Form Of Adulteration Research Articles

Comprehensive quality assessment of peppermint oils and commercial products: An integrated approach involving conventional and chiral GC/MS coupled with chemometrics

Peppermint essential oil (EO) has a multitude of applications, such as a fragrance in cosmetics, personal care and industrial products, or as a flavoring ingredient in food and beverages. Despite its popularity and economic significance, peppermint EO is often adulterated to reduce production costs and to increase profits. Although the ISO standard for peppermint EO exists, detecting sophisticated forms of adulteration remains challenging.The current study used conventional and chiral GC/MS analysis of volatiles compounds, and chemometric techniques to evaluate an extensive set of authentic peppermint EO (n = 22) and commercial products (n = 36) purported to contain peppermint EO. Specifically, thirty-six terpenoids were examined in each sample and compared with the ISO standard. Fifty-three percent of the selected commercial products did not meet the ISO specifications and the ratio between menthone/isomenthone was proven to be a good indicator for authentication and adulteration detection. Chiral GC/MS was further employed to measure eight terpenoids: α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, menthol, menthone, isomenthone, pulegone, and menthyl acetate. The enantiomeric compositions of 27 commercial products were above or below the norm measured from authentic peppermint EOs. Of the 27 samples, eight met the ISO standard. A sample class prediction (SCP) model based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of conventional GC/MS data was constructed using authentic peppermint EOs and cornmint EOs. The model can distinguish the most common types of peppermint EOs (US, India, and US/India blend) and cornmint EOs sold in the US market. After construction, the SCP model was then used to analyze commercial samples. One sample, which passed both ISO specification and chiral analysis, was identified as outlier by the SCP model. Overall, the applicability of combining both conventional and chiral GC/MS along with chemometric tools has been successfully demonstrated to address the overall quality of peppermint EOs in commerce and may help combat sophisticated adulteration.

Chakachua Pharmaceuticals and Fugitive Science.

Chakachua Pharmaceuticals and Fugitive Science.

Standardization of Proprietary Ayurvedic Laxative Tablet Formulation – Vasulax

Traditional systems of medicine gain upsurge with the estimated 80% preference for maintenance of healthcare in the entire world. As a rich source for the treatment of diseases, Ayurvedic medicine’s consumption have increased day by day which has led to an increase in various forms of adulteration in raw materials. In a view of increasing demand, it is very crucial to maintain batch-to-batch consistency and efficacy avoiding adulteration and safety issues. Thus, standardization of Ayurvedic medicine in all aspects including phytochemical profiling becomes crucial for the manufacturer. So, the present study portrays standardization of an Ayurvedic proprietary laxative tablet comprising Yashtimadhu, Swarnpatri and Aragvadha as major components. General parameters of tablet were evaluated as per Indian Pharmacopoeia method for quality control purpose. For quantification of phytoconstituents, Sennoside-B was selected as a phytomarker of Swarnpatri & Aragvadha and Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate was selected as a phytomarker of Yashtimadhu. Both the markers were effectively quantified using HPTLC method. The Sennoside B and Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate contents in formulation were found to be 5.10 % and 0.634 % w/w, respectively. These standardization tools will help in maintaining the quality and consistency of this vital Ayurvedic formulation.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOSAN ASMANJUNI (IRIS ENSATATHUNB) FOUND IN KASHMIR

Adulteration and improper identification are two demons often haunting traditional system of medicine in general and Unani system in particular. These two demons often affect the effectiveness of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are natural gift to human lives to promote disease free healthy life, only when used in their original and purest form. Standardization has thus, become priority for modern herbal medicine industry. Good quality assurance is need of an hour while dealing with medicinal plants. Standardization of medicinal plants used in USM is becoming important and given priority in modern herbal medicine industry today in view of their safety and efficacy demand. This study was aimed to evaluate the Physico-chemical, macroscopical, microscopical and preliminary phytochemical properties of one of the victim drug Sosan Asmanjuni-Iris ensata Thunb. which is available in the market in adulterated form. A detailed pharmacognostical studies along with physiochemical and phytochemical studies of the Iris ensata from identified source (RRIUM Srinagar herbal garden) was carried out to make it as reference in near future.

