Forest Area Research Articles

Land tenure conflicts in forest areas: obstacles to rejuvenation of small-scale oil palm plantations in Indonesia

Purpose This study aims to investigate the problems small-scale oil palm plantations in Indonesia’s forest areas face and the government policies addressing them. Design/methodology/approach Survey and data collection were used to determine the socioeconomic, environmental, legal and governance problems related to the development of smallholder plantations. Information was obtained from the respondents via a rapid rural appraisal approach. Findings The potential land for potential participants in the community oil palm rejuvenation programme is a forest area of 1,628,749.60 ha. Owing to its legal dimensions and unsustainable land management, the rejuvenation regulatory programme has not reached independent farmers. Research limitations/implications The use of plantation space beyond its designation hinders the government’s goal of accelerating the rejuvenation programme. The problems regarding the accumulation of forest area result in low achievement of the annual rejuvenation target in Riau Province (21%–25%). The authors present solutions to resolve land ownership conflicts and implement strategic policies to ensure the sustainable development of such plantations. Originality/value The authors introduce a conflict–resolution model for small-scale smallholder oil palm plantations to resolve the problems of forest area claims unaddressed in the Indonesian Job Creation Law. Land conflict resolution is categorised into five typologies: oil palm plantations with business permits; those without a forestry permit and subject to administrative sanctions; business activities in forest areas without forestry permits; resolving non-conformities in the progress of land or management controlled and used in forest areas prior to their designation by removing land parcels through modifying the forest area boundaries; and the settlement for farmers without cultivation registration certificates but have established plantations and whose land tenure can be proven.

Novel temperatures are already widespread beneath the world’s tropical forest canopies

AbstractTropical forest biodiversity is potentially at high risk from climate change, but most species reside within or below the canopy, where they are buffered from extreme temperatures. Here, by modelling the hourly below-canopy climate conditions of 300,000 tropical forest locations globally between 1990 and 2019, we show that recent small increases in below-canopy temperature (<1 °C) have led to highly novel temperature regimes across most of the tropics. This is the case even within contiguous forest, suggesting that tropical forests are sensitive to climate change. However, across the globe, some forest areas have experienced relatively non-novel temperature regimes and thus serve as important climate refugia that require urgent protection and restoration. This pantropical analysis of changes in below-canopy climatic conditions challenges the prevailing notion that tropical forest canopies reduce the severity of climate change impacts.

Analysis of the relationship between L-band SAR backscatter and understory weed density in eucalyptus plantation forests

ABSTRACT This study aims to reveal the relationships between understory coverage (principally, weed growth) beneath the canopies of Sumatran eucalyptus plantations and L-band backscatter data gathered by the PALSAR-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) onboard the ALOS-2 satellite. Statistical analysis in conjunction with in situ measurements of forest structural parameters reveals that the SAR polarization ratio is significantly negatively correlated with understory coverage in forests taller than or equal to 10 m or above 2 years of age. Our field investigations confirm that a decrease in canopy coverage takes place some 2 years after transplanting, which in turn permits increased penetration (decreased attenuation) of microwave signals thereby enabling the SAR to detect changes in understory coverage. In addition, both growth and unmanaged remnants of the understory vegetation in older forests reduce evaporation from the ground, which in turn stabilizes soil-moisture levels throughout the year and allows co-polarized backscatter data (which might otherwise be dominated by soil-moisture changes) to contain significant information on the underlying vegetation. No correlation between the understory and SAR backscatter was recorded in younger forests undergoing programs of intensive weed management. This is presumably because strong canopy and trunk backscatter obscured the response from understory vegetation and because artificial changes were induced in vegetation water content as a result of the application of herbicides which in turn reduced the accuracy of some of our field measurements of understory coverage. This research nevertheless demonstrates an important potential application of active satellite microwave remote sensing. We show that satellite-based L-band SAR can be used as a tool to investigate coverage percentages of understory layers. This synoptic technique reduces the need for repeated field surveys across large areas of forest. It can enhance ecosystem assessment and improve understory coverage estimates in sparse forests and in various types of plantations.

