Foreign Vessels Research Articles

An empirical assessment of seaports as facilitators of FOC-flagged transshipment landings

Transshipment is one of the most common activities occurring between carriers and fishing vessels to exchange fish, as well as fuel, crew, and gear at sea or at port. While transshipment reduces the need for the fishing vessels to visit ports to offload their catches, thus increasing their efficiency, research has shown that this activity is also one of the major facilitators of IUU fishing. Research on transshipments is limited, and the few studies that are available on the subject focus on identifying hotspots of transshipment, and networks of actors involved. No study to date has examined the role ports play in facilitating transshipment activities, nor are there any studies that examine whether ports that are affiliated with China (the country with the highest IUU Fishing Index Score and 38% of the global share of distant-water fleets) are more likely to experience disproportionately higher volumes of FOC-flagged carrier vessel visits. Therefore, using the carrier vessel portal database from Global Fishing Watch, which contains information on the origin and destination ports of the carrier vessels involved in transshipment activities between 2015 and 2022, this research aims to (a) understand hot spots of FOC-flagged carrier vessel activity in the high seas and where such vessels offload their catches around the world; and (b) empirically test the characteristics of the ports (and the countries where these ports are located) used by these vessels to offload their catches. Findings suggest that ports that experience higher volumes of fishing vessel traffic, are in close proximity to high-seas transshipment activities involving FOC-flagged carriers, are designated ports of entry for foreign vessels, are Chinese-affiliated, as well as have low monitoring, control, and surveillance capacity are significantly more likely to be visited by FOC-flagged high-risk carrier vessels. This research proposes policy recommendations deriving from the findings of this research.

State responsibility and strategy in preventing and protecting Indonesian fisheries crews working on foreign fishing vessels from modern slavery

ABSTRACT Work in the fisheries sector has had certain negative impacts, such as increased practices of human trafficking and modern slavery. Therefore, Indonesia’s Government needs serious improvements to protect Indonesian migrant fishing. The aim of this research are (1) to analyse how the state's responsibility in protecting and handling cases of modern slavery against Indonesian fisheries crew members who work on foreign fishing vessels? (2) To analyse how the role and strategy of the state in the future in preventing and protecting Indonesian fisheries crew members who work on foreign fishing vessels. This research uses normative research methods. The results show that the form of state responsibility is to ensure legal protection and by enforcing modern slavery laws. Indonesia's strategy in providing protection to Indonesian fisheries crew members who work on foreign vessels is to ensure that Indonesian fisheries crew members who work on foreign vessels get their rights and legal protection. In addition, it is necessary to confirm the authority, duties and functions between institutions that handle the governance of the placement and protection of fishery crew.

The history of the soviet innovation of purchase foreign vessels and the prospect of using bareboat charter as way for replenishing the fleet in current circumstances

The anniversary date, 50 years since the beginning of the grandiose project on chartering foreign vessels with the right to buy them, which became the history of the formation of the shipping company «Sovcomflot», gives an additional reason to consider its details. The analysis of the successful experience of off-budget replenishment of the merchant fleet implemented in the Soviet period is given. It will allow us to come to the conclusion that the financial schemes developed and applied at that time to attract foreign capital through shipping companies specially created in a foreign jurisdiction, acquiring a fleet using tax and other benefits provided for by national legislation for subsequent bareboat charter and compensating for all the expenses by income from transportation of Russian foreign trade cargoes, are fully relevant today to replenish the fleet of domestic shipping companies. Also, the advantages of acquiring a merchant fleet using leasing in combination with bareboat charter already considered in the article in modern conditions have shown that this is the optimal mechanism for both preferential leasing and commercial financing schemes. The disadvantage of bareboat charter, which limits its use in modern conditions, is associated with its narrow specialization, both legal and commercial. As appropriate as possible to the traditions and peculiarities of world commercial shipping, it meets the interests of shipping companies, but is little understood by financial institutions. In this regard, it is of particular importance to develop or adapt the available methodological support for assessing the key indicators of the financial scheme for chartering a vessel without a crew (bareboat charter) on the terms of a financial lease (leasing).

