Value Of Form Factor Research Articles

Molecular form factor data for tissue equivalent materials

In the diagnostic X-ray energy range, elastic (Coherent) scattering is dominant and can be obtained using an appropriate form factor. When experimental Form Factor data is not available at certain momentum transfer values, molecular form factor data that can be compatible with experimental data should be theoretically obtained. Using these molecular form factor data, molecular coherent scattering coefficients can be calculated, and linear attenuation coefficients of tissue equivalent structures can be estimated. In this study, PMMA, CIRS 70/30, CIRS 50/50, CIRS 30/70, RMI 454, and BR 12, which are equivalent complex molecular structures to human breast tissue, were examined, and the theoretical molecular form factor F(x) values compatible with the experimental form factor values for each were obtained. We believe that our results will find a significant place in the literature and will be beneficial for our future studies and also in the studies of other researchers who make models.

Morphometric Analysis Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System: A Case Study of Nawagarh Watershed of Chhattisgarh, India

The study highlights the suitability of a GIS-based approach for evaluating morphometric parameters. It focuses on the quantitative analysis of morphometric characteristics within thirteen sub-watersheds of the Nawagarh watershed, which originates from the Seonath river catchment in the Mahanadi basin in Chhattisgarh, India. The Nawagarh watershed spans an area of 2647.27 km2. Its outlet is located at 21°46'10" N Latitude and 81° 48’43” E Longitude. The Nawagarh watershed covers four districts in Chhattisgarh - Kabirdham, Bemetara, Baloda Bazar, and Mungeli. The analysis reveals the relative qualities of the sub-watersheds in terms of hydrological response. The Nawagarh watershed features a dendritic drainage network with 2760 streams of different orders. The slope of the land directly affects water absorption and drainage. High relief ratio 0.032 in SWD1 and SWD3 indicates rapid concentration, rapid stream flow, and greater susceptibility to erosion than other sub watersheds. The drainage density is 0.80 km-1, which is close to 1 km-1, indicating that the basin has a nearly high drainage density, which demonstrate that the location with impermeable weak subsurface material and has high relief. The elongated shape with the values of form factor (0.39), circulatory ratio (0.28) and elongation ratio (0.69), indicated that the Nawagarh watershed is more elongated with lower peak flow of long duration having low permeability. The drainage density in the basin is relatively high, suggesting a significant drainage network. The study emphasizes the need for effective erosion control methods in the Nawagarh watershed to protect the land.

Novel Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor from A=3 Mirror Nuclei.

The electromagnetic form factors of the proton and neutron encode information on the spatial structure of their charge and magnetization distributions. While measurements of the proton are relatively straightforward, the lack of a free neutron target makes measurements of the neutron's electromagnetic structure more challenging and more sensitive to experimental or model-dependent uncertainties. Various experiments have attempted to extract the neutron form factors from scattering from the neutron in deuterium, with different techniques providing different, and sometimes large, systematic uncertainties. We present results from a novel measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor using quasielastic scattering from the mirror nuclei ^{3}H and ^{3}He, where the nuclear effects are larger than for deuterium but expected to largely cancel in the cross-section ratios. We extracted values of the neutron magnetic form factor for low-to-modest momentum transfer, 0.6<Q^{2}<2.9 GeV^{2}, where existing measurements give inconsistent results. The precision and Q^{2} range of these data allow for a better understanding of the current world's data and suggest a path toward further improvement of our overall understanding of the neutron's magnetic form factor.