Conserving low‐intensity farming is key to halting the declines of migratory passerines in their tropical wintering grounds

AbstractHalf of all migratory bird species have declined over the past 30 years, with intercontinental migrants declining faster than their short‐distance migratory counterparts. One potential cause of these declines is habitat loss and degradation on tropical wintering grounds, where agricultural conversion of natural habitats and intensification of traditional, low‐intensity agricultural systems are frequently occurring. Although the broad patterns of wintering migrant abundance are well understood along most flyways, how species' habitat associations vary across disturbance gradients in agricultural landscapes remains a key question, with implications for landscape‐level farm management and restoration activities. We used 328 point count locations and associated habitat assessments targeted at a cohort of eight severely declining Afro‐Palaearctic migratory passerines in the Guineo–Congolian transition zone of Western Africa to model the probability of the presence of migrants within grass, shrub, forb and forest‐covered areas. We found support for the widespread use of early successional habitats retained within traditionally managed farmland by migrants. Most species utilize scrubland on fallows within the agricultural mosaic, especially Spotted Flycatcher, Garden Warbler, Melodious Warbler, Whinchat and Common Nightingale. Only Pied Flycatcher relied upon mature forested areas. The avoidance of mature forested habitats by most species suggests that habitat requirements of severely declining migrant birds must be explicitly considered within conservation and restoration schemes, via mechanisms to retain low‐intensity farming, especially short‐term abandoned fallows that regenerate scrubby areas within the agricultural matrix. Any habitat management within the agricultural matrix should be considered in the context of the needs of local communities.

Geocells for Unpaved Roads: Analysis of Design Methods from the Literature

Most forest roads are unpaved, connecting rural and forest areas and enabling access for firefighting and commercial purposes. Low traffic levels lead to reduced functional demands, while rapid development of deformations results in frequent maintenance. Using geocells as reinforcements reduces deformations, minimizing maintenance needs. Herein, geocell-reinforced soil design methods were collected and categorized based on their result: increase in confining pressure; bearing capacity; height of the base layer. The goal was to compare methods reported in the literature, from a user perspective and within each category, using a base scenario. The methods were analysed to better understand their differences and application conditions. Methods that estimate the increase in confining pressure refer to static or cyclic loading, leading to results that are not directly comparable; often, the reinforcement contribution is represented by an apparent cohesion, with no physical meaning and misleading. Methods that estimate the increase in bearing capacity due to geocell consider its contribution differently (lateral resistance, vertical stress dispersion, and membrane effects) and distinct combinations. For geocell reinforcement, the membrane effect can be neglected. Methods that estimate the height of the base layer can be used directly for an expedite design of unpaved roads. When geocell reinforcement is adopted, the minimum height of the base layer should coincide with that of the geocell. Thus, while current methods contribute and support the design of unpaved roads, further work is essential to develop methods that are of simple and of expedite application for forest engineers, adaptable to local conditions and requirements.

Physical Properties of Upper Mineral Soil Horizons in a Cutover Area of the Middle Boreal Forest in the Komi Republic

Physical Properties of Upper Mineral Soil Horizons in a Cutover Area of the Middle Boreal Forest in the Komi Republic

Đánh giá hiện trạng môi trường đất khu vực đất ngập nước xã Đồng Rui, huyện Tiên Yên, tỉnh Quảng Ninh

Wetland ecosystems play the most important role but are also vulnerable under economic evelopment activities in estuarine and coastal areas. The quality of the soil environment is an important parameter to assess human impacts on this ecosystem environment. In this study, 28 soil and sediment samples of different types of land use were collected and analyzed with physical indicators (mechanized action, pH, salinity), nutrient indicators (N total, P total, OC, Ca2+, Mg2+) to assess the current state of the soil environment in Dong Rui commune. The results showed a large difference in land indicator groups between 2 groups of land use types distributed inside and outside the levee. For the quality of soil environment in the group of types outside dikes such as river sediments and mangrove soils, the pH value is at a less acidic level, the composition is mainly sand, organic content, high exchange cations. For the group of land use types located inside the dike, the pH value is at the acidity level, the grain level composition is more balanced, the organic content and the ability to exchange cations is low. This difference shows the extent of human impact on these wetlands as well as their natural resilience, particularly in restored forest areas in abandoned shrimp lagoons. This is an important solution in the management and restoration of wetlands in Dong Rui commune.