Joint law enforcement mechanism with regard to underwater cultural heritage at sea led by China Coast Guard: Legislation and practice

With the restructuring of the enforcement forces at sea, China Coast Guard has now become the leading force in enforcing laws concerning underwater cultural heritage at sea. This study reviews the legislation on the legal basis for the Coast Guard to exercise the relevant enforcement power, the unlawful activities subject to compulsory measures as well as the compulsory measures to be taken. The very scarce practice is also examined. On the basis of the existing legislation and practice, the current mechanism of enforcement of laws concerning underwater cultural heritage at sea is presented. However, some problems exist with regard to the current legislation and mechanism. The Coast Guard has not been expressly authorized by the Coast Guard Law to exercise the enforcement power with regard to underwater cultural heritage at sea. Provisions concerning jurisdiction over foreign vessels engaged in unlawful or criminal activities against underwater cultural heritage in the EEZ or on the continental shelf of China are contradictory and might be criticized for the potential conflict with the international law. The division of tasks among China Coast Guard agencies is unclear. There is still serious doubt whether the Coast Guard has the capacity to enforce laws with regard to underwater cultural heritage at sea. Possible revisions to the current law enforcement mechanism will be explored. It is suggested that a specialized branch to enforce laws with regard to underwater cultural heritage at sea should be established within the Coast Guard. An improved joint law enforcement mechanism is proposed.

TINJAUAN TERHADAP UPAYA PENANGKAPAN IKAN OLEH NELAYAN KECIL DI KABUPATEN PANGANDARAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 45 TAHUN 2009

The Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries issued KKP Regulation No. 2/PERMEN-KP/2015 which prohibits the use of cantrang as a Fishing method for capture fisheries. As with the use of trawl in Pangandaran Regency in 2001 - 2019, it has increased by 2 times since foreign vessels can enter the region freely. The problems are 1) are Fishing efforts by small fisherman in Pangandaran Regency in accordance with Law No. 45 of 2009? and 2) what are the obstacles and how can the government resolve the law against small fishermen who catch fish using trawl in Pangandaran Regency based on KKP Regulation No. 18 of 2021. This study uses a descriptive approach to normative legal research. It involves a qualitative analysis of secondary data obtained from the study of literature and logical inference. The decision is as follows: 1) Article 9 paragraph (1) and (2) of Law No. 45 of 2009 on fisheries does not permit the use of cantrang as a common Fishing technique in Pangandaran Regency. 2) people feel that government efforts limit their well-being because the use of cantrang gives greater results.

Policy and Implementation of Coral Reef Protection in the Face of the Threat of Foreign Ships

Protection of coral reefs in Indonesia from damage caused by foreign ships is an important issue in preserving the maritime environment. is based on Law Number 27 of 2007 and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS 1982) which provides the legal basis for protecting marine ecosystems. Steps to increase coral reef protection include setting up zones that limit ship activities, implementing sanctions and strict fines, development of an effective monitoring system, increasing public awareness about the impacts of foreign vessels, and educating fishermen about sustainable fishing practices. International cooperation is an important aspect in dealing with this problem, with collaboration between Indonesia, neighboring countries, and organizations international. This joint effort aims to preserve coral reefs which are a valuable natural resource for Indonesia. The importance of preserving coral reefs as a crucial ecosystem and valuable natural resource for Indonesia must not be ignored. Protection of coral reefs must be a priority in efforts to preserve the environment in Indonesia for a sustainable future.

Monitoring of hitchhiker insect pests collected on foreign vessels entering Korea using by DNA barcodes

