Form Of 3D Printing Research Articles

Implications of Artificial intelligence in the form of 3D-printing in Endodontics: A Review

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become an emerging technology in dentistry, and specifically in endodontics. This technology enables the creation of highly accurate and patient-specific 3D models, surgical guides, and custom-made instruments that have revolutionized endodontic treatment. This abstract provides an overview of the applications of 3D printing in endodontics, including preoperative planning, fabrication of surgical guides, production of custom-made instruments, and postoperative evaluation. The accuracy and precision of 3D-printed models have shown to improve the quality of endodontic treatment and reduce the risk of complications. The creation of new dental models is made possible by three-dimensional printing. 3D-printed teeth have been used in a lot of studies, however standards for standardised research are still being created. Although they have significant disadvantages, using real teeth is still the norm in ex vivo investigations and pre-clinical training. All the restrictions of natural teeth may be overcome by printed teeth. Printing technology uses 3D data and post-processing tools to create a 3D model, which is then used by 3D printers to create a prototype. The hardness of the resin and the correctness of the canal anatomy printing are the main issues with 3D-printed teeth. Future research is given direction in order to address the issues with 3D-printed teeth and create defined protocols in order to attain method standardisation. In the future, ex vivo investigations and endodontic training could use 3D-printed teeth as the gold standard. Furthermore, 3D printing has also facilitated communication between the dental team and the patient, leading to a better understanding of the treatment plan and enhancing the patient experience. This review intends to gather information regarding 3D-printed teeth on the following themes: (1) their benefits; (2) their manufacturing processes; (3) their issues; and (4) potential future research topics. In conclusion, 3D printing has the potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of endodontic treatment and improve clinical outcomes.

Experimental Investigation on Thermal Insulation of Sustainable 3D Printable Concrete by Using Corncob Powder

The construction industry is witnessing the latest technology advancement in the form of 3D printing, which promises to revolutionize the sector by reducing costs, material wastage, and environmental impact. One significant approach to achieving these goals is through the incorporation of various supplementary cementitious materials. This research work aims to study the utilization of corn cob powder (organic waste from agricultural industries) as a thermal insulation material in conjunction with other cement supplementary materials (fly ash, and silica fume). The study focuses on evaluating the material’s rheological properties, such as slump, initial and final setting times, and flowability. Furthermore, the investigation extends to analyzing the hardened properties of the concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength under varying temperature conditions. Results shown that the compressive, split tensile and flexural strength was increased up 5 % to 7% with the inclusion of corn cob powder at 5% and it exhibits good resistance to high temperatures.

3D Bioprinting and Its Role in a Wound Healing Renaissance

Abstract3D printing (3DP) is an accessible platform being increasingly utilized by independent researchers in fields ranging from industrial manufacturing to medicine. 3D bioprinting is a form of 3D printing that makes use of “bioinks,” organic or synthetic polymer formulations that are often laden with cells. The wide range of materials available means that bioinks can be tailored to the types of tissue that they are meant to emulate. Human skin has a complex microenvironment consisting of numerous layers, cell types, growth factors, and molecular signaling pathways. 3D bioprinting's flexibility and ability to create complex, bioactive structures means that it has great potential in creating artificial skin constructs for skin wound regeneration. While the available materials and cell types for 3DP are large, an ideal bioink for printing artificial skin remains yet to be found. This review will cover the various types of 3DP, the bioinks commonly used, the functionalization of printed artificial skin constructs, challenges that arise in the 3D bioprinting of skin, and future directions for the field. The structure of skin and the wound healing process will also be discussed, as sufficient understanding of these subjects is key to the development of therapeutic artificial skin constructs.

3D printing for customized carbon electrodes.

Traditional carbon electrodes are made of glassy carbon or carbon fibers and have limited shapes. 3D printing offers many advantages for manufacturing carbon electrodes, such as complete customization of the shape and the ability to fabricate devices and electrodes simultaneously. Additive manufacturing is the most common 3D printing method, where carbon materials are added to the material to make it conductive, and treatments applied to enhance electrochemical activity. A newer form of 3D printing is 2-photon lithography, where electrodes are printed in photoresist via laser lithography and then annealed to carbon by pyrolysis. Applications of 3D printed carbon electrodes include nanoelectrode measurements of neurotransmitters, arrays of biosensors, and integrated electrodes in microfluidic devices.

ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ПОСТТРАВМАТИЧЕСКОГО РАССЛОЕНИЯ АОРТЫ ТИПА «В» У ПОДРОСТКА: КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ

Post-traumatic aortic dissection is one of the most dangerous, life-threatening clinical conditions that is rarely encountered in pediatric clinical practice. The article represents a case of post-traumatic aortic dissection in a teenager. A 14 years old male patient, M., had been admitted to the pediatric clinic of the Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University (Saint Petersburg, Russia) on Dec. 29, 2020, with a preliminary diagnosis as follows: car accident injury, post-traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta with the formation of a true aneurysm in the initial section of the descending thoracic aorta. During the examination, the diagnosis was clarified towards post-traumatic type B aortic dissection. The damages to the ascending aorta and aortic arch were excluded. Within 48 hours after admission a single-stage hybrid surgical intervention was performed using advanced diagnostic algorithms in the form of 3D printing, as well as combined surgical treatment, which included endovascular intervention with previous carotid-subclavian bypass grafting, resulting in positive immediate and long-term clinical outcomes. The active surgical tactics minimized the likelihood of life-threatening complications that could affect the outcome of treatment in the observed case.

An operational guide to resin 3D printing of geological macromodels

Stereolithography (SLA) is a form of 3D printing that is based on the curing of resin under UV light. There are a wide variety of 3D resin printers on the market that all follow the same general procedure. First, a slicing program is used to slice the model in a sequence of thin layers. The model will be printed in this sequence of layers after it is exported in a format recognizable by a 3D printer. In addition to this main function, slicing programs offer additional features to manipulate the model, adjust print settings, and add model supports. Next, after the printer is set up, the sliced model is loaded onto the printer and fabricated. Once the print is complete, the model can be washed, cured and sanded/polished to the desired finish. In this work, we utilize SLA 3D printing to print geological macromodels, to be utilized in flooding experiments. Images captured from the flooding experiments were then incorporated in a set of visual learning exercises for undergraduate students to enhance the study of immiscible fluid flow in porous media. SLA printing was selected in this use case as it provides important advantages over other common 3D printing technologies (e.g. Fused Depositional Modelling: FDM), such as high print resolvability of sub-millimeter scale pore geometry and a high degree of transparency within the resultant printed models. Overall, this method was found to:•Provide an engaging learning experience for undergraduate students, as the captured flooding experiment image time series allowed students to directly visualize often obtuse fluid flow processes in porous media.•Be easily reproducible: after completing an initial print the method can be reproduced for many different pore networks, allowing for a wide array of comparative studies and learning exercises to be developed.

USE OF SMART 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN CONVENTIONAL ENGINEERING PRODUCTION TO DETECT AND PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OF DEFECTS

This article aims to show how to effectively use innovation in the form of 3D printing to create simple, smart, and cheap products, which will lead to more efficient product control, reveal defects in conventional engineering production, and prevent blemishes. The article is focused on the detection and prevention of defects in classic Czech engineering manufacture using an innovative solution, which connects conventional production and SMART technology of 3D printing. The motivation of this article is to show how using SMART 3D printing technology in combination with the Poka-Yoke methodology is possible to cleverly streamline conventional engineering production and thus achieve higher productivity, which results in increasing the company's competitiveness in the market in the context of Industry 4.0.

Advances in 3D-Printed Surface-Modified Ca-Si Bioceramic Structures and Their Potential for Bone Tumor Therapy.

Bioceramics such as calcium silicate (Ca-Si), have gained a lot of interest in the biomedical field due to their strength, osteogenesis capability, mechanical stability, and biocompatibility. As such, these materials are excellent candidates to promote bone and tissue regeneration along with treating bone cancer. Bioceramic scaffolds, functionalized with appropriate materials, can achieve desirable photothermal effects, opening up a bifunctional approach to osteosarcoma treatments—simultaneously killing cancerous cells while expediting healthy bone tissue regeneration. At the same time, they can also be used as vehicles and cargo structures to deliver anticancer drugs and molecules in a targeted manner to tumorous tissue. However, the traditional synthesis routes for these bioceramic scaffolds limit the macro-, micro-, and nanostructures necessary for maximal benefits for photothermal therapy and drug delivery. Therefore, a different approach to formulate bioceramic scaffolds has emerged in the form of 3D printing, which offers a sustainable, highly reproducible, and scalable method for the production of valuable biomedical materials. Here, calcium silicate (Ca-Si) is reviewed as a novel 3D printing base material, functionalized with highly photothermal materials for osteosarcoma therapy and drug delivery platforms. Consequently, this review aims to detail advances made towards functionalizing 3D-printed Ca-Si and similar bioceramic scaffold structures as well as their resulting applications for various aspects of tumor therapy, with a focus on the external surface and internal dispersion functionalization of the scaffolds.