The Impact of Social Forestry on Communities and Forest Areas Salimbutan Lubuk Alung

Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest area of ​​natural forest in the world and is often referred to as one of the world's lungs which contributes oxygen for the survival of living things. Even though forests have many benefits, if the benefits from forests are not managed properly and correctly, they can have negative impacts and can lead to disasters and conflicts, apart from that, there is a fairly high level of deforestation and poverty is still often found in communities in and around forests. made various parties including the Ministry of Environment and Forestry try to encourage community empowerment programs. One of these community empowerment programs is Social Forestry. This type of research uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive design in the form of a case study. The population used in this research is the area and managers of LPHN Salimbutan Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman Regency. The samples from this research are all areas managed by LPHN Lintasutan Lubuk Alung. The instruments used in this research were observations and questionnaires. The results of this research show that in 2017 the level of deforestation at the Salimbutan LPHN increased by 9.7 Ha, then in 2018 it decreased by 2.6 Ha, in 2019 by 0.8 Ha, in 2020 by 1.4 Ha, in 2021 with a total of 0.8 Ha, and then in 2022 it will increase again with a total of 4.7 Ha. Meanwhile, community income before the training and assistance was still relatively low with a percentage of 11.16%. The data after training and assistance was carried out in the Salimbutan LPHN area, community income increased by 28.08% in 2022 and 57.38% in 2023

Solution approaches to reduce problems with unbalanced supply and demand in transportation and harvest planning

ABSTRACT This study addresses forestry planning challenges arising from supply-demand imbalances. In forest planning, supply often exceeds demand because supplies are known in advance, while demands are known more short term when ordered. This leads to so-called “creaming,” where forest planners select nearby areas first. With static supply and incremental demand information, average transportation distance increases over the planning horizon. To mitigate this, we propose an approach to artificially balance supply and demand. This can be achieved by including additional time periods with additional demand making up the factual difference. We evaluate three planning approaches to model the extended demand, varying the number of time periods and extension duration. Through simulations, we compare these approaches to traditional methods and theoretical solutions. Our proposed approach aims to better keep the average distance balanced throughout the overall planning periods. It ensures that average transportation distances are not excessively favorable in the initial periods, nor unreasonably high in the later periods, resulting in a favorable equilibrium in the average transportation distance over time. It makes sure that we do not need the additional truck capacity at certain times. We assess our proposed approaches using a case study from a Swedish forestry company, demonstrating their superiority over current practices.

Identification of Potential and Suitability of Bagek Kembar Mangrove Forest, Cendi Manik, Sekotong, Lombok Barat as a Tourist Attraction

Mangrove forests have various roles in the environment, and have the potential to be developed as ecotourism areas. The aim of this study is to identify the potential and suitability of the Bagek Kembar mangrove forest as a tourist attraction. Data collection was carried out at two stations, namely natural and rehabilitated mangroves. Samples were taken in plots measuring 10 x 10 meters for mangroves and mobile fauna, and 1 x 1 meter plots for sessile fauna. The Tourism Suitability Index is analyzed based on the number of species, density and thickness of mangroves, number of fauna species, and water depth at high and low tides. The research results show that the Bagek Kembar mangrove forest area is classified as suitable to very suitable for development as an ecotourism area. Tourist attractions that potential to be developed are educational, birdwatching and culinary.

New Zealand's planted forests–Carbon stocks and yield in fast growing exotic tree plantations of the Southern Hemisphere

