Forms Of Agricultural Management Research Articles

АРХИТЕКТОНИКА ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО МЕХАНИЗМА АДАПТАЦИИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ФОРМ АГРОХОЗЯЙСТВОВАНИЯ К НОВЫМ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИМ УКЛАДАМ И ИНТЕГРАЦИОННЫМ ПРОЦЕССАМ

The formation of an effective competitive agricultural production, which is based on a combination of various forms of agricultural management, is largely ensured by the creation of adequate and comfortable conditions for managing each of the forms of agribusiness. The existing shortcomings of the agrarian policy in terms of weak adaptability to new economic conditions, the bias of state support towards large agribusiness, etc. require measures to improve its organizational and economic elements. To solve this issue, it is necessary to work out methodological approaches to the development of an organizational and economic mechanism for the adaptation of agribusiness entities to new economic conditions, as the basis of modern agricultural policy of the state. A systematic approach to the construction of the mechanism implies the consistency and interdependence of its elements: from the definition of targets for the development of the agricultural sector to the implementation of measures and directions for their achievement at all levels of public administration in compliance with a number of principles. The main ones are: an integrated approach, parity of interests and adaptability of agricultural structures, innovation and potential of farms. When choosing directions for improving the organizational and economic mechanism of adaptation, it is advisable to determine not only the resource (financial) capabilities of authorities at all levels, but also the restrictive parameters of the development of institutional structures of the agricultural sector of the economy. Namely: the level of technological development of the country’s economy and individual industries, the economic and political course of the state, the availability of equal access of agricultural entities to information, financial, technical and other resources, the degree of trust between business and government agencies, innovative approach in management methods, etc.

Современное состояние и прогнозная модель развития аграрной структуры отечественного АПК

Abstract. Purpose. The purpose of the research is to analyze the existing and build a forecast model for the development of various forms of agricultural management and their combination, which determine the level of production potential of the country's multicultural agriculture. Methods. When conducting scientific research, such methods as: monographic, economic comparisons, graphic techniques, monitoring studies, institutional and system analysis, econometric research methods were used. Statistical data of Rosstat, the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia and their regional divisions were used as an empirical basis for carrying out forecast calculations. Scientific novelty. The author proposes a trend model for forecasting the development of the agrarian structure of Russia for 2030. The most important factors of the modern development of the industry that determine the likely change in the agrarian structure of Russia in the medium term: instability of geopolitical and trade and economic cooperation, as well as the strengthening of the scale of the policy of economic sanctions are highlighted. Results. The article discusses the main current trends in the development of a multi-layered agricultural structure, as well as the forecast parameters of its development. The analysis showed that the modern agrarian structure of Russia is characterized by trends of consolidation and the predominance of agricultural organizations and agroholding structures, which account for almost 60% of agricultural production. The forecast calculations carried out allow us to talk about the strengthening of the positions of large agribusiness and the development of the farming sector with a simultaneous reduction in the role of households for the next 10 years. The developed forecast picture of the development of the agrarian structure can serve as a vector determining the main directions of improvement and adjustment of mechanisms and instruments of state regulation and support of the agricultural sector, ensuring the sustainable development of the industry on an innovative basis.

Концепция адаптации субъектов агробизнеса к новым условиям технологического и мирохозяйственного укладов: методологические подходы разработки