Pion-photon and kaon-photon transition distribution amplitudes in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model* *Supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Nanjing Institute of Technology (YKJ202352), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20191472), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M721564)

The Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model is utilized to investigate the pion- and kaon-photon leading-twist transition distribution amplitudes using proper time regularization. Separately, the properties of the vector and axial vector pion-photon transition distribution amplitudes are examined, and the results meet the desired properties. Our study involves sum rule and polynomiality condition. The vector and axial vector pion-photon transition form factors that are present in the process are the first Mellin moments of the pion-photon transition distribution amplitudes. The vector transition form factor originates from the internal structure of hadrons, the axial current can be coupled to a pion, this pion is virtual, and its contribution will be present independently of the external hadrons. The kaon transition form factors are similar. The vector form factor's value at zero momentum transfer is determined by the axial anomaly, while this is not the case for the axial one. The vector and axial form factors, as well as the neutral pion vector form factor , are depicted. According to our findings, the pion axial transition form factor is harder than the vector transition form factor and harder than the electromagnetic form factor. We also discuss the link between and transitions distribution amplitudes.

Value and Variability of Pulse Shape Indicator for Estimating Mean Arterial Pressure in the Radial and Femoral Arteries.

The form factor (FF) is a pulse shape indicator that corresponds to the fraction of pulse pressure added to diastolic blood pressure to estimate the time-averaged mean arterial pressure (MAP). Our invasive study assessed the FF value and variability at the radial and femoral artery levels and evaluated the recommended fixed FF value of 0.33. Hemodynamically stable patients were prospectively included in 2 intensive care units. FF was documented at baseline and during dynamic maneuvers. A total of 632 patients (64±16 years of age, 66% men, MAP=81±14 mm Hg) were included. Among them, 355 (56%) had a radial catheter and 277 (44%) had a femoral catheter. The FF was 0.34±0.06. In multiple linear regression, FF was influenced by biological sex (P<0.0001) and heart rate (P=0.04) but not by height, weight, or catheter location. The radial FF was 0.35±0.06, whereas the femoral FF was 0.34±0.05 (P=0.08). Both radial and femoral FF were higher in women than in men (P<0.05). When using the 0.33 FF value to estimate MAP, the error was -0.4±4.0 mm Hg and -0.1±2.9 mm Hg at the radial and femoral level, respectively, and the MAP estimate still demonstrated high accuracy and good precision even after changes in norepinephrine dose, increase in positive end-expiratory pressure level, fluid administration, or prone positioning (n=218). Despite higher FF in women and despite interindividual variability in FF, using a fixed FF value of 0.33 yielded accurate and precise estimations of MAP. This finding has potential implications for blood pressure monitoring devices and the study of pulse wave amplification.

Drainage Morphometric analysis of Yagachi watershed area, Karnataka State, India

The Yagachi River watershed in Karnataka State has been chosen for a thorough analysis to recognize the drainage system, morphometric features, and vulnerability of the watershed area to erosion. As a prerequisite to the analysis of morphometric features utilizing ArcGIS software, the stream networks and sub-watersheds (viz., SW01, SW02, SW03 and SW04) were delineated by making use of topographic sheets and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Yagachi watershed covers an area of 551.45 sq. km and observed predominant drainage patterns are sub-parallel and dendritic with sixth-order drainage. Higher stream orders (U=6), implying greater surface runoff and sediment load, and low mean stream length values in the upper reaches, signifying youthful morphological development and strong erosion potential, are characteristics of streams in the watershed. Drainage density values (1.262 to 1.930 km/km2), particularly at upper reaches in the NW part of the watershed, fine to very fine drainage texture values (7.572 and 8.337), moderate to high values of length of overland flow (Lg) and constant of channel maintenance (CCM) indicate steep to moderate slopes, fairly significant surface runoff, and high erosive power of the streams and greater sediment load. The elongated form of the watershed is shown by the computed lower form factor (Ff) and elongation ratio (Re) values. Relief characteristics of the watershed area, although suggest that the study area is vulnerable to erosion and in youth stage, in reality, the area is characterised more by the features of the late mature stage of landform development. The observed anomaly is attributed to the mountain-plain environment as the steeply sloped hill ranges of Bababudan formations are located in the northwestern parts of the Yagachi watershed area. However, the sub-watershed SW03 with high stream length, drainage density and relief value with fine drainage texture is relatively more susceptible to erosion.