We monitored hitchhiker insect pests on vessels arriving to Korea from foreign countries. A survey of 416 foreign vessels was conducted from June 1, 2018 to October 29, 2019. A total of 1,141 hitchhiker insects were collected by interception or by hand. Individuals were identified to the species level whenever possible using DNA barcoding and morphological re-examination. Of the 1,141 hitchhikers, a total of 439 species from 81 families and 12 orders, including 54 species (93 individuals) not-distributed in Korea, were identified. Among the 93 individuals from the 54 species not distributed in Korea, 78 individuals were collected alive. In particular, three regulated species in Korea, Erthesina fullo (Pentatomidae, Hemiptera) (hitchhiking route: China > Yeosu, Korea), Tessaratoma papillosa (Tessaratomidae, Hemiptera) (China > Yeosu, Korea), Noctua pronuba (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) (Singapore > Pohang, Korea) were detected, nine species, Dicranocephalus wallichii (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera), Palpita quadristigmalis (Crambidae, Lepidoptera), Lymantria xylina (Erebidae, Lepidoptera), Odontopera aurata, Semiothisa cinerearia (Geometridae, Lepidoptera), Mythimna pallidicosta (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera), Euhampsonia serratifera (Notodontidae, Lepidoptera), Arippara disticha (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera), and Psilogramma lukhtanovi (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) were discovered as multiple detection over years or months, and three species, Lemyra rhodophilodes (Erebidae, Lepidoptera), Malacosoma dentata (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera), and Chondracris rosea (Acrididae, Orthoptera) were multiple detected from single vessel. Therefore, we suggest that hitchhiker monitoring on vessels travelling along navigated routes should be conducted in addition to performing a risk assessment of hitchhiker insect pest species not distributed in Korea that includes regulated species.

Analysis of ecoport management implementation and seaport performance

Ecoport management is a port management trend around the world. Unfortunately, Indonesia has not implemented it properly and the focus is only on the performance of ship services and loading and unloading services. Tanjung Intan Seaport as a port that continues to grow, has it implemented ecoport management? Is the performance of the ship’s service and loading and unloading optimal? This research objective area: (1) knowing and analyzing the management of ecoport at Tanjung Intan Seaport. (2) knowing and analyzing the performance of ship services at the Tanjung Intan Seaport; (3) knowing and analyzing the performance of loading and unloading services at the Tanjung Intan Seaport. The results show that Tanjung Intan Seaport has not consistently implemented ecoport management. Likewise, the performance of ship services and loading and unloading services has not been entirely good. Ship services, namely approach time 1.26 hours, delay time for domestic vessels 22.7 hours, postpone time for foreign vessels 8.19 hours, turn round time for domestic vessels 138.52 hours, all of them are good, as well as loading and unloading services for ET:BT domestic vessels 84 % already well. However, loading and unloading services are not good for ET:BT for foreign vessels 54.78%, T/S/D for domestic vessels 6.567 tons, T/S/D for foreign vessels 5.725 tons, because they are under the CBWP (2021) standard as well as the national standard. Therefore, it is recommended that performance that is not optimal to be improved, by implementing ecoport management.

IUU safe havens or PSMA ports: A global assessment of port State performance and risk

The 2009 Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA) was the first legally binding international instrument to empower port States to deny foreign vessels suspected of having engaged in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing from using their ports and to land catches. This paper builds upon previous work analyzing 2020 AIS data to rank fishing ports globally and assessing evolving port State risk and port States performance in PSMA implementation. Internal and external indicators were identified to highlight the port States at risk of becoming exposed to IUU fishing transactions. This paper includes an analysis of designated port use, a key requirement of PSMA implementation. The paper also establishes an ongoing methodological framework for port associated IUU risk assessment using the outputs as a benchmark against which follow-up trend analyses are planned, the next using 2023 data. Port rankings evolved because of continued AIS adoption, port State business diversification and Covid-19 related disruptions. 3% of commercial port calls globally are made by foreign vessels. Globally, internal port State risk has dropped, while external risk has increased, the former driven by parties to the PSMA, and the latter by PSMA non-parties. Higher-risk fleets are now diverting to PSMA non-parties. The findings underline the transformational nature of the Agreement. Overall port State risk correlates more strongly with quality of governance than with national income. The paper finds that the PSMA’s designated port entry rule for foreign vessels is currently weakly applied in advanced economies whilst it is more strongly applied across the developing world.