Four-dimensional printing using fused-deposition modeling: a review

PurposeThis paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing using fused-deposition modeling (FDM). 4D printing is an emerging innovation in (three-dimensional) 3D printing that encompasses active materials in the printing process to create not only a 3D object but also a 3D object that can perform an active function. FDM is the most accessible form of 3D printing. By providing a review of 4D printing with FDM, this paper has the potential in educating the many FDM 3D printers in an additional capability with 4D printing.Design/methodology/approachThis is a review paper. The approach was to search for and review peer-reviewed papers and works concerning 4D printing using FDM. With this discussion of the shape memory effect, shape memory polymers and FDM were also made.Findings4D printing has become a burgeoning area in addivitive manufacturing research with many papers being produced within the past 3-5 years. This is especially true for 4D printing using FDM. The key findings from this review show the materials and material composites used for 4D printing with FDM and the limitations with 4D printing with FDM.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations to this paper are with the availability of papers for review. 4D printing is an emerging area of additive manufacturing research. While FDM is a predominant method of 3D printing, it is not a predominant method for 4D printing. This is because of the limitations of FDM, which can only print with thermoplastics. With the popularity of FDM and the emergence of 4D printing, however, this review paper will provide key resources for reference for users that may be interested in 4D printing and have access to a FDM printer.Practical implicationsPractically, FDM is the most popular method for 3D printing. Review of 4D printing using FDM will provide a necessary resource for FDM 3D printing users and researchers with a potential avenue for design, printing, training and actuation of active parts and mechanisms.Social implicationsContinuing with the popularity of FDM among 3D printing methods, a review paper like this can provide an initial and simple step into 4D printing for researchers. From continued research, the potential to engage general audiences becomes more likely, especially a general audience that has FDM printers. An increase in 4D printing could potentially lead to more designs and applications of 4D printed devices in impactful fields, such as biomedical, aerospace and sustainable engineering. Overall, the change and inclusion of technology from 4D printing could have a potential social impact that encourages the design and manufacture of such devices and the treatment of said devices to the public.Originality/valueThere are other 4D printing review papers available, but this paper is the only one that focuses specifically on FDM. Other review papers provide brief commentary on the different processes of 4D printing including FDM. With the specialization of 4D printing using FDM, a more in-depth commentary results in this paper. This will provide many FDM 3D printing users with additional knowledge that can spur more creative research in 4D printing. Further, this paper can provide the impetus for the practical use of 4D printing in more general and educational settings.

3D Printed Microdroplet Curing: Unravelling the Physics of On-Spot Photopolymerization

Droplet-based direct-write printing (one form of 3D printing) methods, like inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing (AJP), etc., have changed our ideas about bottom-up additive manufacturing. AJP is capable of 3D printing by depositing microdroplets that lead to certain benefits in 3D printing of microscale structures. Here, we study the in situ photopolymerization-based curing of a microdroplet. The droplet is simultaneously spreading and curing, which leads to the rise of two time scales, the spreading time scale (τs) and the photopolymerization time scale (τp). When τs ≪ τp, the spreading occurs very fast and is independent of polymerization. If the time scales are of the same order (τs ∼ τp), the spreading is significantly affected by the polymerization. For this case, a progressive increase in the viscosity of the drop during the spreading ensures a much slower spreading and also a much weaker extent of spreading (i.e., the spreading ceases at a much smaller spreading radius of the drop). This complex ...

