T-Uku and Masaka/Ara. Also from the result of the Granger-causality test, sixteen yam market links of urban and rural market investigated, fifteen yam market links showed the evidence of no granger –causality, they all exhibited evidence of Uni-directional price movement. The rural prices of yam exhibited weak exogeneity to their corresponding urban market prices. There is need for improvement of road networks, transport and market infrastructure. The study recommended policy interventions for improvement of market integration which may take form of price formation channels, and improvement of market infrastructure including transportation and road network, such policy should works to reduce transport cost and enhance trade between rural and urban markets.

Anomalous scaling of branching tidal networks in global coastal wetlands and mudflats

Branching networks are key elements in natural landscapes and have attracted sustained research interest across the geosciences and numerous intersecting fields. The prevailing consensus has long held that branching networks are optimized and exhibit fractal properties adhering to power-law scaling relationships. However, tidal networks in coastal wetlands and mudflats exhibit scaling properties that defy conventional power-law descriptions, presenting a longstanding enigma. Here we show that the observed atypical scaling represents a universal deviation from an ideal fractal branching network capable of fully occupying the available space. Using satellite imagery of tidal networks from diverse global locations, we identified an inherent “laziness” in this deviation—where the increased ease of channel formation paradoxically decreases the space-filling efficiency of the network. We developed a theoretical model that reproduces the ideal fractal branching network and the laziness phenomenon. The model suggests that branching networks can emerge under a localized competition principle without adhering to conventionally assumed optimization-driven processes. These results reveal the dual nature of branching networks, where “laziness” complements the well-known optimization process. This property provides more flexible strategies for controlling tidal network morphogenesis, with implications for coastal management, wetland restoration, and studies in fluvial and planetary systems.

Vesical Varices: An Unusual Cause of Hematuria

AbstractPortal hypertension is a common complication of cirrhosis and may lead to the formation of venous collateral channels. Usually, varices due to portal hypertension develop in the lower esophagus, stomach, rectum, or other parts of the digestive tract. Extraintestinal ectopic varices are rare. Here, we present a patient with ectopic urinary bladder varices, who presented with hematuria and symptomatic anemia. The bleeding was managed with minimally invasive endovascular approach.

Analysis of appeals of the population of the Nizhny Novgorod region to the territorial health management authority during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction. Appeals of the population are important indicators of the realization of patient rights. Therefore, the Ministry of Health of the Nizhny Novgorod region pays great attention to the analysis of their causes. The purpose of this study was to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number and reasons for written appeals from the population to the territorial health authority of the Nizhny Novgorod region regarding the medical care provided. The materials were 37,898 citizens’ appeals over 2019–2021. Results. The number of written appeals in 2109 was 4916, in 2020 — 14832, in 2021 — 18150. The share of complaints in the structure of appeals decreased from 10,5 ± 0,4% for 2019 to 6,0 ± 0,2% in 2020 and 4,6 ± 0,2% for 2021. Reasons for writing complaints included the quality of medical care (32,9 ± 2,1% during 2019, 34,2 ± 1,6% during 2020, 22,6 ± 1,4% during 2021); refusal to provide medical care (20,5 ± 1,8% in 2019, up to 15,7% ± 1,2% over 2020 and 11,5 ± 1,1% over 2021); violations of ethics and deontology (18,8 ± 1,7% for 2019, 15,8 ± 1,6% for 2020 and 15,3 ± 1,2% for 2021); problems with access to medical care (12,0 ± 1,4% during 2019, 15,2 ± 1,2% during 2020, 19,2 ± 1,4% duirng 2021 year). Research limitations. Repeated requests were excluded. Conclusion. The example of the Nizhny Novgorod region demonstrates the openness of the Ministry of Health, the formation of feedback channels with patients to help to effectively mobilize resources to promptly address issues of providing medical care to the population in an emergency situation.

Quantifying the fractal complexity of nutrient transport channels in Escherichia coli biofilms under varying cell shape and growth environment.