Food fraud: A menace to public health

Food is a basic requirement of people that helps in providing proper nutrition and energy for growth and repair of tissues. However, food which provides numerous health benefits now comes in adulterated form. Some of the most frequent products to be fraudulent are common to many households – olive oil, cheese, honey, herbs and spices etc. The greed of industries to gain higher profits within short period of time makes them to indulge in malpractices such as food fraud and involves such techniques for food fraud which go undetected even after using laboratory techniques. There are manifold analytical techniques to detect food fraud in laboratory but consumers are not able to detect it at home scale. Moreover, no one bothers to do that after buying it. Consuming a fraudulated food product can prove harmful for human body as it may have short term or long-term effects. It is only consumer awareness that can protect them from food fraud. The purpose of this review is to study the food fraud that is deliberately affecting the health of consumers.

Paradoxical anesthesia: Sleep-like EEG during anesthesia induced by mesopontine microinjection of GABAergic agents

General anesthetic agents are thought to induce loss-of-consciousness (LOC) and enable pain-free surgery by acting on the endogenous brain circuitry responsible for sleep-wake cycling. In clinical use, the entire CNS is exposed to anesthetic molecules with LOC and amnesia usually attributed to synaptic suppression in the cerebral cortex and immobility and analgesia to agent action in the spinal cord and brainstem. This model of patch-wise suppression has been challenged, however, by the observation that all functional components of anesthesia can be induced by focal delivery of minute quantities of GABAergic agonists to the brainstem mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA). We compared spectral features of the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) in rats during systemic anesthesia and anesthesia induced by MPTA microinjection. Systemic administration of (GABAergic) pentobarbital yielded the sustained, δ-band dominant EEG signature familiar in clinical anesthesia. In contrast, anesthesia induced by MPTA microinjection (pentobarbital or muscimol) featured epochs of δ-band EEG alternating with the wake-like EEG, the pattern typical of natural non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) and REM sleep. The rats were not sleeping, however, as they remained immobile, atonic and unresponsive to noxious pinch. Recalling the paradoxical wake-like quality the EEG during REM sleep, we refer to this state as “paradoxical anesthesia”. GABAergic anesthetics appear to co-opt both cortical and spinal components of the sleep network via dedicated axonal pathways driven by MPTA neurons. Direct drug exposure of cortical and spinal neurons is not necessary, and is probably responsible for off-target side-effects of systemic administration including monotonous δ-band EEG, hypothermia and respiratory depression. Significance statementThe concept that GABAergic general anesthetic agents induce loss-of-consciousness by substituting for an endogenous neurotransmitter, thereby co-opting neural circuitry responsible for sleep-wake transitions, has gained considerable traction. However, the electroencephalographic (EEG) signatures of sleep and anesthesia differ fundamentally. We show that when the anesthetic state is generated by focal delivery of GABAergics into the mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA) the resulting EEG repeatedly transitions between delta-wave-dominant and wake-like patterns much as in REM-NREM sleep. This suggests that systemic (clinical) anesthetic delivery, which indiscriminately floods the entire cerebrum with powerful inhibitory agents, obscures the sleep-like EEG signature associated with the less adulterated form of anesthesia obtained when the drugs are applied selectively to loci where the effective neurotransmitter substitution actually occurs.

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ORGANIC EATERIES

Humans have manipulated nature in every possible way for the sake of benefits. Their activities have resulted in ozone layer depletion, deforestation, drying of seasonal rivers, lands getting barren, ground water levels going down etc. Besides, the environmental point of view, in the search of earning profits, new threats have emerged for humanity in the form of adulteration in essential commodities like milk, vegetables, fruits, spices, pulses etc. There has been a paradigm shift in the methods of infrastructure creation and operation, because people have understood the importance of shifting towards more eco-friendly ways doing things. The use of fertilizers and pesticides increased the vulnerability of humanity towards threatening diseases. The vegetables and fruits now take less time to grow and the taste is not the same as it used to be earlier. It becomes imperative to go in organic way and create awareness for the same in the rural areas.