Every year New Zealand measures 1/5th of the permanent sample plots of the National Planted Forest Inventory administered by the Ministry for the Environment (MFE). This means that all plots are measured once during a five-year cycle to provide the full inventory, while each measurement year in its own right provides a random nationally-representative sample of New Zealand's plantation forests.Land-use change and planted forest area are highly dynamic in New Zealand compared to forests in many northern hemisphere countries and every year new plots are added to the inventory due to new afforestation areas. Over time, old plot data representing stands that have been recently harvested will be replaced with measurements of the new forests growing on these sites or will drop out altogether due to improvements in mapping or deforestation. This means that estimates from a single year's plot measurements can give different results from the previous year due to the changes that the plantation forest estate experiences from year to year.In this paper we analyse results for the latest measurement cycle (Panels 2016 - 2020) and identify any issues or trends in carbon stocks. We use all panel data plus data from previous periodic forest inventories to generate a fully representative yield table for all plantation forests in the sub-categories of Kyoto Protocol-compliant afforestation and other planted forests (“non-Kyoto”). Furthermore, we use an imputation approach to provide a statistically accurate representation of stock changes over time. The yield tables generated are used in MFE's Land Use Carbon Analysis System (LUCAS) to generate estimates of carbon stocks and stock changes for international reporting.The estimated mean carbon sequestration rate over the typical rotation for New Zealand's dominant plantation species is higher than the default range provided by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Predicted carbon sequestration in non-Kyoto planted forests (10.5 tC ha−1 yr−1) exceeds the estimated carbon sequestration in Kyoto-compliant planted forests (9.8 tC ha−1 yr−1) with both at the upper range of estimates for temperate plantation forests (IPCC). Current mean carbon stocks are significantly larger in Kyoto-compliant plantation forests (169 tC ha−1) than in non-Kyoto planted forests (108 tC ha−1) across New Zealand, largely because they are on average five years older. Estimated Mean annual increment, m3 ha−1 yr−1 expressed as a comparable index (“300Index”) indicates that Kyoto-compliant forest land has slightly higher productivity than non-Kyoto planted forests, but because the latter are composed of younger stands, greater carbon sequestration rates but lower current stocks are estimated. Plots with slower growing tree species such as Douglas-fir, cypresses and coastal redwood are now an increasing part of the Kyoto-compliant estate, reducing the overall sequestration rates for this forest type.

Characteristic Morphology and Biomass Production of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Cultivar Gama Umami Under Teak Tree (Tectona grandis) Shade in Blora, Central Java

This study aims to determine the characteristic morphology and biomass production of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cultivar Gama Umami under teak tree (Tectona grandis) shade in teak tree forest area of Blora, Central Java. The grass was planted using stem cuttings and maintained for four months using the randomized block design (RBD) method with six repetitions in each treatment. This study consisted of two treatments, namely shade under teak tree stands and non-shade or open area as a control. Maintenance was carried out for 14 weeks with the addition of fertilizers, such as NPK (nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium) and urea. Parameters measured included plant height, leaf length, leaf width, first collar length, number of tiller, and stem diameter. After 14 weeks the plants were harvested, and biomass production data were obtained. The results showed that there were no differences in leaf length, leaf width, first collar length, number shoots, and stem diameter between under the shade and non-shade of teak trees. However, the plant height and biomass production of Napier grass cultivated in non-shade teak trees were higher than under the shade of teak trees. The finding showed that Napier grass cultivar Gama Umami could be cultivated under the shade of teak tree forest and introduce for silvopasture system in teak trees forest area.

Impacts of land-use change on the habitat suitability and connectivity of giant panda

Land-use changes lead to habitat loss and fragmentation, which poses a further threat to the survival of species. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze how land-use change affects its habitat. 37 counties in Sichuan Province, China, where giant pandas are distributed, were selected as the subjects. Through analyzing land-use change, habitat suitability and connectivity characteristics over the past 20 years, and establishing a correlation between them, the impacts of land-use change on the habitat suitability and connectivity of giant pandas were explained. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the different land-use areas in the study area showed a pattern of change with an increase in forest area, built-up area and water area, and a decrease in grassland area and cropland area. There were significant differences in the characteristics of land-use dynamics changes among counties. Changes in land-use dynamics have a significant impact on the habitat suitability and connectivity of giant pandas, which is manifested in the fact that the conversion of forestland to grassland and grassland to cultivated land significantly reduces habitat suitability, while the conversion of grassland to forestland and cultivated to forestland significantly increases the connectivity of giant panda habitats. Changes in the habitat suitability index were significantly and positively correlated with the land-use dynamics index and the land-use degree index. Our findings emphasize the importance of balancing socio-economic development, land-use, and conservation efforts to maintain giant panda habitat. Therefore, the development of rational land-use patterns in future management is key to maximizing the comprehensive social, economic and ecological benefits.