Interview

Oskar Björkqvist Oskar Björkqvist, from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, talks to us about his submission “Additive manufactured dielectric Gutman lens”, and the potential ubiquity of 3D-printed antennae, page 1318. I am a recently graduated electrical engineer with a specialisation in electromagnetics. At the time we authored this paper I was affiliated with the Division for Electromagnetic Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, which specialises in wave propagation and antennas. They have worked in close collaboration with industry recently to prepare for the launch of 5G, amongst other projects. Some of the topics we focus our research on are transformation optics, metasurfaces and lens antennas, such as the one in this publication. Some people in my research group had started using these new RF-compatible 3D printing filaments to make customised layers and bodies of dielectric. I came across a few papers where people had been looking at 3D printing dielectric lenses, but none of them seemed to have turned to the cheapest and most commercially available form of 3D printing, known as ‘fused filament fabrication’. This led us to the idea that we could probably make similar lenses with a normal desktop 3D printer. Some initial simulations showed promising results, and we were able to print and measure a first working prototype soon after. Since then we have developed a few different versions of these lenses, one of which we decided to publish here in Electronics Letters. We have in this work shown that it is fully feasible to make a gradient refractive index lens, which historically have been relatively complex to manufacture, by very simple means. The fact that the entire antenna can be made in a single piece, by a single machine, suggests that pretty much anyone with access to a 3D printer could make their own low cost, high gain antennas using this method – not to mention the fact that the source 3D models can very easily be redistributed. I'd like to imagine that the method could be well suited for applications where weight and form factor of an antenna plays a role, as this plastic lens is in general relatively light weight and could assume many different shapes with the use of transformation optics. We are further confident that the method also is applicable to even higher frequency bands than the one we have considered here, possibly stretching into the mm-wave regime. Not being an expert in 3D printing technology, it was at times not easy to know how well a 3D model might translate into a printed object. The small details in the models and the limited spatial resolution of a desktop 3D printer necessitated us iterating a few different methods for generating the models and different geometries of our unit cells, which are the ‘building blocks’ we use to create the lens. Still being relatively new to this field, I have not yet experienced any significant changes first-hand. It is however evident to me that working with antennas and electromagnetics in general clearly has changed the last couple of decades as an effect of the IT revolution – the simulation tools we have now are extremely powerful and the process of designing, manufacturing and evaluating a design is probably easier than ever. Our publication in this edition of Electronics Letters is perhaps a good example – the time from conceiving the idea to measuring the first prototype spanned over only a few weeks and could be done pretty much single-handedly, only with the help of a computer and a relatively simple 3D printer. I suspect that we will see more of this way of working in the future and that research groups will to a greater extent be able to manufacture their designs by themselves, which is likely to speed up the process of conducting research significantly.

Microstructure of the Mg-4Y-3RE-Zr (WE43) Magnesium Alloy Produced by 3D Printing

In this study, the three microstructure of the as-cast, hot-extruded, and 3D printed Mg-4Y-3RE-Zr (WE43) magnesium alloy was studied. The selective laser melting (SLM) process was used for 3D printing. The study was aimed at mapping the microstructure of a 3D printed magnesium alloy produced by the SLM process. Magnesium alloys made in the form of 3D printing are relatively new production processes. The study therefore this process compared with current processes, which are now well known and mapped. It was therefore studied the microstructure produced by three different processes of production. The microstructure and chemical composition of present phases were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS). Based on the microstructural examination, significant differences were found between the materials produced by different production processes. The microstructure of the as-cast alloy consisted of relatively coarse α-Mg dendrites surrounded by eutectics containing intermetallic phases rich-in alloying elements. During hot extrusion, the eutectics fragmented into fine particles which arranged into rows parallel to the extrusion direction. The 3D printed alloy was characterized by significantly refined microstructure due to a high cooling rate during the SLM process. It consisted of very fine dendrites of α-Mg and interdendritic network enriched-in the alloying elements. In addition, there were also oxides covering original powder particles and the material showed also some porosity that is a common feature of 3D printed alloys.

The Barrier Properties of Flake-Filled Composites with Precise Control of Flake Orientation