Analytical models representing X-ray form factors of ions.

Parameters in analytical models for X-ray form factors of ions f0(s), based on the inverse Mott-Bethe formula involving a variable number of Gaussians, are determined for a wide range of published data sets {s, f0(s)}. The models reproduce the calculated form-factor values close to what is expected from a uniform statistical distribution with limits determined by their precision. For different ions associated with the same atom, the number of Gaussians in the models decreases with increasing net positive charge.

Geospatial approach in modeling linear, areal, and relief morphometric interactions in Dabus river basin ecology for sustainable water resource management

The Dabus River Basin (DRB) holds significant value within the Upper Blue Nile region yet has seen minimal exploration regarding its morphometric features. This investigation employed geospatial techniques to characterize the linear, areal, and relief morphometric properties of the DRB in the Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia. Data sources such as the SRTM DEM, hydrological, and geological maps were utilized to comprehensively analyze the basin's morphometric aspects. In the ArcGIS environment, 26 morphometric parameters were assessed through standard statistical methodologies. The basin possesses 210,776 streams with a dendritic pattern, ranging from 1st to 9th order, reflecting lithological uniformity and structural oversight. The total stream length is 57,233 km, scattered across a basin area of 14,833.7 km2. With an average bifurcation ratio of 3, the basin displays a low degree of lithological influence and structural disturbances influencing the drainage patterns. The form factor (0.2), elongation ratio (0.5) and circulatory ratio (0.2) values suggests an elongated basin shape, resulting in poor runoff and increased erosion frequency. A high correlation can also be observed among stream frequency (14.2), drainage density (3.9), and texture ratio (54.5), which implies high basin impermeability and a heightened risk of erosion. Key relief attributes of the basin include a low to moderate relief (2641 m), an 8.8 relief ratio (erosion potential), a 10.2 ruggedness number (rugged and flood-prone terrain), and a 5.6 m/km channel gradient (steep slopes, increased runoff, erosion potential). This study aims to serve as a foundation for comprehending the DRB and facilitating the development of precise and successful land and water management strategies.

EHP VALUE OF MINI LNG SHIP WITH FORM FACTOR FROM PROHASKA AND IRLS METHOD USING SHIP RESISTANCE TESTING DATA

The ship model test was believed to be one of the effective methods for figuring out the boundaries and reliability of the ship's horsepower. The ship's form factor determines a full-scale ship's effective horsepower. Determination of the form factor value can be done experimentally through the Prohaska method. The new method proposed in this study is employed the regression Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (IRLS) method by utilizing the principle dimension of the ship, such as LWL, B, CB, CP, CM, WSA, T, ∆. etc. The Indonesian Hydrodynamics Laboratory has a database of ships with various principle dimensions which have undergone the towing model test. Through the database, the form factor can be predicted with the IRLS method. The method is then verified and validated with the Prohaska method. The result shows a good agreement with the Prohaska method. The obtained results from the IRLS method also show that the EHP &amp; Resistance calculations are identical with old fashion Prohaska methods. The residual bias factor established by the IRLS method was verified in comparison to the value of the form factor generated by the Prohaska method. Comparison between the two methods results in a small error.

Twist-four gravitational form factor at NNLO QCD from trace anomaly constraints

It is known that the trace anomaly in the QCD energy-momentum tensor Tμν can be attributed to the anomalies for each of the gauge-invariant quark part and gluon part of Tμν, and their explicit three-loop formulas have been derived in the overline{textrm{MS}} scheme in the dimensional regularization. The matrix elements of this quark/gluon decomposition of the QCD trace anomaly allow us to derive the QCD constraints on the hadron’s gravitational form factors, in particular, on the twist-four gravitational form factor, {overline{C}}_{q,g} . Using the three-loop quark/gluon trace anomaly formulas, we calculate the forward (zero momentum transfer) value of the twist-four gravitational form factor {overline{C}}_{q,g} at the next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) accuracy. We present quantitative results for nucleon as well as for pion, leading to a model-independent determination of the forward value of {overline{C}}_{q,g} . We find quite different pattern in the obtained results between the nucleon and the pion. In particular, for the nucleon, the present information from experiment and lattice QCD on the nonperturbative matrix elements arising in our NNLO formula allows us to obtain a prediction of the forward value of {overline{C}}_{q,g} at the accuracy of a few percent level.