Purpose: research and substantiation of methodological approaches that ensure the consistency of concept development and the reliability of adaptive mechanisms for the functioning of various forms of agricultural management in new economic conditions. Methods. Scientific research is based on application of monographic, analytical, abstract-logical methods, as well as the method of generalization. Results. As a result of political and trade-economic transformations that take place both within the country and at the level of interstate cooperation, the domestic agricultural sector of the economy has found itself in an extremely disadvantageous position. The influence of systemic issues of the agricultural sector is increasing (the level of material and technical equipment, financial instability of agribusiness entities, issues of staffing, price disparity, etc.). In this regard, the activation of adaptive mechanisms for the development of various forms of agricultural management is required. The key role in this case is assigned to the system of state regulation and support of Russian agriculture through the development and effective implementation of a unified concept for the adaptation of agribusiness entities under the conditions of the new technological and world economic paradigms formation. Conclusions. In order to develop and implement a strategy that includes effective and adequate measures to ensure the adaptation of the management system of the agrarian structure and its regulation to the new economic conditions both within the country and in the foreign economic space, methodological approaches to its development are proposed. The elements of methodological approaches are: the current state and predictive trends in the development of the agrarian structure, analysis of the level of technological effectiveness and innovation of the industry, analysis of the features and characteristics of new technological and world economic structures, the study of key problems of innovative and technological development of the agrarian structure of the industry, strategic directions of adaptation of mixed agriculture in Russia.

Geochemical fingerprint of agricultural liming as a regular management practice in Modern-period Basque farming

The Modern period in Europe is marked by the introduction of deep agricultural changes. In the Basque Country (northern Spain), the implantation of an intensive crop rotation was made possible by the expansion of agricultural liming, although the extent and implications of this practice have not been previously explored in depth. The present paper proposes a multidisciplinary approach to this question, based on the combined analysis of archival sources, toponymy, visual prospection focused on the presence of limekilns, and agricultural soil coring in four local contexts of the Atlantic Basque Country. The results show, for the first time, evidence of concurrent and widespread liming in this territory at the edge of the 18th century, with strong implications for the model of agricultural management in the communities involved. The spreading of mineral fertilisation reflects an intensification in the forms of agricultural management, in the framework of a new relationship between land and labour that emerged after the introduction of American crops. Continuous liming for more than 200 years exerted a deep impact in the analysed soils, with interesting socio-economic and ecological implications that are representative of the potential short-term effects that changing relationship between humans and their socio-ecological environment may produce in agricultural soils.

МНОГОУКЛАДНОСТЬ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРА ЭКОНОМИКИ: КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ФАКТОРЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

Purpose: to identify, study and analyze the main factors that determine the level and direction of development of various categories of farms in the country's agricultural sector. Materials and methods: the research is based on the use of sociological research, systemic study and data generalization methods, analytical method. The objects of research were representatives of various forms of agricultural management, specialists from agricultural departments, municipalities, and the regional ministry of agriculture. Results. The analysis of scientific literature on the research theme showed that the formation of a competitive and effective agro-industrial complex in Russia depends on the degree of impact of various factors on the activities of various economic agro-entities. In order to clarify and assess the degree of impact of factors that determine structural changes in the development of various forms of agricultural management in Rostov region, the opinion of participants in the production sector and management structures of the agro-industrial complex was studied, a ranking of the factors under consideration was compiled, and a map of factors was proposed. Conclusions: the study of the factors determining the development vector of various forms of agricultural management allows us to say that modern native agriculture is determined by the influence of a whole complex of various circumstances, namely: directions and measures of state regulation and support, financial, economic and natural-climatic conditions of agricultural entities functioning, the level of technical and technological development, the presence of a developed processing, logistics and marketing infrastructure, the development of integration processes in industry, etc. In this regard, there is an objective need to improve the system of state regulation, the formation of organizational and economic instruments and mechanisms, as well as the corresponding institutional environment, ensuring the leveling of the influence of problems and development factors and the positive results of the functioning of the country's multi-structured agriculture.