Quality Analysis of Manjishta (Rubia cordifolia L.) with respect to pharmacognostical and high-performance thin-layer chromatography profile of the genuine sample: A cross-sectional market sample study

Background: The genuineness of Ayurvedic herbs causally determines the effectiveness of Ayurvedic treatment protocols. Research and subsequent evidence-based medicinal practices fundamentally dependant on appropriate identification and standardization of specific herbs are used for health-care purposes. Definite deficits that prevail in this regard in the form of adulteration, substitution, and compromised quality standards are the reasons why many scientific communities and health-related organizations question Ayurvedic sciences. This study aims at raising the very timely subject matter of genuine drug collection based on a model of Pharmacognostical and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) profiling of an Indian medicinal herb "Manjishta"' (Rubia cordifolia L.), a profoundly marketed Ayurvedic drug. Objectives: To compare the six market samples of Manjishta (Pharmacognostical and with HPTLC profiling) with the genuine root and stolon. Materials and Methods: The market samples of Manjishta from 6 districts of Kerala were collected, and these samples were compared with the genuine root and stolon (morphology, histology, and with HPTLC profiles). Results: Morphological and anatomical evaluation of the market samples was similar with that of the original stolon of Rubia cordifolia. HPTLC profiling yielded entirely different peaks in specific samples when compared with that of the genuine stolon. Conclusion: The collected market samples of Manjishta from different districts of Kerala were almost similar to the stolon of Rubia cordifolia L. A clear standard operative procedure should be prepared for medicinal plant part collection with respect to source plant maturity for Manjishta or as a matter of fact any other herb and thus the HPTLC profiles should be redefined.

Qualidade de méis comercializados em feiras livres do Município de Rio Verde – GO

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de sete amostras de méis comercializadas em feiras livres na cidade de Rio Verde – GO. Através do estudo foi possível indicar se houve alguma forma de adulteração, como por exemplo, a adição de líquidos, presença de amido e superaquecimento. As análises para verificação de autencidade basearam-se nas reações de Fiehe, Lund e Lugol. Os resultados demonstraram que 100% das amostras foram pelo menos uma das reações de adulteração. Observou-se também, que as amostras estavam em desacordo com a legislação vigente devido ao acondicionamento em embalagens incorretas e apresentação inadequada do rótulo e/ou não apresentar rótulo. O resultado deste trabalho demonstra a necessidade de uma maior fiscalização e conscientização da população sobre as fraudes.

Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical investigation of Equisetum debile Roxb.

Herbal medicines are increasingly gaining popularity as they possess minimal or no side effects therefore, authentication of the crude drugs are necessary to ensure that the herbal drugs so obtained are safe and of optimal quality. In the present study, various pharmacognostical parameters such as organoleptic evaluation, macroscopic evaluation, microscopic evaluation, physico chemical evaluation (moisture content, loss on drying, ash values, extractive values), and phytochemical evaluation were conducted for the plant E. debile Roxb. (Equisetaceae). Pharmacognostic evaluation helps to identify the commercial varieties, substitutes, adulterants and any other quality control parameter of the drugs. It is a simple and reliable tool, by which complete information of the crude drugs can be obtained (WHO 1998). Pharmacognostical evaluation helps to establish the authenticity of the drugs, it also helps to differentiate the drugs from other species and it also helps to detect any form of adulteration. Keywords: Equisetum debile Roxb., pharmacognostical, organoleptic evaluation, phytochemical analysis.

Food adulteration, it's impact on youngster's health-prevention and challenges

Food is one the basis of life. Along these lines, it ought to be unadulterated, nutritious and free from a debasement for proper maintenance of human wellbeing. Adulteration of food has ramification within society and cannot be ignored since interference with foodstuffs may potentially lead to the production of food which is harmful to health. The Government of India enacted a Central Legislation called the prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954. The goal of the Government of India is to create food quality for enhancing wellbeing (Health) results of nationals and increment Indian intensity in the International food markets. India's long-term vision is to have a solid and proactive arrangement of value affirmation for food that depends on the three mainstays of selfcontrol, solid customer mindfulness, and lawful authorizations. The adulteration of food has advanced from being basic methods for misrepresentation to a profoundly complex and worthwhile business. The problem is further increased by the lack of clear international definitions for enforcement purposes. We will also briefly look at the laws that are in place protect us from food adulteration and their implications on controlling food adulteration. Further, my study will help to identify ways that enable people to identify whether a product is adulterated or not. This paper highlights the forms of adulteration, effects on health and its prevention through Government Act.