Understanding the systematic differences in extractions of the proton electric form factors at low Q2

Systematic differences exist between values of the proton's electric form factors in the low-$Q^2$ region extracted by different experimental and theoretical groups, though they are all making use of basically the same electron-proton scattering data. To try understand the source of these differences, we make use of the analytically well-behaved rational (N=1, M=1) function, a predictive function that can be reasonably used for extrapolations at $Q^{2} \rightarrow 0$. First, we test how well this deceptively simple two-parameter function describes the extremely complex and state-of-the-art dispersively improved chiral effective field theory calculations. Second, we carry out a complete re-analysis of the 34 sets of eletron-proton elastic scattering cross-section data of the Mainz A1 Collaboration with its unconstrained 31 normalization parameters up to $Q^{2} = 0.5~{\rm (GeV/c)^{2}}$. We find that subtle shifts in the normalization parameters can result in relatively large changes in the extracted physical qualities. In conclusion, we show that by simply using a well-behaved analytic function, the apparent discrepancy between recent form-factor extractions can be resolved.

Weight-length, length-length relationships and form factor of three flatfish species from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Biometrics such as weight-length relationships (WLRs), length-length relationships (LLRs), as well as form factor (a3.0) were investigated for three flatfish species, Cynoglossus lingua, Cynoglossus arel, and Brachirus pan which were captured using seines and gill nets between September 2021 and March 2022 from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. The lengths were measured to adjacent 0.1 cm accuracy with a digital caliper and weights to the accuracy of 0.01 g with a digital balance for each individual. The WLRs were accurately adjusted for all species (r2 &gt; 0.9500). Brachirus pan had the lowest b value of 2.9543, whereas C. arel had the highest b value of 3.2924 amongst the three species. For the investigated species of fish, LLRs were also highly significant (r2 &gt; 0.9600, p &lt; 0.01). The estimated form factor values were 0.0023 for B. pan, 0.0026 for C. arel, 0.0027 for C. lingua. New maximum total lengths for C. arel and B. pan have also been recorded. Since there are no weight-length relationships (WLRs), length-length relationships (LLRs), as well as form factor (a3.0) data for these species in Bangladesh; the information supplied here expands the depth of knowledge for these species.

Phenotypic divergence and biometric indices of silond catfish, Silonia silondia (Hamilton 1822) populations inhabiting the coastal rivers of Bangladesh

To observe phenotypic differentiation among populations of Silond catfish, Silonia silondia (Hamilton 1822), a multilinear approach was used. A sum of 180 samples from three coastal rivers (Meghna, Payra, and Kirtankhola) of the Bangladesh coast were scooped up to comprehend whether distinct populations of S. silondia could be separated from one another due to adaptive divergence. The findings of this study reflect the first attempt to determine the stock structure, morphological characters, length-frequency distributions, length-length relationships, length-weight relationships, condition factors, relative weight, and form factor of S. silondia in the coastal rivers of Bangladesh. Important discrepancies between the means of the three populations were revealed using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance (p < 0.01). In principal component analysis, the first and second principal components described 83.546% and 4.302% of the total variation, respectively. The step-wise discriminant function analysis revealed two variables that separated the populations significantly. Besides, a dendrogram based on Euclidean distances accurately separated the populations. In a one-way analysis of variance study, nineteen out of twenty-one morphometric characters showed significant variation (p < 0.01)among three populations. The length parameters based on the length-length relationships of each sample were found to be highly significant (p < 0.01). The length-weight relationships exhibited that the b value fluctuated from 2.796 (Kirtankhola) to 3.498 (Meghna). The Fulton's condition factor was estimated in the current study for this species with an average value ranging from 1.12 to 1.35. The calculated form factor values of this species were 0.0016, 0.0054, and 0.0110 for Meghna, Payra, and Kirtankhola river, respectively. Therefore, this study will expectantly inform fisheries taxonomists about the species' current stock structure, intraspecific phenotypic divergences, and aid in its management and conservation in similar ecosystems in Bangladesh and around the world.