Assessing the Impact of Urban Expansion on Forest Cover using LULC Maps, NDVI, and NDBI: A Case Study of Kathmandu District

Rapid urbanization poses significant challenges to the delicate balance between urban development and environmental conservation. This study investigates the impact of urban expansion on forest cover in the Kathmandu District, employing a comprehensive approach that integrates Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) maps, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI). The aim of the study area is to provide insights into the dynamic interplay between urban growth and its consequences on the region's ecological landscape. LULC maps derived from remote sensing data offer a spatially explicit representation of land-use changes over time, enabling the identification of areas where urbanization has encroached upon forest area. The NDVI, a vegetation health indicator, serves as a quantitative measure of changes in the density and health of vegetation cover, aiding in the assessment of ecological impacts. Complementing this, the NDBI highlights intensity of built-up areas, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the urbanization process. This study employs NDBI and NDVI to dynamically assess urban growth and land use cover change, enhancing analytical accuracy. Findings reveal a substantial 89.9 km² increase in built- up areas between 2013 and 2016, coupled with a minor 18.4 km² increase between 2016 and 2021, reflecting continuous urban expansion driven by population growth and development initiatives. Concurrently, forest area marginally increased by 2.3 km² in 2016, suggesting reforestation and conservation efforts, yet a subsequent 23.5 km² decline by 2021, due to deforestation, urban encroachment, and natural disasters such as wildfires. Notably, vacant land decreased by 92.3 km² in 2016, absorbed by built- up areas and forest expansion, underscoring the urgent need for spatial planning to accommodate the growing population and its evolving needs.

Time-lag effects of habitat loss, but not fragmentation, on deadwood-dwelling lichens

ContextLandscape habitat amount is known to increase biodiversity, while the effects of habitat fragmentation are still debated. It has been suggested that negative fragmentation effects may occur with a time lag, which could explain inconsistent results. However, there is so far no empirical support for this idea.ObjectivesWe evaluated whether habitat amount and fragmentation at the landscape scale affect the species density of deadwood-dwelling lichens, and whether these effects occur with a time lag.MethodsWe surveyed deadwood-dwelling lichens in woodland key habitats in two regions in northern Sweden, and modelled their species density as a function of past (1960s) and present (2010s) habitat amount (old forest area) and fragmentation (edge density) in the surrounding landscapes.ResultsPresent habitat amount generally had weak positive effects on lichen species density. Positive effects of the past habitat amount were stronger, indicating a time lag in habitat amount effects. Habitat fragmentation effects were generally weak and similar whether fragmentation was measured in the past or the present landscapes, indicating no time lag in fragmentation effects.ConclusionsWe found a time lag effect of habitat amount, but not fragmentation. This result is not consistent with suggestions that time lags explain the mixed observations of fragmentation effects. Time-lag effects of habitat amount suggest that the studied lichen communities face an extinction debt. Conservation should therefore prioritize increasing the amount of old forest, for example by creating forest reserves, to maintain the current lichen diversity. More generally, our results imply that studies examining only the present habitat amount risk under-estimating its importance.

BAMFORESTS: Bamberg Benchmark Forest Dataset of Individual Tree Crowns in Very-High-Resolution UAV Images

The anthropogenic climate crisis results in the gradual loss of tree species in locations where they were previously able to grow. This leads to increasing workloads and requirements for foresters and arborists as they are forced to restructure their forests and city parks. The advancements in computer vision (CV)—especially in supervised deep learning (DL)—can help cope with these new tasks. However, they rely on large, carefully annotated datasets to produce good and generalizable models. This paper presents BAMFORESTS: a dataset with 27,160 individually delineated tree crowns in 105 ha of very-high-resolution UAV imagery gathered with two different sensors from two drones. BAMFORESTS covers four areas of coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forests and city parks. The labels contain instance segmentations of individual trees, and the proposed splits are balanced by tree species and vitality. Furthermore, the dataset contains the corrected digital surface model (DSM), representing tree heights. BAMFORESTS is annotated in the COCO format and is especially suited for training deep neural networks (DNNs) to solve instance segmentation tasks. BAMFORESTS was created in the BaKIM project and is freely available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Spatio-temporal land use and land cover change assessment: Insights from the Ouémé River Basin