「재난 및 안전관리 기본법」상 수상·해상 관련 의무보험 기준에 관한 고찰

On June 9, 2020, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety promulgated a revision of “Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety”(hereinafter “Disaster and Safety Act”), which strengthens the comprehensive management function of disaster safety obligation insurance policies operated by 22 ministries. This law establishes seven standards to be put in place by each statute for the administration and operation of mandatory insurance, which is compulsory under 45 different laws. If the standard is not met, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety may recommend the head of the central administrative agency in charge of the mandatory insurance to revise the relevant laws.
 This paper compares and reviews the actual conditions of mandatory insurances under eight laws related to water and sea mentioned on the “Disaster and Safety Act”. When the Ministry of the Interior and Safety recommends revisions to the head of the central administrative agencies under the Act, it is necessary to reflect the followings in consideration of the internationality and uniqueness of ships.
 First, it is necessary to apply the limits of liability stipulated in the “Commercial Act” and relevant “International Maritime Conventions” to the limit of compensation, and to present the limits of compensation for property damage caused by accidents at sea. Second, the incentives for compulsory insurance and the administrative sanctions applied for non-insurance should have fairness among 8 laws and require consistent application of sanction types. Third, it is necessary to revise the laws so that domestic victims' right to claim directly against foreign insurers is valid even if there are foreign elements. Fourth, when considering the intent of “Disaster and Safety Act”, it should add other water and sea-related laws that accept compulsory insurance. Finally, considering the characteristics and internationality of ships and ocean, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries shall conduct integrated management of the mandatory insurances related to water and sea in accordance with tentatively named ‘Guidelines for Operation and Management of Water and Marine Safety mandatory insurance’ under the “Disaster and Safety Act”. The guidelines should include criterions for approval and management for foreign insurers who are undertaking foreign vessels that entered into Korean ports.

Comparing Fishing Technology of Korea and Indonesia: An Evaluation of the Efficiency, Quality, and Sustainability of Fishery Resources

This article compares the fishing technologies used by Korea and Indonesia in efficiency, quality, and sustainability. The author uses the literature study method by collecting secondary data from various sources, such as scientific journals, government reports, mass media, and official websites. The analysis shows that Korea has more sophisticated, modern, and integrated fishing technology than Indonesia. This technology allows Korea to catch fish more efficiently and produce high-quality fishery products. In addition, Korea also has a fishery resource management system that is better than Indonesia. Korea implements various policies and regulations to maintain the sustainability and productivity of fishery resources. Indonesia still needs to face various problems and challenges in the fisheries sector, such as overfishing, fish theft by foreign vessels, damage to the marine environment, and low-quality fishery products. Indonesia also needs more research and development of fishery technology. This article recommends that Indonesia increase cooperation with Korea in fisheries technology through the Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center (MTCRC). This cooperation will help Indonesia improve its fishing technology and fisheries resource management system.

Dampak Moratorium Kapal Penangkap Ikan Asing Terhadap Kesejahteraan Nelayan di Indonesia

Indonesia’s Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries on Joko Widodo first period, Susi Pudjiastuti, made a breakthrough on fisheries policy, named foreign fishing vessel moratorium. This policy prohibits foreign fishing vessel to catch fish on Indonesia seas. Foreign fishing vessel which founded catching fish in Indonesia seas will be caught, confiscated, and sinked. Indonesia Government claimed foreign vessel moratorium increase Indonesian fishery household’s earnings and made Indonesian fishermen easier to catch fish than before. The purpose of this study is to examine foreign vessel moratorium’s benefit claims on Indonesian fishery households. National Economic Survey, Survei Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas), used as primary data in this study. Susenas data processed, so that it displays data at the district or city level in Indonesia. After that, Susenas data comibined with village potention and fisheries production data, which published by Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries in Indonesia. The purpose of combining datas was to choose control and treatment district. Furthermore, this data processsed and analyzed by Difference in Difference (DiD) method. The results of this study showed that Indonesian fishery households’ per capita expenditure drops Rp 80.988,25 because of foreign vessel moratorium. In the other hand, Indonesian fishery household’s work duration rise 39-40 minutes per day (assumption six workdays per week). These results showed that Indonesian fishery household didn’t get the benefit from foreign vessel moratorium. Hence, the other policy is needed to increase Indonesian fishery households’ prosperity.