Pattern of substance abuse: a community based study in West Bengal

Background: Drug addiction produces serious pervasive and expensive social problems. Regardless of whether substance abuse is a sin, a crime, a bad habit or an illness society has a right to expect that an effective approach to drug abuse problem will reduce drug related crime unemployment, family dysfunction and disproportionate use of medical care. Science has made great progress over the past several years, but it is still not possible to account fully the physiological and psychological process that transform controlled voluntary use of drugs into uncontrolled is voluntary dependence on those substances, and these is still no cine. The objective of the study was to find out pattern of different types of substance abuse in a community in West Bengal.Methods: An observational cross-sectional community based study during April 2017-September 2017 in a community of West Bengal among 142 addicted persons.Results: In the studied 142 cases, Brown sugar (an adulterated form of Heroin) was primary drug of abuse in urban area contrary to alcohol in rural area. Commonest age of initiation was between 15-20 years (57.75%). Polydrug abusers (59.1%) were common.Conclusions: Our study revealed that in spite of having strict legislation for prohibition of substance abuse, people are still addicted with alcohol, cannabis, drugs etc. Substance use is prevalent in the studied area, with a higher prevalence in males. Substance users rarely seek treatment for substance use. This needs continuous awareness and community-level services for the treatment of substance use disorders.

A study on adulteration in cereals and bakery products from Poland including a review of definitions

The aim of the study was to critique the food adulteration trends associated with cereals and bakery products from Poland. The methodological approach was to firstly review existing literature to define and outline the challenge of food adulteration and the degree of harmonisation, or not, of definitions, and then to analyse local and European data on the prevalence of food adulteration and mislabelling in the cereals and bakery sector more generally, and specifically in Poland. Analysis of general RASFF notifications of cereal and bakery products linked to Poland (n = 177) revealed that most non-compliances were due to mycotoxins, undeclared allergens and undeclared genetically modified materials. Key notable trends included an increase in incorrect allergen labelling with only two incidents directly associated with adulteration firstly with melamine and also suspicion of deliberate contamination of milk powder with rodenticide. Data from IJHARS share similar trends where most reported irregularities associated with cereal and bakery products were related to mislabelling. The definition of adulterated foodstuffs in Poland concentrates on mislabelling particularly regarding product composition rather than being differentiated by the motivation of the perpetrator. This is not in step with other definitions where intent is seen an inherent aspect of a determination of an instance of food fraud or adulteration. This work demonstrates that even in harmonized regulatory areas such as the EU there are local definitions of adulteration that due to the lack of consistency could influence collective approaches to determining the extent of or addressing the problem of mislabelling, misrepresentation and misbranding as a form of adulteration.

Authentication of meat and meat products vs. detection of animal species in feed – what is the difference?

Authenticity of food is an issue that is growing in awareness and concern. Although food adulteration has been present since antiquity, it has broadened to include entire global populations as modern food supply chains have expanded, enriched and become more complex. Different forms of adulteration influence not only the quality of food products, but also may cause harmful health effects. Meat and meat products are often subjected to counterfeiting, mislabelling and similar fraudulent activities, while substitutions of meat ingredients with other animal species is one among many forms of food fraud. Feed is also subject to testing for the presence of different animal species, but as part of the eradication process of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). In both food and feed cases, the final goal is consumer protection, which should be provided by quick, precise and specific tools. Several analytical tests have been employed for such needs. This paper provides an overview of authentication of meat and meat products compared with species identification in feed control, highlighting the most prevalent laboratory methods.

Detection of addition of apple juice in purple grape juice

Due to increasing grape juice consumption, quality control is a reality in all countries which produce and consume this product. The most common form of adulteration is by substituting grape juice with apple juice. The adulterated samples can be identified by specific analysis, since apple juice has some compounds that grape has not. There are many studies about the phlorizin and sorbitol content in wines, but in grape juice they are scarce. Therefore, analytical methods to identify the composition of grape juices and determine their authenticity are needed to ensure quality control. The present study aimed to the validation and application of analytical methods for the determination of phlorizin and sorbitol, to detect the addition of apple juice in purple grape juice, by high-performance liquid chromatography. Initially, the methods were validated and tests were conducted by additions of percentages of apple juices in grape juices. Finally, experimental and commercial grape and apple juices were analyzed. Our study found that both methods are effective in detecting the addition of apple juice in grape juice. Four of the 39 commercial grape juices analyzed showed adulteration by the addition of apple juice in grape juice.