Recent mesoscopic characterization of nutrient-transporting channels in Escherichia coli has allowed the identification and measurement of individual channels in whole mature colony biofilms. However, their complexity under different physiological and environmental conditions remains unknown. Analysis of confocal micrographs of colony biofilms formed by cell shape mutants of E. coli shows that channels have high fractal complexity, regardless of cell phenotype or growth medium. In particular, colony biofilms formed by the mutant strain ΔompR, which has a wide-cell phenotype, have a higher fractal dimension when grown on rich medium than when grown on minimal medium, with channel complexity affected by glucose and agar concentrations in the medium. Osmotic stress leads to a dramatic reduction in the ΔompR cell size but has a limited effect on channel morphology. This work shows that fractal image analysis is a powerful tool to quantify the effect of phenotypic mutations and growth environment on the morphological complexity of internal E. coli biofilm structures. If applied to a wider range of mutant strains, this approach could help elucidate the genetic determinants of channel formation in E. coli colony biofilms.

Hydrocarbon-based composite membranes containing sulfonated Poly(arylene thioether sulfone)-grafted 2D crown ether framework coordinated with cerium ions for PEMFC applications

We propose a novel strategy to develop sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) composite membranes that can simultaneously improve the physicochemical stability and proton conductivity of hydrocarbon-based membranes for PEMFC applications. This strategy involves the use of a sulfonated poly(arylene thioether sulfone)-grafted 2D crown ether framework coordinated with cerium3+ ions (SATS–C2O–Ce) as a promising filler material. SATS-C2O, a highly sulfonated polymer-grafted 2D framework containing crown ether holes in its skeletal structure, was prepared via self-condensation using halogenated phloroglucinol as a multifunctional building unit to form C2O, followed by condensation using SATS to graft the sulfonated polymer onto its edge. Ce3+ ions were directly coordinated within the crown ether holes of SATS-C2O via a simple doping process using aqueous Ce solution. The SPAES composite membranes containing SATS–C2O–Ce (SPAES/SATS–C2O–Ce) exhibited exceptional dimensional stability and mechanical toughness. The remarkable chemical stability of SPAES/SATS–C2O–Ce compared to that of pristine SPAES and SPAES/Ce (containing the same amount of Ce3+ ions but without SATS-C2O) was attributed to the well-dispersed state of Ce3+ ions within the SPAES matrix. Furthermore, the enhanced proton conductivity of SPAES/SATS–C2O–Ce surpassed those of pristine SPAES, SPAES/C2O, and SPAES/Ce by the formation of additional proton-conducting channels provided by the sulfonic acid groups of SATS–C2O–Ce, along with the improved water uptake capability of SPAES.

Facile constructing ZrO2 nanoparticles equipped with high conductivity carbon networks as pseudocapacitive anodes for removing phosphorus

Phosphorus pollution can seriously disrupt water quality and endanger ecosystem sustainability. Nonetheless, a few typical methods have been employed to remove phosphorus, but there are still challenges in controlling phosphorus from sewage. Capacitive deionization (CDI) displays the merits of having eco-friendliness and low energy consumption when capturing phosphorus. However, traditional carbon electrodes often suffer from the limitation that phosphorus uptake sites are insufficient. Herein, a novel ZrO2 nanoparticle equipped with a highly conductive carbon network (NZrC) was fabricated by a facile co-pyrolysis process. Na2EDTA can provide additional carbon backbones, N species, and metal chelation sites. Zr-MOF was applied as the ZrO2 precursor with abundant phosphorus trapping sites. The results suggested that Na2EDTA favors improving the ZrO2 dispersion, mesoporous channel formation, and pseudocapacitive behavior. NZrC-21 at 1.2 V displays low energy consumption and the optimal phosphorus uptake capacity of 10.99 mg P/g because of its rich mesoporous structure, abundant pyrrolic-N, graphitic-N, and ZrO2 active sites, and outstanding electrochemical properties. Furthermore, several key parameters were investigated for their effect on phosphorus removal performance. The mechanism revealed that hydrogen bonds, ligand exchange, and electrostatic attraction are the main uptake processes. This work presents a novel perspective for the facile construction and utilization of metal oxide nanoparticles equipped with a highly conductive carbon network for removing phosphorus.

