Forest Ecologist Research Articles

Imagining More-Than-Human Care: From Multispecies Mothering to Caring Relations in Finding the Mother Tree

In the Western imaginary, care has long been pictured as a distinctly human activity—an activity undertaken primarily by women—and the paradigmatic image of caregiving has been that of a mother tending to her child. Increasingly, though, both the matricentricity and the anthropocentricity of care are being scrutinized as scholars advocate for more egalitarian and, in a few cases, more ecological conceptions of care. Examples of more-than-human care have been sparse, however, which hampers our collective capacity to imagine care beyond the human. Thus, in this essay I look for imaginative resources in forest ecologist Suzanne Simard’s (2021) New York Times bestselling book Finding the Mother Tree: Discovering the Wisdom of the Forest. This encounter reveals two connected concepts—multispecies mothering and caring relations—and opens onto an ecological ethic of care rooted in a commitment to care for caring relations, to sustain the conditions of possibility for the care that we all need to survive and flourish.

Contribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities to Soil Carbon Accumulation during the Development of Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can establish mutual association with most land plants, and impact a series of important ecological processes, including plant productivity, ecological succession and soil carbon (C) accumulation. Understanding the AM fungal diversity and community assembly, and their associated soil C sequestration, could be a crucial interest for the forest ecologist. In this study, the AM fungal abundances and community structure as well as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) concentrations were investigated in typical development stages (young, middle and mature) of Cunninghamia lanceolate plantations, which are widely distributed species in subtropical regions. The mycorrhizal colonization, spore density, AM fungal biomass and diversity were higher in mature than younger stands. The development of C. lanceolata also increased soil GRSP concentrations, and enhanced their C contribution to soil organic C. Soil difficulty extractable (DE) GRSP demonstrated a greater C contribution to soil organic C relative to easily extractable (EE) GRSP. Linkage analyses found that AM fungal biomass demonstrated a positive correlation with GRSP concentrations, and soil organic C positively related to DE-GRSP and total (T) GRSP. Soil AM fungal community structure differed dramatically across all studied C. lanceolata plantations with a decrease in Gigasporaceae and increase in Acaulosporaceae. Soil AM fungal community assembly was more phylogenetic clustering than expected by chance and primarily shaped by deterministic processes, with a non-shift during the development of C. lanceolata. Collectively, C. lanceolata development shaped the AM fungal communities and enhanced their biomass and GRSP contents, which might, in turn, partially contribute to soil C accumulation.

Introduction: Will They Survive, Or Not?

IntroductionWill They Survive, Or Not? Jordan Sheridan (bio) and Nandini Thiyagarajan (bio) This collection of articles grew from a conference held in Hamilton, Ontario in 2017 titled "Resilience in a Multispecies World." Our multidisciplinary conference brought together artists, poets, activists, community members, and scholars from various stages in their careers to think critically about resilience in relation to nonhuman animals. We engaged many different platforms, from traditional panel discussions and keynote speakers to an art exhibit, quick panels based on keywords, hikes, and bird watching trips. We marveled at the resilience of "pests," such as cockroaches and bed bugs, and dived into the collective sadness of extinction and the limited resilience of animals we love. We thought carefully about the animals who live close to us and queried our responsibilities to them. What emerged from this conference was a clear sense that thinking about animals and resilience together—not only in relation to conservation—was urgent, necessary, and a much larger conversation than we could have in three days. The articles collected in this cluster cover a lot of ground but they are just the tip of the iceberg. The concept of resilience is central to how ecologists analyze and manage the population dynamics of plants and animals within an ecosystem. In 1973, forest ecologist C. S. Holling introduced the concept of resilience to describe the ability of an ecological system to withstand, absorb, or fortify against disturbances in a way that still maintains its basic structures.1 Since the early 1980s, ecologists have developed a significant body of theoretical and mathematical models for measuring, understanding, and predicting resilience on the level of populations and ecosystems.2 In recent years the concept has crept into a wide array of social and political fields such as international finance and [End Page 62] economics, corporate risk analysis, urban planning and development, public health, and psychology. Susie O'Brien argues that "in the course of gaining scientific rigor, resilience has not lost its popular appeal as the anchoring idea of a powerful story in which moralism and hope combine to produce a successful outcome."3 What O'Brien calls "resilience stories" is a useful term here because it helps us conceptualize the cultural circulation of animal resilience. She argues that the primary normative neoliberal function of these stories "suggests that we thrive not in spite of upheaval but because of it."4 The concept of "resilience stories" allows us to think about resilience in relation to animals and to understand the politics circulating in such stories. The neoliberal function of resilience stories that urges us to thrive in the face of upheaval and hardship meets a limit when applied to animals. In the Anthropocene, wild animals face anthropogenic threats to their habitat and livelihood and many are not thriving. We understand animal resilience along three lines. First, animals who are not fit for this changing world become signals to indicate the need for human intervention, innovation, and technology. Second, domesticated animals, such as agricultural animals and animals used in scientific experiments, are genetically modified or "enhanced" to be more resilient to disruptions, which are normalized as natural parts of a changing world. Third, more synanthropic animals who demonstrate a confounding level of resilience are seen as pests, symbols, or emblems of the end of the world. Rarely do we focus on animals as individuals or communities with stories of loss, survival, and adaptation that are more complex than simply becoming emblems of the Anthropocene. By casting a light on animals and resilience, this cluster of articles aims to reframe and challenge how resilience is conceptualized. This special cluster of articles draws together diverse perspectives on the question of multispecies resilience and its critical theoretical possibilities. And yet in the overall picture presented here, as Susie O'Brien notes in the afterword, multispecies resilience "doesn't really get at what it wants to describe."5 In this introduction we take this to mean that while multispecies resilience is not fully realized, we can think about how it emerges in various examples as in-process, incomplete, and troubled potentialities. The essays gathered here take up issues that arise in environmental politics and bring them...

