Form Of Barter Research Articles

The Role of Student Radio Stations in the Higher Education System

Student radio stations are an important part of the media environment in Slovakia. Our research focused on obtaining information on the functioning of these stations, including their legal regulation, training of new members and formal integration into university structures. Student radio stations have several rights and obligations secured by the new Slovak Media Act and can be classified as community radio stations. Students are mostly mentored and apprenticed by senior radio colleagues for a semester or a whole year to hone their communication skills, create scripts and master broadcasting techniques. Student radio stations are under the umbrella of, or are part of, a university, but focus on student topics in content and do not serve as a medium for a given educational institution. The topic for discussion remains whether the student radio stations are fulfilling their legal obligations and whether they are interested in applying for a radio broadcasting licence. The qualitative research carried out in this study shows that the majority of radio stations in Slovakia have advertisements on air, mostly in the form of barter, and the principles regarding commercial media communication are not always followed. A big question mark is the possibility of obtaining a radio broadcasting licence, as the current legislation may be too restrictive for student radio stations. Overall, the research has shown that student radio stations are an important part of the media environment and can provide students with valuable experience and knowledge in media work.

Cousin Marriage Is Not Choice: Muslim Marriage and Underdevelopment

According to classical Muslim marriage law, a woman needs her guardian's (viz. father's) consent to marry. However, the resulting marriage payment, the mahr, is hers. This split bill may lie behind the high rates of consanguineous marriage in the Muslim world, where country estimates range from 20 to 60 percent. Cousin marriage can stem from a form of barter in which fathers contribute daughters to an extended family bridal pool against sons' right to draw from the same pool. In the resulting system, women are robbed of their mahr and sons marry by guarding their sisters' “honor” and heeding clan elders.

Aristotelian Economics and Athenian Tragedy

his contribution to this volume, Scott Meikle focuses on the distinction in Aristotle's Politics between, on the one hand, the acquisition of money so as to acquire wealth for the household or polis, and, on the other hand, the acquisition of money as an end in itself. The former is limited, as the needs of the household or polis are limited, whereas the latter is unlimited. Aristotle praises the former and calls it natural, whereas he condemns the latter and calls it unnatural: In the earliest form of association, the household, there is clearly no need for the exchange of goods.1 Its members share all things. But when the size of associations is extended, the need for exchange develops, first in the form of barter, and then, as supply comes to depend more on outsiders, in the form of money. Despite the impossi bility in his day of household self-sufficiency, Aristotle is disposed in its favor (resources should be provided by nature [P 1258a34] ), since it is furthest removed from the money-making that he condemns (P1256al 1258b8). And so the passage exhibits the following coordinated set of polarities: COMMUNITY OUTSIDERS of which the extreme case is of which the extreme case is HOUSEHOLD FOREIGNERS SELF-SUFFICIENCY TRADE GOODS MONEY LIMIT UNLIMIT NATURAL UNNATURAL MORAL IMMORAL

Peak-Power-Demand Limitation through Independent Consumer Coordination

The allocation of resources to competing entities is a significant problem in various applications areas. There are many examples of situations in which it is necessary to impose a global constraint limiting the total quantities of resources available to individual consumers while there is no global objective to govern the distribution. The problem of limiting peak demand for power among loosely related buildings such as those on a college campus provides an example application. The individual objective performances of some loosely coupled independent buildings can be improved if resources can be exchanged, but such exchange becomes difficult if resource exchanges are required to balance. Since the buildings are independent, the exchange of resources may be required to occur without compromising this independence. A mechanism is presented to support resource exchanges among independent users while assuring that the average resource exchanged remains at zero and the autonomy of the individual users is retained. The presented mechanism uses a simplified form of barter to eliminate the need for gaming in certain cases.

Power and Taxes in a multi-commodity economy

Taxation and redistribution in a democratic majority-rule society are analyzed, using the Harsanyi-Shapley non-transferable utility value. The context is that of a multi-commodity pure exchange economy. Two approaches are treated: one in which taxes are in kind and exchange takes the form of barter; and one in which taxes are in money, exchange takes the form of sale and purchase, and prices are determined by a process of supply and demand. It is shown that in the presence of a non-atomic continuum of agents, the two approaches are equivalent, but that this is not so when there are only finitely many agents. It is also shown that the value exists under both approaches, and a characterization is found in the non-atomic case.