Tinjauan Hukum Terhadap Masuknya Kapal Nelayan Asing di ZEE Indonesia Berdasarkan UU No. 5 Tahun 1983 Tentang ZEE

Introduction: The EEZ has the greatest natural wealth potential for Indonesia, so the Indonesian government issues various types of legal products to secure and protect and enforce the law in Indonesian waters, especially in the EEZ area.Purposes of the Research: To analyse the regulation of the entry of foreign fishing vessels in the Indonesian EEZ which is contrary to Law Number 5 of 1983 concerning the EEZ, and to analyze the Security and Supervision of Foreign Fishing Vessels in the Indonesian EEZ based on Law Number 5 of 1983. Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical. by using (state approach) and (statute approach). And sources of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials as well as literature studies, then analyzed qualitatively.Results of the Research: The results show that the entry of foreign-flagged fishing vessels in the Indonesian EEZ is not prohibited because it is not an Indonesian sovereign territory so that foreign vessels have the right to freedom of navigation in the EEZ, but when in their voyage they carry out prohibited activities such as exploration and exploitation of natural resources. biological and non-biological resources found on the seabed and the soil below it as well as the water column and water space above it (without a permit) is an act of violating the law in Indonesia's EEZ (Article 13 of Law Number 5 of 1983). Securing and supervising foreign fishing vessels in the Indonesian EEZ must be carried out in a synergistic and coordinated manner between the TNI-AL, BAKAMLA and POLRI as well as other authorities in accordance with their respective roles and duties.

Law Enforcement For Foreign Shipping Performing Illegal Fishing

Illegal fishing on foreign vessels has a very bad impact on all traditional fishermen. And this will make coastal fishermen feel the impact of illegal fishing by foreign vessels. Apart from that, this will also have an impact on consumers who like to consume fish because fishermen are not found to be able to feel the results produced by the country where fishermen were born and grew up. If viewed from a macro perspective, this will make the prices obtained from Indonesian marine products higher. It is clear that currently, the international community is starting to pay attention to Indonesia's fishery area. In law enforcement in the field of fisheries, a criminal justice system is established that includes a more structured process and problem-handling system. However, criminal acts of illegal fishing by foreign fishing vessels still occur, both by Indonesian citizens and by foreign nationals. This type of research is normative research. The approach used is a statutory approach (statute approach) and a conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The source of data used is secondary data. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. Concluding is carried out using the deductive method, namely concluding from general to specific, especially those related to the research topic, namely law enforcement against Illegal Fishing. This research resulted in findings Illegal fishing will have a very bad impact on all traditional fishermen. And this will make coastal fishermen feel the impact of illegal fishing by foreign vessels.

The rise of paragunboat diplomacy as a maritime diplomatic instrument: Indonesia’s constabulary forces and tensions in the North Natuna Seas

ABSTRACT The use of maritime constabulary forces and coast guards as diplomatic instruments in disputed waters has been a growing occurrence in the Indo-Pacific region. The challenges presented to Indonesia amid the rise of foreign vessel intrusions pose great obstacles to Jokowi’s decisive and non-negotiable stance on Indonesia’s sovereignty in the North Natuna Seas. Challenged by Vietnam and China due to overlapping EEZ and continental shelf zones, the North Natuna Seas continues to be filled with the presence of maritime paramilitary agencies, foreign fishing fleets, and other sea intrusions to Indonesia’s maritime boundaries. This article argues that as an attempt to respond to contemporary challenges in the Natuna Seas, Jokowi has empowered Indonesian coast guards as a paragunboat diplomatic strategy to respond to coercion at sea. By evaluating the development and mandates given to the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency since 2014, this article further justifies Indonesia’s turn to paragunboat diplomacy due to the need for a non-confrontational and non-coercive maritime diplomacy strategy, and as a posturing strategy to compel adversaries away from Indonesian waters due to the promising tactical flexibility of using non-military maritime constabulary forces.

영해 내 외국선박의 무단정박과 대응방안에 관한 연구

유엔해양법협약에 따라 연안국의 영해는 정해진 통상기선 또는 직선기선으 로부터 12마일 범위에서 정할 수 있다. 영해에 대하여 연안국은 주권을 행사할 수 있고, 외국선박은 무해통항권을 가진다. 무해통항권을 향유하는 외국선박은 연안국의 평화, 공공질서 또는 안전을 해치지 않는다면 연안국의 영해에서 자 유롭게 항행할 수 있다. 그러나 우리나라 주변을 항행하는 외국선박 중 일부 선박들은 우리나라의 주권이 미치는 영해를 통항하면서 무단으로 투묘를 하는 등 무해통항의 요건 을 충족시키지 못하고 있다. 이러한 외국선박의 유해한 통항은 우리나라 영해 에서의 해양사고를 유발할 수 있으며, 해양환경 오염을 발생시킬 우려가 있 다. 또한 우리나라 주권을 침해하고 해상보안을 위협할 수 있으며, 이러한 외 국선박의 행위는 명백한 불법행위이다. 따라서 우리나라 정부는 주권 행사를 위하여 국가적 차원에서 강력하게 대응할 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 우리나라 영해에 무단 투묘하는 선박에 대하여 적법성 및 문제 점을 검토하고, 대응방안을 제시함으로써 무단정박 선박에 의한 해양환경 오 염 예방과 우리나라 영해에 대한 주권 강화를 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 내 수 및 영해의 개념과 외국선박의 통항에 관한 국내외 법제 현황을 살펴보았 고, 현재 우리나라 주변에서 발생하고 있는 외국선박의 통항에 대한 적법성을 검토하였다. 그리고 불법성이 인정되는 외국선박의 무단정박 등에 대한 대응 방안을 제시하였다.