Characteristics and Typical Influential Factors of Wildfire Caused by High-Voltage Transmission Line Breakage Faults

In order to investigate the characteristics and typical influential factors of wildfires caused by accidental faults in high-voltage transmission lines, a bespoke platform was constructed for the purpose of conducting simulation experiments. Discharge and ignition experiments were conducted on a variety of substrates, including kidney fern fragments, cedar needle fragments, poplar sawdust, and eucalyptus leaf fragments, to investigate the effects of different gaps on the initiation and propagation of wildfires. The results demonstrate that the discharge-inducing ignition stages can be succinctly summarized as “two phases and two points” (the discharge induction period, the gap breakdown point, the arc induction period and the fault removal point) when a suitable gap is maintained between the simulated falling lines and the vegetation surface. In the event of direct contact, the removal of the fault is not possible. The potential for ignition of the aforementioned vegetation types by the discharge is as follows: cedar needles > eucalyptus leaf fragments ≈ poplar sawdust > kidney fern fragments. As the water content increases, eucalyptus leaf fragments can still be ignited, and the breakdown voltages required for discharge-inducing ignitions gradually decrease. In the case of different forest ground vegetation types, when ignited by the discharge between the falling lines and the vegetation under conditions of proper gap and moisture content, the resulting ignition and sustained flames will promote the formation of streamer channels and further aggravate the discharges and burning processes, potentially leading to the ignition of a wildfire.

Low Fouling Molecular Selective Channels through Self-assembly of Cross-linked Block Copolymer Micelles for Selective Separation of Dye and Salt.

We report the solvent-evaporation and ionic cross-linking mediated self-assembly of the shell cross-linked micelles of the amphiphilic triblock copolymer containing middle poly(methyl methacrylate) block (hydrophobic) and poly(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate end blocks (hydrophilic) on the membrane substrate to create molecular selective channels. The formation of selective channels on the substrate is attributed to the local increase of micelle concentration upon solvent evaporation, which leads to the core-core hydrophobic interaction. The post-ionic cross-linking of the shell part further reduces the intermicelle distance, thereby creating interstices for selective separation. The TUF-1:1 membrane prepared by the self-assembly of the cross-linked micelles (triblock copolymer:halide-terminated PEG-based = 1:1 w w-1) and by the post-ionic cross-linking shows molecular weight cutoff of 3000 g mol-1 and pure water permeance of 52 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. The membrane shows 99.5-99.9% rejection of Congo red and Direct red-80 in the presence or absence of salts and Na2SO4 to dye separation factor of about 900. The added functionality (PEG) in the micelle structure provides good fouling-resistant properties toward dye and bovine serum albumin. This work provides the membrane formation mechanism and the advantages of the membrane for fractionation and resource recovery applications.

Driving DNA Nanopore Membrane Insertion through Dipolar Coupling.

DNA nanopores appear to be a plausible alternative to the use of transmembrane proteins. The specificity and programmability of DNA interactions allow the design of synthetic channels that insert into lipid bilayers and can regulate the ionic transport across them. In this Communication, we investigate the dependence of insertion capabilities on the electrostatic properties of the nanopore and show that the presence of a permanent electric dipole is an important factor for the nanopore to insert into the membrane. On the contrary, in the absence of such a dipole, most DNA nanopores bind to the bilayer without channel formation. We also show that this modification does not hinder the possibility of triggering a measurable conformational change with a single short oligonucleotide.

Conductance Channels in a Single-Entity Enzyme.