Morphometric Characteristics of Al-Khoser River Basin by Using GIS / Mosul - Iraq

This research deals the morphometric characteristics of the Al-Khoser river basin, which is located north of Mosul, using the GIS software to create a database for the drainage basin and convert these data into digital maps that describe the impact of its natural characteristics. Digital elevation model (DEM) was used to construct the drainage basin bounds and valley streams network, as well as to determine morphometric parameters using a series of special mathematical equations after relating them to the drainage basin's natural characteristics. The basin is characterized by a high relief ratio of (17.23) m/km, this can be attributed to an increase in the distance between the highest point in the basin, which reached to (1238) meters and its lowest point (215) meters. And a reduction in roughness and drainage density of )2.55( and )2.5( km/km2, respectively. Different parts of the basin have different structural conditions and types of rocks. Increased erosion activity in the basin is evidence of this geomorphological activity. It has been observed that the duration, strength, and intensity of the rain that falls on the basin parts changes from the source to the estuary. The value of the basin's form factor is (0.31), indicating that its shape is elongated, which leads to the loss of huge quantities of water throughout the long runoff period through evaporation and leakage, hence reducing the likelihood of flooding. The study suggested building a few dams on the Al-Khoser river's tributaries to store rainwater and use it to irrigate agricultural land.

Form Factor and Wake Fraction of Bulky Trimaran Hull Using CFD

The value of form factor (1+k) and wake fraction significantly influence the ship propulsion design, including trimaran vessel. This paper presents the form factor and wake fraction of a single screw bulky trimaran using CFD. The model vessel is 1.92 m trimaran with scale to the actual vessel is 31.25 and evaluated in the range of Fn 0.1 to 0.2 based on ITTC recommendation. The results show that the form factor of the bulky trimaran is 1.433, which is close to the NPL series Trimaran value. The wake fraction was evaluated in two model speeds, 1.43 knot, which represent low speed and 6.26 knot which means high speed. The results show that the wake fraction pattern is similar to a single propeller vessel with the wake’s peak at 12 o’clock with the maximum value of wake around is 0.1.

Morphometric Analysis of Chilenahalli Micro-watershed in the North-eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques

The structure and landform of watershed and their associated stream networks are described mainly by their morphometric parameters and Watershed analysis based on morphometric parameters is very important for watershed planning, since it gives an idea about the basin characteristics regarding slope, topography, soil condition, runoff characteristics, surface water potential and quantify the linear, areal and relief aspects of watershed. Geographic information system and remote sensing techniques were employed for the identification of morphological features, drainage pattern and its planning in basin area. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) 30m resolution was used to digitize study watershed and generate drainage pattern and analysis done using GIS software and excel spreadsheet. The study reveals that Chilenahalli micro-watershed designated as 4thstream order and drainage indicate dendritic pattern with mature geomorphic stage and stream order verifies the Horton’s law of stream number. The Mean Bifurcation Ratio was found to be 4.46, which indicates low rainfall, shallow weathering and low dissection of the valley and it shows low to medium relief aspect during investigation of the basin. This can be visualised using DEM, relief ratio, ruggedness number, and slope maps of the study area. The drainage density was found to be 2.13 km/km2which indicate a low class Dd value, thereby indicating a poorly drained watershed with low response to hydrological parameters. The texture ratio of the micro-watershed is 3.52, which indicated coarse texture of drainage basin and the values of Form Factor, Circulatory ratio and Elongation ratio may imply an oval shape of the basin with a slightly elongated main stream and the length of overland flow values in this study is 0.23 km which shows moderate infiltration and percolation characteristics of soil. The study which also helps in planning erosion control strategy, prioritization of watershed and management practices for soil and rainwater conservation. The research study helps to formulate the selection and adoption of crop management practices by preparing soil map of the watershed in future.