The rapid increase in population and urban development are exacerbating the transformation of natural environments into unnatural forms. While detailed assessment of the environment is beneficial for efficient ecosystem system management, it can also be time and resources-consuming. This study aimed to map and quantify the spatio-temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC) using the Ouémé River Basin as a case study. The supervised classification in Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-computing platform was employed to distinguish Landsat images for 1986, 2000, 2015 and 2023 into forest areas, settlements/bare lands, savanna areas (woodlands), agricultural lands and water bodies. Analysis of the LULC changes revealed that savanna areas and woodlands which were predominant in the basin in 1986 have steadily declined by 24 % in area in 2023. Forest areas have diminished by 4.3 % at an annual rate of 4 %. Agricultural lands have however grown exponentially by 28 % since 1986, with a more rapid increase between 2015 and 2023 at an annual rate of 3.7 %, driven by rising food demand due to population growth within and around the basin. Settlements and bare areas tripled in area, reflecting a similar trend to Benin's urban population growth. Accuracy statistics of the LULC classification showed overall accuracy and kappa statistic values above 90 % and 86 %, respectively, indicating the admirable performance and reliability of the Simple Composite Landsat algorithm for image composition, and the Random Forest Classifier for LULC classification approach applied in this study. The approach also demonstrates the robustness and potential of LULC mapping in large and complex ecosystems using the GEE cloud-based remote sensing tool, which is underutilized in the study area. Overall, the LULC trends provide beneficial insights useful to policy-makers and any other stakeholders involved in sustainable ecosystem management planning in the basin.

Pathological investigation and morpho-molecular characterisation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing fruit rot diseases on Hydnocarpus longipedunculatus – A novel host record from India

Hydnocarpus longipedunculatus, a medically significant tree species, is threatened and has a narrow distribution, being endemic to the Southern Western Ghats of India. A case of fruit rot disease was observed in a solitary tree of H. longipedunculatus in the Kulamavu forest areas of Kerala, India. The causative fungus, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, was isolated and identified through a combination of morpho-cultural characteristics and molecular sequence analysis involving the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial translation elongation factor-1-α (TEF1-α), partial β-tubulin (TUB2), and large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (LSU) regions. Additionally, concatenated multigene (ITS-TEF1-α-TUB2) phylogenetic analysis was done. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in vitro using mycelial disc methods and confirmed the pathogenic nature of the fungus through re-isolation and morphocultural analysis, satisfying Koch's postulates. Previous studies neither have reported H. longipedunculatus as a host for L. theobromae, nor has any genus within Hydnocarpus. Therefore, this represents the first documented instance of H. longipedunculatus as a novel host record for L. theobromae from India.

Reproductive biology of Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae) - an invasive tree species in the tropical forests of the Western Ghats, India

Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby is an invasive tree species native to tropical America and is commonly found in the forest areas of Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. Its aggressive growth rate and ability to quickly cover up open and degraded lands in forest ecosystems make it challenging to control its spread. Reproductive studies of S. spectabilis and its pollen-ovule ratio indicate this species is cross-pollinating. The species is self-compatible, owing to the simultaneous occurrence of xenogamy, geitonogamy and autogamy. This reproductive strategy helps the taxon to colonise degraded areas and invade the forest ecosystem. The anthesis is diurnal and sometimes asynchronous. Peak insect visitors were observed from 0900 h to 1230 h, with the major visitor being Tetragonula iridipennis. Xylocopa violaceae was also a regular visitor along with resident Formicidae members, such as Oecophylla smaragdina and Myrmicaria brunnae. They feed on the floral parts, like tender petals and sepals. The reproductive syndrome of this plant favours maximum fertilization.

Community Structure Analysis of The Boroko and Binuanga Mangrove Areas North Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province

Mangrove forests are one of the potential coastal and marine natural resources that Indonesia has, as an abundant archipelagic country. The area of mangrove forests in Indonesia is approximately 3,490,000 ha or equivalent to 21% of the world's mangrove forests. This research aims to analyze the community structure of the Boroko and Binuanga mangrove areas, North Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The research uses a survey method with a quantitative descriptive approach, namely a method of collecting data directly at the research location. The survey method was used to collect data in the form of mangrove identification, species diversity, species evenness and species uniformity in the mangrove area at the research location. The types of mangroves found in the Boroko and Binuanga mangrove areas consist of 7 species, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Avicennia alba, Lumnitzera littorea, and Sonneratia alba. The results of the analysis of the diversity index, species richness and evenness of mangrove species in Boroko and Binuanga villages obtained a diversity index (H') value of 1.29-1.34, species richness (DMg) 1.01-1.23 and species evenness (E ) 0.68-0.71. The diversity of mangrove species in Boroko and Binuanga Villages is in the medium category, the evenness index (E) shows that the evenness of mangrove plants is stable and based on the species richness index criteria the two research locations are in the low species richness category.