English Bards and APSR Reviewers

Recently the Review has extended its hospitality to studies which are not, technically, within the discipline it serves. A new school of Shakespeare criticism may be in the making; and since everyone deplores departmentalization, one should like to welcome, without misgivings, APSR publication of two Shakespeare interpretations. But I, for one, do have misgivings. It may be that the views of the authors are useful and needful for political theory; of that I am no judge. But I am sure that to present these views as Shakespeare's can serve neither political theory nor Shakespeare criticism. The study of Shakespeare can profit from a knowledge of the history of political theory; and we on the belletristic side of the quad like to think that we are not the sole beneficiaries of the exchange. But the two articles in question go beyond this simple form of barter; they are interpretations of dramatic poetry. They do not accept and retail what Shakespeare criticism has concluded about the poet's political philosophy; they are ambitious attempts to discover this philosophy by taking a direct and novel look at some Shakespearean texts. That is a praiseworthy ambition; but it demands something the authors do not have nor even know they lack: an adequate concept of the specificity of literature as a mode of discourse different from other modes. They have a worthy aim: to give a great poet a voice in the great concerns of practical life. But they have not yet learned to distinguish between the poet's voice and their own—so that, though I greet the aim, I must withhold the applause.

English Bards and APSR Reviewers

Recently the Review has extended its hospitality to studies which are not, technically, within the discipline it serves. A new school of Shakespeare criticism may be in the making; and since everyone deplores departmentalization, one should like to welcome, without misgivings, APSR publication of two Shakespeare interpretations. But I, for one, do have misgivings. It may be that the views of the authors are useful and needful for political theory; of that I am no judge. But I am sure that to present these views as Shakespeare's can serve neither political theory nor Shakespeare criticism. The study of Shakespeare can profit from a knowledge of the history of political theory; and we on the belletristic side of the quad like to think that we are not the sole beneficiaries of the exchange. But the two articles in question go beyond this simple form of barter; they are interpretations of dramatic poetry. They do not accept and retail what Shakespeare criticism has concluded about the poet's political philosophy; they are ambitious attempts to discover this philosophy by taking a direct and novel look at some Shakespearean texts. That is a praiseworthy ambition; but it demands something the authors do not have nor even know they lack: an adequate concept of the specificity of literature as a mode of discourse different from other modes. They have a worthy aim: to give a great poet a voice in the great concerns of practical life. But they have not yet learned to distinguish between the poet's voice and their own—so that, though I greet the aim, I must withhold the applause.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HISTORY OF CHINESE MONEY

Men are bound by their body, and the body consists of material substances. From this, it is evident that men may not go without a material life. And, on the basis of such material life develop economic phenomena. On the other hand, it is self-evident that material substances are governed by natural laws. The natural laws, in their turn, are endowed with a universal applicability. The economic phenomena, therefore, are invariably universal and general in their nature, having something in common everywhere. This is especially true with the phenomena attendant upon money. As the natural economy advances into classified production, circulation, in whatever form, follows. Circulation, in the first place, presents itself in the form of exchange, which develops at first in the form of barter. It is noted, however, that barter is not without defects, and here comes in money. First, such money takes the form of commodity currency, which, by degrees, evolves itself in metals. The process here begins with the currency by weight and ends with coined money. It is in this stage that money, in its accepted senese, comes in. Further, such coined money urges the appearance of paper money. First, paper money appears in the form of convertible notes, which, subsequently, is followed by incovertible notes, and, further, even by deposit money. It may be said that all these are same everywhere. Seldom does a difference appear according to different countries and different races. True, in China, too, the history of money has followed such a process. Back in the immemorial ancient days, everything was so vague that nothing definite could be stated. However, the following ancient Chinese poem may be taken as an evidence of self-production economy being pursued by people of such remotely ancient times : At sunrise I begin my work, At sunset I take my repose, I dig a well to get my drink, I plow my field to crop my rice ••• why, then, should I e'er care