For a long time, the prevailing view in the scientific community was that proteins, being complex macromolecules composed of amino acid chains linked by peptide bonds, adopt folded structure with insulating or semiconducting properties, with high bandgaps. However, recent discoveries of unexpectedly high conductance levels, reaching values in the range of dozens of nanosiemens (nS) in proteins, have challenged this conventional understanding. In this study, we used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to explore the single-entity conductance properties of enzymatic channels, focusing on bilirubin oxidase (BOD) as a model metalloprotein. By immobilizing BOD on a conductive carbon surface, we discern its preferred orientation, facilitating the formation of electronic and ionic channels. These channels show efficient electron transport (ETp), with apparent conductance up to the 15 nS range. Notably, these conductance pathways are localized, minimizing electron transport barriers due to solvents and ions, underscoring BOD's redox versatility. Furthermore, electron transfer (ET) within the BOD occurs via preferential pathways. The alignment of the conductance channels with hydrophilicity maps, molecular vacancies, and regions accessible to electrolytes explains the observed conductance values. Additionally, BOD exhibits redox activity, with its active center playing a critical role in the ETp process. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the intricate mechanisms that govern ETp processes in proteins, offering new insights into the conductance of metalloproteins.

Investigation into the swelling and dissolution behaviour of Polymer-Excipient blends of PEO Utilising dissolution imaging

The use of dissolution imaging in analysing the behaviourof hydrophilic matrices and various types of excipients is examined in this study.The main aim was to investigate how different ratios of excipients with different solubility properties, such as lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and dicalcium phosphate impact on the swelling properties and propranolol hydrochloride (PPN) release characteristics of polyethylene oxide matrix compacts. The surface properties of the compacts were investigated using a focus variation microscope after which dissolution studies were conducted to determine compact swelling and drug release properties. Smr2, a surface parameter representing the percentage of deeper valley structures on the surface, was used to calculate the proportion of the compact surface available for retaining lubrication (dissolution media in this case). Smr2 values of 83 and 84 were measured for the 1:1 and 1:3 PEO lactose compacts, respectively. This parameter utilised in this experiment gives an indication of the compact surface available for the initial hydration process and suggests a higher rate of hydration for the 1:1 and 1:3 PEO lactose compacts. The swelling studies revealed that a higher PEO ratio (3:1) resulted in more extensive gel layer formation as compared to the 1:3 compacts. All PEO:excipient compacts exhibited faster drug release than the compacts comprising PEO as the sole excipient. The quantity of PEO present was thus crucial in influencing the capacity of the matrix to control the release of PPN. This study underscores the potential for modifying drug release by altering the quantity of the matrix gel-former (PEO in this case) as well as the type or ratio of excipient used. The study also highlights the novelty of using UV dissolution imaging to image and quantify swelling and drug dissolution processes as well as providing qualitative observations such as channel formation which can support formulation optimisation and mechanistic understanding.

Experimental study on an improved direct-contact thermal energy storage container

Direct-contact thermal energy storage (TES) systems characterized by high heat density and rapid heat transfer rates have been exploited for the collection of industrial waste or surplus heat for subsequent utilization. In order to address blockage issue at the initial stage of charging process, an improved direct-contact TES container was developed by incorporating a double-pipe structure at both the inlet and outlet. Within the container, a U-shaped tube serving as the inner tube was concentrically positioned from the inlet to the outlet. Erythritol was selected as the phase change material (PCM), while heat transfer oil (HTO) functioned as the heat transfer medium during experimentation. During the charging process, hot HTO initially flowed through the U-shaped tube, establishing an indirect contact with the PCM. The high thermal conductivity of the U-shaped tube wall expedited the formation of a flow channel within the solid PCM. The duration of forming flow channel was 6 to 13 min. In the discharging phase, the liquid PCM was segregated into convection and conduction zones. The indirect-contact TES experiments were also conducted in the same container. Comparison between indirect-contact and direct-contact TES were analysed from the aspects of phase change behavior, charging and discharging time with the identical container structure and theoretical heat capacity. Results indicated that the direct-contact TES container exhibited superior heat storage and release rates, with the direct-contact discharging time being approximately a quarter of the indirect-contact duration. The phase change behavior of the PCM was notably influenced by the movement of HTO within the direct-contact storage container.