МНОГОУКЛАДНОСТЬ РОССИЙСКОГО АПК: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ РЕАЛИИ И ПРИОРИТЕТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article examines the agrarian sector of the Russian economy from the point of view of its multi-structured structure. Differentiation of regions by key producers in terms of their share in total agricultural production is noted. During the period under review, the most active development is in peasant (farmer) households and individual entrepreneurs, the average value of the agricultural production index is 108.9%. Agricultural enterprises are characterized by an average production growth rate of 105.3%. Production by households has a steady downward trend. Considering the regional aspect of farming development, it is noted that with a decrease in the number of these economic entities, their share in the regional production of agricultural products increases annually, which may indicate the enlargement of this category of farms. At the same time, it is noted that small agribusiness to a greater extent than large economic entities is subject to the influence of various kinds of factors that restrain the conduct of expanded production on an innovative and technological basis. Some of them are: the financial climate of the farms; imperfection of logistics and sales systems, storage infrastructure; imbalance in the level and measures of state support; underdevelopment of the system of relations with the scientific and innovative sphere and, as a result, a low level of implementation interest and innovative activity. In this regard, the issues of in-depth study, correction of existing and elaboration of new organizational and economic mechanisms and strategic directions for the development of mixed agriculture, taking into account the specifics of each of the forms of agricultural management, are urgent. At the same time, the most important component of such a mechanism should be a well-developed state policy of technical and technological modernization of the agricultural sector, which ensures a high level of manufacturability and innovativeness of each category of farms.

Millipede (Diplopoda) Communities in Agricultural Landscape: Influence of Management Form

ABSTRACT: Currently, the alternative forms of management are increasingly applied in agriculture. Although their less negative impact on environment is generally supposed, there is still a lack of a reliable data about their real favourability for the abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates, including millipedes. Therefore, the aim of our study was to find out, whether the form of agricultural management affects the structure of millipede communities and hence, the performance of their functions in soil ecosystems. The research was carried out using pitfall trapping through growing seasons 2005 to 2007 on the model territory of Agricultural Cooperative (AC) Ocova (Central Slovakia). Millipedes were captured at four pairs of sites (8 sites in total). The same cultivated crop (wheat, barley, alfalfa or permanent law) with application of two different forms of agricultural management (conventional form and sustainable form with basic sustainable agro-environmental scheme) was characteristic of each pai...

Influence of agricultural management form on the species structure of harvestman (Opiliones) communities

The paper is aimed at evaluation of the influence of two different agricultural management forms on harvestman (Opiliones) communities structure in relation to the optimization of land use on the model territory of Agricultural Cooperative (AC) Ocova (Central Slovakia). The research was carried out using pitfall trapping through growing seasons from 2005 to 2007. Harvestmen were captured at four pairs of sites (8 sites in total). For each pair of sites the cultivation of the same crop with application of two different forms of agricultural management (conventional form and sustainable form with basic sustainable agro-environmental scheme) was characteristic. In total, 667 individuals of 8 species of the Phalangiidae family were captured during the research. The research results confirm the influence of management form on the structure of harvestman communities only partially. The obtained data indicate that the management form plays a significant role, especially in such agrocoenoses, in which the same crop is cultivated for several years (e.g., sites with alfalfa or permanent lawn), i.e., on the sites without ploughing or use of other similar agrotechnical measures. In these cases, the sites with the sustainable agro-environmental scheme showed higher diversity and equability of harvestman communities than the sites with the conventional form of agrotechnical management. Harvestman communities structure on sites with crop rotation and repeated ploughing was more influenced by additional factors than by the agricultural management form.

Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods

Fruit and vegetable intake is associated with lower risk of chronic diseases as a result of consumption of antioxidant substances. Organic foods are thought to have higher antioxidant capacity, because this form of agricultural management could induce synthesis of secondary compounds such as polyphenols. The objective of this work is to evaluate polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organically (OG) and conventionally (CV) grown fruits and vegetables, as well as in different parts of the plants. Soluble and hydrolysable polyphenols were quantified by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, and the antioxidant capacity was measured by the DPPH radical method. The results showed that organic fruits tend to have higher hydrolysable polyphenol contents than conventional ones, with values being 11.5% in orange peels, to 72.6% in papaya peels, higher for hydrolysable polyphenols. Fruit peels also showed higher concentration of polyphenols than pulp, reaching, for bananas and tangerines, twice the amount found in pulps, which reflected in higher antioxidant capacity. Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity varied among organic and conventional vegetables with no prevalence from either agricultural type. This study suggests that the effect of organic practices results in different effect patterns according to the plant species analysed, with fruits being more susceptible to the induction of polyphenol synthesis, and the greatest accumulation of polyphenols in external plant tissues. In general, organic agriculture results in food products with similar or slightly higher polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity.