Timbre in the timber: how I date ancient violins

Forest ecologist Paolo Cherubini once helped to settle a legal dispute involving a viola supposedly made in the sixteenth century. Forest ecologist Paolo Cherubini once helped to settle a legal dispute involving a viola supposedly made in the sixteenth century.

Obituary: Ervedo Giordano, silviculturalist and forest ecologist from the Mediterranean, open to the world and to international forestry

Ervedo Giordano passed away in Rome on April 24, 2021. This note describes some of his major scientific contributions to research in silviculture and forest ecology, and sketches out the remarkable personality and character traits that he displayed throughout his life.

Abandonment of timber harvesting favours European beech over silver fir: evidence from Val Tovanella Nature Reserve in the southern Dolomites (Northern Italy)

Historical data from forest management plans have the potential to shed light on changes driven by either the application or the abandonment of forestry practices. This information coupled with recent data allows temporal comparisons to be made between surveys at the same location. Here we present the temporal comparison of two forest compartments located in Val Tovanella (Oriented Nature Reserve [Riserva Naturale Orientata] and Site of Community Importance) in the south-eastern Italian Alps for which full callipering was available for two years (1957 and 2010), the first of which came from a management plan by the renowned forest ecologist Lucio Susmel (1914–2006). Both compartments currently host mixed silver fir, Norway spruce and beech stands, and have not been managed since 1948; but one was historically a high forest, whereas the other was an open wooded pasture. We aimed to reconstruct the changes in volume, number of stems and diameter classes for the two compartments by comparing species proportions and their changes over time. In both compartments, species composition changed. In general, a decrease in compositional importance of silver fir and an increase in beech were observed. Furthermore, in one compartment, Norway spruce showed a large increase. Volumetric changes confirmed such trends and highlighted a shift towards larger diameter classes. We conclude that the abandonment of traditional forest activities and, in particular, the avoidance of tending and coppicing activities are major factors favouring beech at the expense of silver fir in the study area. Traditional planning and inventory methods can help to understand long-term changes in forest structure and the effects of forestry in light of current scenarios of land-use and climate change in protected areas.