Additive manufacturing, especially in the form of 3D printing, offers the exciting possibility of generating heterogeneous articles with precisely controlled internal microstructure. One area in which this feature can be of significant advantage is in diffusion control, specifically in the design and fabrication of microstructures which optimize the rate of transport of a solute to and from a contained fluid. In this work we focus on the use of flakes as diffusion-control agents and study computationally and theoretically the effect of orientation on the barrier properties of flake-filled composites. We conducted over 1500 simulations in two-dimensional, doubly-periodic unit cells each containing up to 3000 individual flake cross-sections which are randomly placed and with their axes forming an angle () with the direction of macroscopic diffusion. We consider long-flake systems of aspect ratio () 100 and 1000, from the dilute () and into the concentrated () regime. Based on the rotation properties of the diffusivity tensor, we derive a model which is capable of accurately reproducing all computational results ( and ). The model requires as inputs the two principal diffusivities of the composite, normal and parallel to the flake axis. In this respect, we find the models of Lape et al. [1] and Nielsen [2] form an excellent combination. Both our model and our computational data predict that at the quadratic dependence of the Barrier Improvement Factor (BIF) on () is lost, with the BIF approaching a plateau at higher values of (). This plateau is lower as () increases. We derive analytical estimates of this maximum achievable BIF at each level of misalignment; these are also shown to be in excellent agreement with the computational results. Finally we show that our computational results and model are in agreement with experimental evidence at small values of ().

A Novel Approach to 3D-Printed Fabrics and Garments

Abstract Electrospinning as a form of 3D printing can be used to produce custom 3D fabrics and textiles. Various aspects of the technology are briefly described, as well as advantages this process offers over traditional textile manufacturing methods and other 3D printing technologies. The current state of Electroloom's technology and materials remains in a prototyping phase, and discussed herein are additional limitations in the current state of the technology. After a year and a half of development, the technology holds promise and is already capable of producing wearable custom garments, including beanies, skirts, scarves, and tank tops. Because this is an early technology, there is ample room for progress; however, this offers a look at what is currently possible, and what may be soon.

The role of context in science fiction prototyping: The digital industrial revolution

Fabcreating, a highly sophisticated form of 3D printing, has become ubiquitous by 2033. We outline how digital fabrication might evolve in a science fiction prototype (SFP) and provide a 2033 use case in which consumers produce their own highly customized consumer electronics at home. It shows how consumers virtually select, customize and print mobile phones and highlights how digital fabrication impacts society at large. Our technology outlook is backed by expert interviews. Our story vignette forms a showcase to address the role of technology, creativity and context in SFP. We address the anatomy of SFP and argue that context is important in order to promote opportunity recognition and to envisage game changing technologies and their societal impact. We develop a SFP typology based on a technology prototype and context prototype perspective.

3D Printing: Basic Concepts Mathematics and Technologies

3D printing is about being able to print any object layer by layer. But if one questions this proposition, can one find any three-dimensional objects that can't be printed layer by layer? To banish any disbeliefs the authors walked together through the mathematics that prove 3d printing is feasible for any real life object. 3d printers create three-dimensional objects by building them up layer by layer. The current generation of 3d printers typically requires input from a CAD program in the form of an STL file, which defines a shape by a list of triangle vertices. The vast majority of 3d printers use two techniques, FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) and PBP (Powder Binder Printing). One advanced form of 3d printing that has been an area of increasing scientific interest the recent years is bioprinting. Cell printers utilizing techniques similar to FDM were developed for bioprinting. These printers give us the ability to place cells in positions that mimic their respective positions in organs. Finally, through a series of case studies the authors show that 3d printers have made a massive breakthrough in medicine lately.

3D PRINTED LATTICES WITH SPATIALLY VARIANT SELF-COLLIMATION

In this work, results are given for controlling waves arbitrarily inside a lattice with spatially variant self-collimation. To demonstrate the concept, an unguided beam was made to flow around a 90◦ bend without scattering due to the bend or the spatial variance. Control of the field was achieved by spatially varying the orientation of the unit cells throughout a self-collimating photonic crystal, but in a manner that almost completely eliminated deformations to the size and shape of the unit cells. The device was all-dielectric, monolithic, and made from an ordinary dielectric with low relative permittivity (er = 2.45). It was manufactured by fused deposition modeling, a form of 3D printing, and its performance confirmed experimentally at around 15 GHz.

A Novel Technique for Fabricating Metalized Objects with Difficult Geometries

In the course of fabricating corrugated horn antennae a technique was developed to avoid certain geometric difficulties. Stereolithograpy, a form of 3D printing, had been employed to create a lightweight, cheap, plastic horn. However, it was found that it was difficult to plate metal into the corrugations of the plastic horn. To work around this, a technique was developed where in the corrugated horn would be produced by assembling a number of easy to plate, interlocking rings. The rings would be plated separately, assembled, and electroplated with an exoskeleton. The general technique could readily be applied to a large number of similarly difficult scenarios.Â