Suspended Droplets Discharge Characteristics

ABSTRACTThis study investigates discharge phenomena in suspended droplets using needle–needle electrodes. By employing ultrasonic suspension technology for noncontact droplet suspension and high‐speed cameras for capturing time‐resolved discharge images, the study examines the impact of droplets on discharge characteristics and morphology. Results show that droplets alter the electric field distribution, affecting discharge paths. Low‐conductivity droplets hinder discharge, causing deflection or changes in the discharge channel, whereas high‐conductivity droplets act as suspended electrodes, facilitating discharge channel formation, reducing breakdown voltage and shortening the establishment time. Droplets transition from ellipsoid to flat and back during discharge, with high‐conductivity droplets potentially undergoing liquid explosion. These findings are crucial for designing high‐voltage equipment in liquid‐contaminated environments.

Effect of traps and conductive pathways on electron emission from copper broad-area composite emitters

This study investigates electron emission from copper broad-area emitters (CBAEs) and copper broad-area composite emitters (CBACEs) based on the principles of trapping and conductive pathways. Emission current measurements were conducted on two CBACEs, which consisted of copper coated with a 300–400 μm epoxy resin and subjected to high voltages up to 15 kV. The research specifically examines the ‘switch-on’ and collapse phenomena occurring within the epoxy layer. Field emission microscopy (FEM) was utilized in a high-vacuum environment ( 10−6 mbar) to observe these effects. A comprehensive model is developed to explain the formation of conductive pathways within the epoxy layer, allowing electrons transfer from traps to the surface. This model treats the composite emitter as a trap-rich capacitor. The study also clarifies the effects of trap density and epoxy layer thickness on the collapse process. To gain a deeper understanding of the model, changes in the I-V curve were examined. Simulations, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) images, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were employed to understand the collapse mechanism of the epoxy collapse. Additionally, Nyquist and Cole–Cole plots were analyzed across frequencies ranging from 1 to 106 Hz before and after applying a high electric field on the samples, revealing changes in the capacitive component and the role of diodes in the formation of conductive channels.

Development and distribution of submarine channels associated with sediment gravity flows in the modern Huanghe (Yellow River) subaqueous delta

BackgroundGravity-driven depositional processes play a pivotal role in shaping the geomorphology of subaqueous deltas worldwide, particularly by eroding the seafloor, leading to the formation of rugged submarine channels (SCs) and triggering various subaqueous geohazards. A comprehensive understanding of SCs is crucial for elucidating these depositional mechanisms and mitigating the risks associated with submarine geohazards. Although SCs in the Huanghe delta front have been previously identified, often described as seafloor gullies or subsurface “disturbed strata,” most studies have primarily concentrated on their engineering geological properties. However, there has been limited research on the scale, morphology, and development of these SCs, especially those that are buried within the stratigraphy.MethodsThis study integrates high-resolution sub-bottom data, sediment core analyses, and historical bathymetric data to investigate the morphology, distribution, and formation mechanisms of SCs in the Huanghe subaqueous delta.ResultsThe SCs, both buried and exposed, are widespread along the middle and upper delta front, predominantly located at or near the landward flank of sediment gravity flow (SGF) -related accumulations. The buried SCs are characterized by cut-and-fill structures with transparent to semi-transparent fills, indicating rapid infilling processes as SGF energy dissipates. These buried channels were preserved within different sets of delta front deposits formed during 1855–1964 CE, 1964–1976 CE, and 1976–2007 CE, with the latter two periods separated by a significant lobe-switching event in 1976 CE. This event, combined with prevailing southeastward sediment transport and erosional regimes, appears to have controlled the preservation of SCs along the delta front: SCs in the Diaokou Lobe's delta front (pre-1976) suffered significant erosion, leaving only one set of channel (erosional remnants) preserved, while the SCs in the Qingshuigou Lobe's delta front (post-1976) are characterized by well-preserved, multi-phase channels at different horizons. The cross-section morphology of the SCs reveal three primary types: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and composite, corresponding respectively to (1) idealized SGF incision, (2) uneven incision intensity on either side of the SCs, and (3) the merging of two or more symmetrical/asymmetrical SCs.ConclusionsWe describe in detail the morphology, distribution and development of SCs in the modern Huanghe subaqueous delta. These findings provide insights into the formation and distribution of SCs in other shallow marine settings, particularly in delta front areas, and potentially offer information for disaster prevention and engineering development in such regions.