How to Become a Forest Ecologist In Only 40 Years

When I was 12 years old, my mother took me to the public library where I had to check out at least one book every week. John T. Curtis’ great classic The Vegetation of Wisconsin, an Ordination of Plant Communities (1959) was on the shelf. Despite my lack of appreciation for the words “plant community” and “ordination.” I checked out the book. According to the index it mentioned Wisconsin’s Door Peninsula, where our family summer house was located, and I might learn about the surrounding forests. Surprisingly, I was engrossed in the book, read it cover to cover, memorized the plant species in every native plant community, and within a few weeks decided to carry on the type of work Curtis had started, and set the personal goal of obtaining a Ph.D. in Forest Ecology at Curtis’ university, The University of Wisconsin-Madison. While a senior undergraduate student in Botany and Bacteriology at UW-Madison, I noticed Craig Lorimer’s newly published paper on reconstructing disturbance history of forest stands from tree-ring analysis (Lorimer 1980). Out of the blue one day I stopped by his office and suggested a Ph.D. project to examine disturbance history of many stands across a large landscape in Upper Michigan’s Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park, with its 35,000 acres of old-growth hemlock and sugar maple forests. We agreed that this was a worthy project, and after five summers of field work, we produced several papers with new methods for analyzing disturbance history and applied these methods to obtain recurrence intervals for treefall (mostly wind) disturbances across a gradient of severities (Frelich and Lorimer 1989, 1991). The next step in my career resulted from attending the 1987 ESA Annual Meeting in Columbus, Ohio, where I met with prominent paleoecologist Margaret B. Davis (who was ESA President that year). Margaret had illuminated the development of forest communities during the Holocene by using fossil pollen analyses across eastern North America to show that each tree species migrated independently in response to climate change, and that the tree community in any one place was a temporary phenomenon, perhaps the best demonstration of the individualistic nature of plant communities (Davis 1981). I moved to the University of Minnesota for a post doc with Margaret to examine in detail how the unlogged hemlock and maple forests where I had done my Ph.D. field work formed and maintained alternate communities on very similar sites due to neighborhood effects (Frelich et al. 1993). A highlight was dating fossil black spruce needles from the bottom of Lee’s hollow at ~9700 years before present; boreal spruce gave way to jack pine, then oak and white pine, and finally a patchy mosaic of hemlock and maple as the climate warmed and then slightly cooled over the ensuing 9000 years. Living in Minnesota, I finally was able to visit the primeval rock-bound forests of northern Minnesota, after many years of studying the classic work of Heinselman (1973, 1981), which showed how fires and succession (or oftentimes a lack of succession) created a landscape mosaic in the boreal forests of Minnesota’s Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. I was able to spend a few days canoeing with Heinselman before he died in 1993, enough to get the necessary ideas to build on his published work and launch a major, 20-year effort to understand fire and wind disturbance in collaboration with Peter Reich (e.g., Reich et al. 2001).

Waldsterben in Neumexiko: Wie erklären wir dies unseren Kindern? (Essay)

Forest decline in New Mexico: what shall we tell the kids? (Essay) Climate change-related drought and higher temperatures may directly or indirectly cause forests to die or to be replaced by another vegetation type. As suggested, among others, by two international scientific articles published in 2010 and 2012, the magnitude of these phenomena may be greater than expected. No matter how relevant these studies are, their potential negative impact on the general public should not be underestimated, in particular if the media overstate or distort the scientists' conclusions. Looking back at the forest decline debate of the 1990s and based on discussions with an American forest ecologist, this article offers positive approaches to communicate to the general public an environmental issue to be taken seriously.

Prediction Model for <i>Pinus sylvesris L.var.monogolica Litvin</i> Plantation

Forest biomass research data is the basic of researching many forestry and ecological issues therefore, accurately determining the forest biomass is very important both in production and in theoretical research .and it has the world's forest scientists and ecologist’s attention. Forest biomass research data is the basic of researching many forestry and ecological issues therefore, accurately determining the forest biomass is very important both in production and in theoretical research .and it has the world's forest scientists and ecologist’s attention．In this paper, the studies are the different ages, different densities of Pinus sylvestris (Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolia Lit v.) plantation ,based on the biomass data oItalic textf 9 standards and 45 standard wood in the trunks, sticks analytical, researching the age and density impacting on forest biomass; Statistic the distribution of part of the biomass, research the biomass of the relationship between the different size trees factor (diameter, height, crown and so on) and the single-wood components (tree trunks, branches, leaves) , Establish the regression model of part of the single-wood through applying the statistical analysis software; Estimate the total biomass of Pinus sylvestris plantation forest through using the single-wood biomass regression model, Estimate biomass of Pinus sylvestris plantation forest ,and analysis the changes of forest biomass of different age and stand density. This paper provide basic information for the researching of Pinus sylvestris plantation as well as scientific basis for understanding the productivity of Pinus sylvestris Plantation and reasonable business on it.