Hydromorphometric Analysis of Wadi Al-Batin Alluvial Fan Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, Southwestern Iraq

Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan starts from Wadi Al-Rummah in Saudi Arabia and passes through the Kuwait and Iraq borders. The fan represents the southern and northern limits of the Iraq and Kuwait national boundary, respectively, deposited by Wadi Al-Batin on the southern border of the main wide depression formed by the effectiveness of the Abu Jir-Euphrates Fault. The present study aims to evaluate the hydrological properties of the fan and perform a morphometric analysis to find the groundwater flow, structural, and drainage network of the study area based on fieldwork information and satellite images using remote sensing technique and GIS environment. The hydrological analysis shows that the drainage density pattern direction in Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan is from the southwestern to the northeastern parts of the Wadi Al-Batin alluvial fan. The morphometric analysis results show that the Wadi Al-Batin fan is divided into five watersheds; each has seven stream orders, watershed 1 has the highest value of stream order, and watershed 2 has the lowest value of stream order. The drainage texture value range between fine, moderate, and very fine, which indicates the geological setting of the region consists of the Dibdibba Formation exposed in the study area. Watershed 3 has the highest value, and watershed 1 has the lowest value of stream frequency. The form factor value for all watersheds is less than 0.5 and has an elongated shape. The watershed 3 has the highest basin relief value, while the watershed 4 has the lowest value of basin relief.

Axial-vector transition form factors of the baryon octet to the baryon decuplet with flavor SU(3) symmetry breaking

We investigate the axial-vector transition form factors of the baryon octet to the baryon decuplet within the framework of the chiral quark-soliton model, with the effects of flavor SU(3) symmetry breaking included. We consider the rotational $1/{N}_{c}$ corrections and regard the strange current quark mass as a perturbation. We compare the present results for the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N$ axial-vector transition with those from other models and lattice QCD. We also compute all possible axial-vector transitions from the baryon decuplet to the octet with the strangeness changed, i.e., $|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}S|=1$. We obtain the value of the essential form factor ${C}_{5}^{A}$ for the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N$ axial-vector transition at the zero momentum transfer (${Q}^{2}=0$). Furthermore, the present results are in good agreement with those fitted with the T2K data. We extract the value of the axial-vector mass ${M}_{A}$ compared to the data.

Level Compressibility of Certain Random Unitary Matrices.

The value of spectral form factor at the origin, called level compressibility, is an important characteristic of random spectra. The paper is devoted to analytical calculations of this quantity for different random unitary matrices describing models with intermediate spectral statistics. The computations are based on the approach developed by G. Tanner for chaotic systems. The main ingredient of the method is the determination of eigenvalues of a transition matrix whose matrix elements equal the squared moduli of matrix elements of the initial unitary matrix. The principal result of the paper is the proof that the level compressibility of random unitary matrices derived from the exact quantisation of barrier billiards and consequently of barrier billiards themselves is equal to irrespective of the height and the position of the barrier.

Theoretical and Experimental Essentials on Baryon Form Factors

This brief review is a practical guide on the basic concepts, pivotal formulae, standard relations, and some unusual, often forgotten, but sometimes revealing features of baryons’ form factors. All available measured values of nucleon form factors in the space-like and time-like regions extracted from scattering and annihilation cross-sections are also reported.