Electromagnetic fields transformation in UWB infinite antenna arrays in the cluster excitation mode

Infinite ultra-wideband (UWB) arrays of TEM horns and Vivaldi antennas were considered. At the first stage we used an array model in the quasi-periodic excitation mode in the form of a Floquet channel. It was implemented in the HFSS electromagnetic modeling system. At the second stage the array parameters in the cluster excitation mode were determined using the calculated scattering matrix of the Floquet channel. Two clusters of TEM horns and Vivaldi antennas were analyzed. They were finite along one coordinate and infinite along the other. It was investigated how the cluster size, frequency, amplitude distribution of exciting waves, scanning in the sector of angles affect the shape of the amplitude-phase distribution of the field in the array aperture. It was shown that the field distribution in the emitting aperture may differ significantly from the distribution of exciting waves at the inputs of the array elements. An explanation of this effect based on the representation of the field in the array in the form of a superposition of its eigen waves was proposed.

Field Ion Microscopy of Tungsten Nano-Tips Coated with Thin Layer of Epoxy Resin

This paper presents an analysis of the field ion emission mechanism of tungsten–epoxy nanocomposite emitters and compares their performance with that of tungsten nano-field emitters. The emission mechanism is described using the theory of induced conductive channels. Tungsten emitters with a radius of 70 nm were fabricated using electrochemical polishing and coated with a 20 nm epoxy resin layer. Characterization of the emitters, both before and after coating, was performed using electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The Tungsten nanocomposite emitter was tested using a field ion microscope (FIM) in the voltage range of 0–15 kV. The FIM analyses revealed differences in the emission ion density distributions between the uncoated and coated emitters. The uncoated tungsten tips exhibited the expected crystalline surface atomic distribution in the FIM images, whereas the coated emitters displayed randomly distributed emission spots, indicating the formation of induced conductive channels within the resin layer. The atom probe results are consistent with the FIM findings, suggesting that the formation of conductive channels is more likely to occur in areas where the resin surface is irregular and exhibits protrusions. These findings highlight the distinct emission mechanisms of both emitter types.

Remote implementation of hidden or partially unknown quantum operators using optimal resources: a generalized view

Two protocols are proposed for two closely linked but different variants of remote implementation of quantum operators of specific forms The first protocol is designed for the remote implementation of the single qubit hidden quantum operator, whereas the second one is designed for the remote implementation of the partially unknown single qubit quantum operator. In both cases two-qubit maximally entangled state, which is entangled in the spatial degree of freedom is used. The quantum resources used here are optimal and easy to realize and maintain in comparison to the multi-partite or multi-mode entangled states used in earlier works. The impact of photon loss due to interaction with the environment is analyzed for both the schemes. The proposed protocols are also generalized to their controlled, bidirectional, cyclic, controlled cyclic, and controlled bidirectional versions and it is shown that either Bell state alone or products of Bell states will be sufficient to perform these tasks with some additional classical communications in the controlled cases only. This is in sharp contrast to the earlier proposals that require large entangled states. In addition, it’s noted that remote implementation of hidden or partially unknown operators involving multiple controllers and/or multiple players who jointly apply the desired operator(s) would require quantum channels more complex than the Bell states and their products. Explicit forms of such quantum channels are also provided.