A global perspective on reforesting landscapes

This is the tenth volume in the Springer Landscape Series, the purpose of which is to provide a forum for dealing with the complexity of landscapes worldwide. As the foreword acknowledges, this volume represents a departure from previous volumes by shifting from a focus on deforestation to a broader view of regrowth, reforestation, or afforestation. As with many multi-authored volumes such as this, the first and last chapters have been reserved by the editors to place a context for the volume and provide some wrap-up conclusions. As is not uncommon, this book takes what I often refer to as the ‘‘funnel approach’’, in as much as the beginning few chapters lay out broad principles and establish the framework, followed by regional studies of reforestation in complex landscapes, and finishing up with specific case studies of defined landscapes. All in all, there are 16 chapters (each with its own literature cited), 367 pages of text, a 9 page index, and 18 pages of high quality color plates at the end. I approached this book with high hopes for a variety of reasons, but mostly because as a forest ecologist I am broadly aware of the global problem of deforestation and its consequences. Problems surrounding deforestation have been reported extensively in the literature and popular press for decades. Much less attention has been paid to the other side of that coin; i.e., what follows 10 or 20 years after a rainforest has been cut? What about secondary succession (or Forest Transition Theory as the editors refer to it) and the landscape consequences? Many fewer studies have reported on this, with a near absence in the popular press. Certainly, there are large portions of the world that have been deforested unsustainably and certain ecosystems and landscapes have been biologically impacted for centuries into the future. But, how will regrowth affect ‘‘ecosystem services, protected areas, social institutions, economic transitions, remediation of environmental problems, conservation, land abandonment, and both micro and macro level drivers of forest regrowth’’? These are the subjects of this volume, spread across multiple continents. Thus, those working in a variety of research areas (biological, physical, geographic, social, etc.) should find something interesting here. As the editors conclude in the first chapter, ‘‘this book represents one of the first large scale efforts to provide an interdisciplinary, cross-country, multi-scalar perspective on reforestation that includes an integration of theoretical perspectives with empirical analyses from many parts of the world.’’ Certainly a tall order. The second chapter establishes a basic conceptual model (which looks quite similar to secondary forest succession to me) and suggests that there is considerable uncertainty surrounding the trajectory of longterm changes in pan-tropical forests. Using available data from Forest Resource Assessments (FRA) of the B. C. McCarthy (&) Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA e-mail: mccarthy@ohio.edu

Public Affairs Office

Public Affairs Office

Flames in Our Forest: Disaster or Renewal?

Review: Flames in Our Forest: Disaster or Renewal? By Stephen F.Arno and Steven Allison-Bunnell Reviewed by Robert D. Hook University of Idaho, USA Stephen F. Arno and Steven Allison-Bunnell. Flames in Our Forest: Disaster or Renewal? Washington DC: Island Press, 2002. 227pp. ISBN 1-55963-882- 6 (cloth); ISBN 1-55963-883-4 (paperback) US$45.00 cloth; US$19.95 paperback. Alkaline paper. Fire has shaped western forests for thousand of years (p. xi), it is a natural part of the life cycle of western forests, and active management of wildfires should lead to healthy and sustainable forests. These are the main premises of this book. Stephen Arno, a retired forest ecologist, has studied the effects of fire and the use of prescribed fire and fuel reduction treatment. Steven Allison-Bunnell is a science writer and educational multimedia producer who specialize in natural and environmental history. They have collaborated to write a non-technical book about the story of fire in the western forests of the United States in order to offer a better understanding of what has happened over the last hundred years, when people have tried to suppress fires, as compared to previous centuries when fires spread naturally. They show how the fires of the past have shaped the western forests and how the fire suppression of the past century has changed the character of the forests. They point out that even these natural forests have been shaped by man. The Native American and the timber man in previous centuries used fire to shape the forest to meet their needs. Fire suppression has led to a change in the forest types with the introduction of trees other than those that were historically dominant in a particular area. Inland Douglas fir, Western hemlock, and white fir have replaced ponderosa pine, sugar pine, white pine, and larch. Different kinds of forests burn differently and require different management strategies. Arno and Allison-Bunnell recommend the use of prescribed fire and fuel treatments for different zones in the landscape. They say, we now have the technical knowledge to manage forests to reduce wildfire hazards and to restore many of the ecological benefits associated with the natural fire regime (p. 135). In this well-researched book Arno and Allison-Bunnell let the reader in on some of the detective work, explaining how forests can be examined for clues to their past and ancient stumps can be read for their histories. They explain how fires behave and how they affect the environment (earth, air, water) and creatures (including human) that live in and near the forests. In the chapter on management of wildland fuels around homes, they discuss the problem of homes built in forested areas and provide invaluable

Ecology. Arizona ecologist puts stamp on forest restoration debate.

ECOLOGYFLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA-- To prevent catastrophic fires, controversial forest ecologist Wally Covington argues that massive cutting is needed, an idea that is being promoted by President George W. in his plan, now before Congress. Some researchers and environmentalists, however, are uncomfortable with Covington's approach to forest restoration. Still, even critics applaud Covington for bringing the plight of the southwestern forests to national attention.

En quoi l’étude des îlots forestiers permet-elle de mieux connaître le fonctionnement de la forêt tropicale ?

Small forested islands isolated from surrounding tropical forest by new reservoirs provide a norm for interpreting the effects of fragmentating the forest by intervening agriculture and pasture, and an effective means of investigating the ecological organization of the mainland forest. Water is a more effective barrier to immigration and a more neutral matrix than field or pasture. On forest fragments isolated by water, the effects of fragmentation are minimally confounded with effects of the matrix, while forest fragments surrounded by fields and pastures may suffer intrusions from fire, domestic animals, and other pests. On small islands, some species will go extinct. If the extinction of a species is followed by increase in its prey or competitors, we may provisionally assume that on the mainland, these prey and competitors are limited by the species now absent from the island. If, when a tree’s seed disperser disappears, new seedlings of that tree no longer appear, that tree’s regeneration presumably depends on its seed disperser. Islands in new reservoirs are the tropical forest ecologist’s closest analogue to the exclusion experiments so effective in understanding the ecology of intertidal communities. Small islands in reservoirs can also serve as systems of replicates for experimental analysis of the causes of regulation of selected populations. We review work on small islands isolated in 1914 by Panama’s Gatun Lake, islands isolated in 1986 by Venezuela’s Lake Guri, and islets isolated in 1994 at Saint-Eugène in French Guiana. The more recently the islands have been isolated, the more can be learned from them. The Saint-Eugène Fragmentation Project is particularly important because it is only one of the three in true rainforest and studies there have been done before and after fragmentation.

Book Review

Book Review

Thoreau's Country: Journey through a Transformed Landscape

In 1977 David Foster took to the woods of New England to build a cabin with his own hands. Along with a few tools he brought a copy of the journals of Henry David Thoreau. Foster was struck by how different the forested landscape around him was from the one Thoreau described more than a century earlier. The sights and sounds that Thoreau experienced on his daily walks through 19th-century Concord were those of rolling farmland, small woodlands, and farmers endlessly working the land. As Foster explored the New England landscape, he discovered ancient ruins of cellar holes, stone walls, and abandoned cartways - all remnants of this earlier land now largely covered by forest. Part ecological and historical puzzle, this text brings a vanished countryside to life in all its dimensions, human and natural, offering a rich record of human imprint upon the land. Extensive excerpts from the journals show the reader a Thoreau intimately acquainted with the ways in which he and his neighbours were changing and remaking the New England landscape. Foster adds the perspective of a modern forest ecologist and landscape historian, using the journals to trace themes of historical and social change.

Tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia: a forest ecologist's view

Tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia: a forest ecologist's view

Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Germination of Idaho Fescue

Germination response to varying temperatures and water stress levels during a 30-day incubation period was observed in 4 eastern Oregon collections of Festuca iduhoensis Elmer. Seeds were selected from the following habitat types: Artemisia tridenta associate professor. Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center. Star Rt. I-4.5 I Hwy. 205, Burns. Oregon 97720; and regional forest ecologist, Regional Office. U.S. Forest Service, Fed. Office Building, 324-25th Street, Ogden. Utah 84401. This research was a cooperative effort and jointly supported by the USDA, Agricultural Research Service and Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Squaw Butte Station, Agricultural Experiment Station. Tech. Paper NO. 7332. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. Manuscript accepted December 19, 1984. JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 38(4), July 1985 This research was designtd to evaluate germination response of 4 eastern Oregon seed collections of Idaho fescue to varying conditions of temperature and substrate water stress. Idaho fescue is a cool-season perennial bunchgrass indigenous to communities dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl.). Optimum germination temperatures for Idaho fescue have been reported to be between I5 to ’ C (Young et al. 1981, Stocker 1975). Materials and Methods Seed Collection and Processing Idaho fescue seeds were collected from the following habitat types: Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensisl Festuca idahoensis (ARTRW/ FEID) (Doescher 1983), Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana/Festuca idahoensis (ARTRV/ FEID) (Winward 1970) and Pinus ponderosal Festuca idahoensis (PIPO/ FEID) (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). One stand of each habitat type was sampled, except for the ARTRV/ FEID habitat type where seed was collected from both a high and low elevation plant community. The low elevation stand occurred on coarse pumice soils. For purposes of this discussion, this site will be referred to as the ARTRV“L’/ FEID habitat type. All habitat types were chosen in the same general geographic region (Table 1). It was assumed that ARTRW/ FEID habitat type was the most xeric, the PIP0 habitat type the most mesic and the ARTRV“L”/ FElDand ARTRV/ FEID habitat type intermediate in moisture relations. All sites had a dominant understory of Idaho fescue. Seeds of Idaho fescue were collected by hand stripping at various times during the 1980 growing season and cleaned by hand threshing and screening to remove caryopses from chaff. Seeds were stored at room temperatures. In order to standardize seed weight during experimentation, only heavy seeds were used in germination trials. Unfilled and light seeds were removed with a seed blower, with blower settings held constant for each seed lot. Abnormally developed embryos observed on a light table were not included in the germination experiments. Seeds used in experimentation were collected during seed shatter as test of seed viability with tetrazolim chloride indicated better stress germination from seeds collected during this phenological period. Seeds approximately 8 months of age were used in the germination trials. Experimental Procedure Seeds were concurrently germinated in environmental chambers under seven constant temperatures (5,10,15,20,25,30, and 35” C) and six combinations of temperature and water stress ( lS°C/O.O MPA, 15”C/-0.6MPa, 15°C/-0.9MPa,200C/0.0MPa,200C/-0.6

Commentary: International Symposium on Herbicides in the Vietnam War: An Appraisal

bers of a National Academy of Sciences panel for evaluation of herbicide damage, which first studied the Vietnamese defoliant effects in 1974. The symposium was organized to exclude the press from the working sessions of four groups evaluating ecological effects and three dealing with health effects. The press attended the opening and closing plenary sessions. A biochemist from Leeds, Alastair Hay, served as a science reporter for Nature, which will publish a short account of the scientific findings of the symposium. The symposium was conceived by the late Ton That Tung, a Vietnamese surgeon who died in May 1982, and by Arthur Westing, a forest ecologist from Hampshire College at Amherst. Other organizers, who served as an administrative presidium, were Hoang Dinh Cau (Vietnam), Alexander V. Fokin (USSR), Paul W. Richards (United Kingdom), and Vladimir Landa (Czechoslovakia). Cau is a surgeon and Vice Minister of Health in Hanoi, Fokin a chemist and Secretary General of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Richards a botanist at Cambridge, and Landa an entomologist in Prague. American delegates included Peter Ashton (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard), John Constable (surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital), Daphne Dunn (invertebrate zoology, California Academy of Sciences), James Dwyer (psychology, SUNY Stony Brook), Samuel Epstein ( nvironmental medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago), Arthur Galston (plant physiology, Yale), Haim Gunner (environmental biology, Amherst), Maureen Hatch (epidemiology, Columbia), Carl Jordan (ecology, University of Georgia), Mark Leighton (animal ecology, Harvard), Egbert Pfeiffer (zoology, University of Montana), Samuel Snedeker (marine ecology, University of Miami), John Vandermeer (ecology, University of Michigan), Paul Zinke (soil science, University of California, Berkeley), and myself (genetics, SUNY Stony Brook).

Depth, Season, and Row Spacing for Planting Grasses on Southern Idaho Range Lands1

Agronomy JournalVolume 40, Issue 11 p. 960-969 Article Depth, Season, and Row Spacing for Planting Grasses on Southern Idaho Range Lands1 A. C. Hull Jr., A. C. Hull Jr. Forest Ecologist. The author acknowledges with thanks the help of R. H. Stark, Nursery Manager, Soil Conservation Service, who reviewed the manuscript, and Ray W. Chapin, Survey Supervisor, Soil Conservation Service, who supplied soil descriptions of the planting areas.Search for more papers by this author A. C. Hull Jr., A. C. Hull Jr. Forest Ecologist. The author acknowledges with thanks the help of R. H. Stark, Nursery Manager, Soil Conservation Service, who reviewed the manuscript, and Ray W. Chapin, Survey Supervisor, Soil Conservation Service, who supplied soil descriptions of the planting areas.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1948 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1948.00021962004000110002xCitations: 3 1 Contribution from the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station U. S. Forest Service, Ogden, Utah. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume40, Issue11November 1948Pages 960-969 RelatedInformation