Effects of agricultural management on dermosols in northern Tasmania

Attributes of 15 Tasmanian dermosols were assessed using field and laboratory techniques to determine changes associated with 3 typical forms of agricultural management: long-term pasture, cropping with shallow tillage using discs and tines, and cropping (including potatoes) with more rigorous and deeper tillage including deep ripping and powered implements. Soil organic carbon in the surface 75 mm was 7.0% under long-term pasture compared with 4.3% and 4.2% in cropped paddocks. Microbial biomass carbon concentrations were 217 mg/kg, 161 mg/kg, and 139 mg/kg, respectively. These differences were negatively correlated with the number of years cropped. Greater bulk densities were found in the surface layer of cropped paddocks but these were not associated with increased penetration resistance or decreased infiltration rate and are unlikely to impede root growth. Long-term pasture paddocks showed stronger structural development and had smaller clods than cropped paddocks. Vane shear strength and penetration resistance were lower in cropped paddocks than under long-term pasture. Many soil attributes showed no significant differences associated with management. Including potatoes in the rotation did not appear to affect these dermosols, which indicates a degree of robustness in these soils. clay loams, organic carbon, soil strength, aggregate stability, land management, cropping.

Effects of agricultural management on tenosols in northern Tasmania

Attributes of 15 Tasmanian sandy tenosols were assessed using field and laboratory techniques to determine differences under 3 typical forms of agricultural management: long-term pasture, cropping with shallow tillage using discs and tines, and cropping (including potatoes) with more rigorous and deeper tillage including deep ripping and powered implements. Soil organic carbon in the surface 75 mm was 2.6% under long-term pasture compared with 1.1% in rigorously tilled cropping paddocks. Readily oxidisable carbon concentrations were 2.3 mg/g and 1.0 mg/g, respectively. These differences were negatively correlated with the number of years cropped, which we viewed with concern. Infiltration rate was greater and shear strength less in cropped paddocks compared with long-term pasture. Dry bulk density was greater and total porosity and macroporosity were less in rigorously tilled paddocks. Subsoil compaction was apparent in paddocks which had grown potatoes. Cropping was not clearly associated with smaller or less stable aggregates. A survey of farmers' perceptions found that they identified more healthy than unhealthy soil attributes under all management histories. Significant negative correlations were found between the number of unhealthy attributes identified in a farmer survey and laboratory-determined water-stable aggregates and mean weight diameter of dry soil aggregates. The effects of cropping are not associated with a broad range of degraded soil attributes on these Tasmanian tenosols. tenosols, sandy soils, organic carbon, soil strength, aggregate stability, land management, cropping.

Effects of agricultural management on sodosols in northern Tasmania

Attributes of 25 Tasmanian sodosols were assessed using field and laboratory techniques to determine changes associated with 4 typical forms of agricultural management [long-term pasture, cropping with shallow tillage using discs and tines, cropping (including potatoes) with more rigorous and deeper tillage including deep ripping and powered implements, and cropping (including potatoes) where the potatoes were harvested when the soil was wet]. Soil organic carbon in the top 150 mm was 2.7% under long-term pasture compared with 1.8% in rigorously tilled cropping paddocks, and microbial biomass C values were 194 and 129 mg/kg, respectively. Readily oxidisable organic C concentrations were 1.8 mg/g and 1.3 mg/g, respectively. Infiltration rate was greater in paddocks with shallow tillage cropping than long-term pasture but was 43% less in paddocks which had grown potatoes and 70% less after a wet potato harvest. Dry aggregate-size showed no change under shallow tillage cropping compared with long-term pasture but decreased significantly in more rigorously tilled potato cropping paddocks. Aggregate stability in all cropped paddocks was nearly 50% less than in long-term pasture paddocks, with values in intensively tilled potato cropping paddocks approaching relatively low levels. Colwell extractable phosphorus (P) increased with all cropping, particularly after potatoes. Lower organic carbon and poorer physical properties were associated with paddocks which had grown potatoes, which adds weight to the view that cropping rotation and associated soil management practices are critical for sustainable management of Tasmanian sodosols. Farmers were surveyed about their views of the condition of their paddocks. They identified more healthy than unhealthy soil attributes under all management histories but reported more unhealthy soil attributes when potatoes were included in their rotation.