Phlorizin and sorbitol inVitis labruscagrape juices

In Brazil, grape juice is a not fermented beverage, made from Vitis labrusca varieties and their hybrids. The most common form of adulteration is by the addition of apple juice. The adulterated samples can be identified by specific analysis, since apple juice has some compounds that grape has not. A more simplified and assessible way to determine this kind of adulteration is the phlorizin analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phlorizin is a phenolic compound that has been used to identify adulterations in juices. Besides phlorizin, it can be seen that adulteration by quantifying the levels of sorbitol, present in apples, but absent in healthy grapes. The content of this compounds in grape juices can vary due to the variety of grape and harvest.This study aimed to analyze phlorizin and sorbitol, in 141 experimental samples of Vitis labrusca grape juices, harvest 2016, of 9 varieties and 43 commercial samples (different vintages). The experimental juices from red grapes showed higher sorbitol content than the white grapes. For sorbitol analysis, the juices of Ives differed statistically of the juices of: Isabella, Concord, Niagara Branca and White Muscat. It was detected the presence of apple juice in 5 commercial grape juices.

NIR detection of honey adulteration reveals differences in water spectral pattern

High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) was mixed with four artisanal Robinia honeys at various ratios (0–40%) and near infrared (NIR) spectra were recorded with a fiber optic immersion probe. Levels of HFCS adulteration could be detected accurately using leave-one-honey-out cross-validation (RMSECV=1.48; R2CV=0.987), partial least squares regression and the 1300–1800nm spectral interval containing absorption bands related to both water and carbohydrates. Aquaphotomics-based evaluations showed that unifloral honeys contained more highly organized water than the industrial sugar syrup, supposedly because of the greater variety of molecules dissolved in the multi-component honeys. Adulteration with HFCS caused a gradual reduction of water molecular structures, especially water trimers, which facilitate interaction with other molecules. Quick, non-destructive NIR spectroscopy combined with aquaphotomics could be used to describe water molecular structures in honey and to detect a rather common form of adulteration.

A multiplex PCR-based approach for reliable identification of different meat species and possible adulteration in meat markets in Chittagong, Bangladesh

Food authenticity issues in the form of adulteration and improper description have been around for a long time in Bangladesh. The adulterated food often enters the supply chain and jeopardizes the credibility of the sellers as well as health of the consumers. Molecular detection has been a reliable tool for animal species identification since many days. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is quite useful tool that is highly accurate and relatively faster in differentiating specimens derived from different animal species. The present study was carried out to validate previously described methods to identify different meat species by a multiplex PCR method and a preliminary molecular survey was performed on 60 meat samples for identification of possible adulteration in butcher shop in Chittagong. A multiplex PCR was developed and evaluated on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to differentiate in six meat species (chicken, duck, sheep, goat, cattle and buffalo). A common forward primer was designed on a conserved DNA sequence of the cytochrome b gene and reverse primers on species-specific DNA sequences from each species. By multiplex PCR, DNA bands of 157 bp, 227 bp, 274 bp, 331 bp, 398 bp, 439 bp were visualized that corresponds to meat samples derived from goat, chicken, cattle, sheep, duck and buffalo, respectively. There were no adulterated meat identified among the samples examined during this study, indicating fair economic business in the study area.

Adulterated Form: Violet Fane and the Victorian Verse-Novel

As a tale of adulterous love, Violet Fane’s Denzil Place (1875) is a paradigmatic Victorian verse-novel. Its counter-traditionalism, like that of many examples of this understudied genre, stems not only from its subversion of the marriage plot but also from its formal hybridity. Recent criticism of long narrative poems focuses on epic, often bypassing discussions of lyricism and reducing novelistic elements to a disciplinary function. Fane’s treatment of love stages a contest between lyric and novelistic drives and temporalities. Denzil Place ’s characteristic combination of cross-generic intertextuality and adulterous content reveals how “culture takes form” in and through the nineteenth-century novel in verse.

Public health interventions to combat the menace of food adulteration in developing countries

It has been estimated that more than 200 diseases are spread through the medium of food. The practice of adulteration of food is a serious threat to health of the members of community. From the consumer point of view, firstly, he is paying more money for a foodstuff of lower quality and secondly, some forms of adulteration are injurious to health, even resulting to death. To conclude, realizing the scope of adulteration and the associated detrimental effects on the health of a consumer, there is an urgent need to formulate sound and holistic strategies to enhance the food safety standards.