Forensic Marking Research Articles

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN ANTI-THEFT OF CATALYTIC CONVERTERS INSTALLED IN CARS.

Recently, there has been increase in the number of property crimes in the world, including theft of external car parts.
 The number of thefts of catalytic converters installed in cars of various brands has sharply increased due to a significant increase in the value of precious metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium. The reason for a sharp increase in the number of crimes of this particular car part is small amounts of the mentioned precious metals in the catalytic convertors.
 The purpose of this article is to consider this problem faced by law enforcement and legislative bodies in many countries and to propose certain ways for its solution.
 The article provides an overview of the situation with thefts of catalytic converters in the countries of the European Union, the United States and Israel. Detailed reasons for the occurrence of this problem are provided, as well as measures to protect a car from the theft are suggested.
 Possible legislative and investigative-forensic actions to prevent this type of crime are considered:
 - law enforcement agencies investigating this type of crime should clearly understand that we are not talking about isolated, unrelated cases, but about well-planned actions of criminal groups.
 - increase in control over purchase and sale of metal carried out without accounting and corresponding documentation and amendments to the administrative procedural code also require strengthening.
 - applying a special forensic marking on parts, including on a catalytic converter, will allow to track its location and provide full information to law enforcement agencies from which vehicle it was stolen in the event of its theft.
 - inspection and examination by a forensic expert of vehicles and other physical evidence left by criminals at crime scenes for criminals’ fingerprints and DNA profiles will help to significantly increase the detection rate of this type of crime.

멀티코어를 활용한 이기종 시스템 기반의 실시간 포렌식마킹 방법

멀티코어를 활용한 이기종 시스템 기반의 실시간 포렌식마킹 방법

Experimental Verification of the Mechanical Resistance of Forensic Marking by Means Synthetic DNA

Abstract This article deals with experimental verification of resistance of forensic identification marks (microdots in combination with artificial DNA) to property. It is considered mechanical abrasion from potential offender to remove or damage readability of marking and following identification. The aim of this work is to test the hypothesis that forensic marking can be completely removed by the process of mechanical abrasion without causing damages to a protected object. To fulfill this purpose it was designed and built a test equipment, where experiments were carried out to confirm or refute the above mentioned hypothesis.

Secure Audio Forensic Marking Alogrithm Using 2D Barcode in DWT-DFRNT Domain

We created a robust and secure forensic marking algorithm through the process of hiding information in a two-dimensional (2D) barcode and embedding it into the discrete wavelet transformation-discrete fractional random transformation (DWT-DFRNT) domain using the quantization technique. We hid information in the 2D barcode, encoded it with the block code that we developed, and then converted it through scrambling. The security of the algorithm was greatly improved by increasing the calculation complexity through hiding the embedded information. Forensic marks were embedded into the DWT-DFRNT dual domain. The 2D-DWT used for this was applied to the frequency division and the DFRNT was applied to increase the algorithm security by randomly mixing the pieces of information so that they could be embedded in unpredictable locations in a certain frequency space. The bit error generated in the extraction process was corrected by the self-error-correction function of the block code and 2D barcode. The experimental result showed that the information contained in the 2D barcode was accurately extracted from the forensic marks within the error correction range.

Video Forensic Marking Algorithm using Peak Position Modulation

Forensic marking, a type of watermarking, is an efficient means of dete cting copyright violation and tracing unauthorized access to digital content. In this paper, a new video forensic marking algo rithm is proposed which uses peak position modulation (PPM) and can embed sufficient information to trace an illegal distributor. PPM us es the positions of correlation peaks, which are modulated by user information. Furthermore, a forensic mark is embedded into a 2-level 3D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain. Experimental results show the robustness against various attack and the capacity improvement of proposed algorithm.

포렌식마크 기술 평가 및 인증 기술

본 논문에서는 국내 디지털 저작권 보호 업체 혹은 대학 및 연구소에서 개발하고 생산하는 포렌식마크 기술의 품질을 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 평가절차와 평가지표를 정량적으로 제시하였다. 포렌식마크 기술을 객관적으로 평가하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 우선, 구매자 정보가 삽입된 테스트 영상의 공격 항목과 수준을 정하고, 포렌식마크 정보의 추출 성능을 평가하기 위한 평가절차로서 평가항목, 평가기준, 평가절차를, 그리고 인증을 위해서는 포렌식마크 기술의 신뢰성에 대한 통계정보를 포함하는 인증서를 생성하기 위한 인증절차를 포함하였다. 이러한 포렌식마크 기술의 평가 및 인증 기술은 기술 개발자에게는 자신들이 개발한 포렌식마크 기술에 대한 객관적인 평가결과를 미리 알아볼 수 있어서 기술의 상품성을 점검할 수 있고 소비자 입장에서는 객관적이고 보편타당성 있는 평가 결과에 대한 신뢰를 가질 수 있다. 평가자 입장에서는 기술 평가를 통해 객관적이고 정량적인 평가 결과를 얻을 수 있어서 상대적인 우열을 가리기가 용이해지는 편리성을 얻을 수 있다. 이를 통하여 포렌식마크 기술의 발전과 디지털 저작권 보호 시장의 활성화에 일조를 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The importance of Digital Rights Protection technologies, especially the forensic marking, is getting larger and larger as the demand for the digital contents is increased. But the technologies for the evaluation of forensic marking is not set up properly due to the conflicts between interested parties and technical difficulties. Therefore to evaluate the performance of forensic marking objectively, image and video modification items/levels and evaluation criteria are essential. This paper suggests the quantitative system for evaluating the performance of forensic marking objectively. By providing the opportunity to evaluate the Digital Rights Protection product in objective and quantitative manner, forensic marking industry can expedite its technology development and consumer can get objective and universally validated performance result. It is expected this technology could help revitalizing the related industries and help expediting the development of forensic mark technologies.