Importance of the Bradhyrizobium japonicum symbiosis for the sustainability of a soybean cultivation

Economic development in agriculture is often accompanied by strong environmental pressures that present risks, which could lead to irreversible damage of the associated agro-ecosystem. A form of agricultural management that utilizes natural resources rationally yet maintains ecological stability is necessary. Ecologically sound, yet productive, use of resources requires indicators that assess not only productive and economic factors, but also environmental impact and ecological effects. Thus, to study an agricultural activity and its interaction with the environment, a holistic approach, capable of considering ecological, biophysical and socio-economic aspects is appropriate. Here we use emergy analysis and its indicators as given in Odum (Science 242 (1988) 1132–1139), to evaluate how sustainability of a soybean crop in south Tuscany (Italy) is increased using the specific bacteria inoculation to satisfy, through fixation, the nitrogen need of the crop. Cultivation was studied with two options: (1) utilization of chemical fertilizers to supply nitrogen needs as often done in the past, and as a viable present alternative and (2) the symbiotic activity of Bradyrhizobium bacteria, given as inoculum, to cover all nitrogen needs. This article shows that proper agricultural management should help maintain, and increase, system capacity, i.e. the quality of the system environment (soil, water,…), to sustain biomass, and prevent environmental degradation. For an Italian agro-ecosystem, the results demonstrate that agricultural production is more than doubled and the use of non-renewable and toxic inputs, such as chemical fertilizers, is reduced by use of the inoculum. The good results for soybean suggests development of analogous cultivation methods for other agricultural species, such as gramineous, for which different N-fixing bacteria such as Azospirillum, have been already identified.

Searching for Rural Vision in the 21st Century.

In the 20th century, the form of agricultural management was greatly changed in rural areas in Japan. Many farmers became part-time farmers and began to have a side business. With the spread of cars, roads were paved with asphalt and traffic system to local cities was improved, Moreover, living conveniences such as electric installation and telephone were improved and thier living became very convenient. In the 21st century, the time of information will come, including the infrastructural develiopment, and rural areas will have good living conditions with the increase of urban people who intend to live in rural areas. On the other hand, however, environmental issues are coming out.Thinking of new rural areas, this paper presents rural vision towards the 21st century and proposes medical services based on the vision. Rural vision of ‘Cultural Residence Sphere’ in the 21st century will design the development of rural areas in about 20-30 km sphere as a unit of sphere (this unit is also for that of environmental conservation). In the sphere, resources will cycle and rural environment will be conserved not only by rural people but also by urban people.Following three proposals will be given for medical services in rural areas.1) To make systematic medical service in the cultural residence sphere.2) To make a community center for aged people in each agricultural settlement.3) To make traveling medical services.

Le recul de l'espace agro-pastoral dans les Préalpes du Sud et ses conséquences sur le paysage de la moyenne montagne

In the Southern Alps, a rural deeply depopulated region with very feeble densities (five inhabitants per km 2 ) fallows Inherited from the previously cultivated areas cover considerable surfaces (almost 60% of the whole). The very rare agricultural sheep-farmers who still subsist in these areas have ground too old to see to the upkeep of their holdings: so, the which is still nowadays spreading on takes quite various forms analyzed in this article in a typology showing the evolution of the saltus landscape according of their varied origins. The new Inhabitants and the new functions of this space underline the problem of the new forms of agricultural management and of its external agents (State, Region and tourism structure).

A Study of the Paddy Privately Managed by Ato-no-Otari (安都雄足) : One Form of Agricultural Management in the 8th century

A Study of the Paddy Privately Managed by Ato-no-Otari (安都雄足) : One Form of Agricultural Management in the 8th century