Maritime Traffic Law of the People’s Republic of China and its implications in international law

In April 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China, through order no. 79, has revised its Maritime Traffic Laws (Maritime Traffic Laws Revision-2021), which was then enforced on September 1 2021. The revised law contains ten chapters and 122 articles that comprehensively deal with maritime traffic safety and strengthens China’s maritime traffic management. It applies in the waters within the jurisdiction of China, which is not limited to the territorial sea, and regulates Chinese ships at sea. Some revised provisions put forward new requirements, such as pre-notice for foreign vessels in some sea areas, which brings significant legal influence. As a state practice, this new revision can be seen as an interpretation of certain ambiguous concepts of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is also important in improving the international maritime order based on the rule of law.

Government Efforts In Realizing Legal, Reported And Regulated Capture Fisheries In Indonesia

The condition of Indonesia's vast waters with large marine resources has important meaning for Indonesia because it contains fishery resources which have great potential as a source of new economic growth as well as being one of the prime movers of national development. The abundance of fishery resources in Indonesian seas has attracted the attention of foreign parties to enjoy them illegally through illegal fishing activities. In this descriptive qualitative research, the researcher serves as the human instrument. a qualitative descriptive method that involves looking at various published sources and drawing conclusions from them. the results and conclusions of this study is the lack of supervision and enforcement in Indonesia demonstrates that the management of the country's fish resources is not yet at its best. Fishing without a permit, using destructive fishing gear, and fishing from foreign vessels are just a few examples of the IUU fishing problem in Indonesia. Legal, reported, and regulated fishing—fishing that is legal, reported, and regulated—is a requirement for effective fisheries management that is sustainable and responsible. Increasing supervision and law enforcement, establishing international cooperation, establishing a monitoring center for fishing vessels, developing a sophisticated communication system (VMS), and imposing severe penalties on those who engage in IUU fishing are government efforts that can be made to combat the problem in Indonesia.

PENGGUNAAN SURAT IZIN PENANGKAPAN IKAN (SIPI) PALSU OLEH KAPAL ASING PENANGKAP IKAN

Every fishing activity requires a fishing permit (SIPI), yet as determined by Decision Number: 08/Pid.Prkn/2011/PN.TPI, foreign vessels continue to engage in fishing using forged licenses. The formulation of the issue in this study is compatibility between the legal repercussions for foreign ships that violate the SIPI falsification laws in the decision number 08/PID/PRKN/2011/PN.TPI and Law no. 45/2009 concerning amendments to Law no. 31/2004 concerning Fisheries, as well as what challenges foreign-flagged vessels encounter when making SIPI in order to use fake SIPI. Normative legislation is the study methodology used, using secondary data backed up by primary data. analysis of qualitative data leading to deduction. The study's findings and commentary demonstrate that from the conclusions of Article 94A jo. 28A Point B Law no. 45/2009 regarding changes to Law no. 31/2004 the fines imposed by the judges were not optimal and the constraints experienced by foreign-flagged vessels for fishing activities, since 2007 the Government of Indonesia has issued a policy regarding not extending fishing permits for foreign-flagged vessels.

Examining the socio-economic characteristics, fishing patterns and challenges of fishermen at James Town in Ghana

This study examined the socio-economic characteristics, fishing patterns and challenges of fishers in Ghana using James Town as the study location. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics, Fishing patterns and characteristics, dynamics of expenditure and catch, Dynamics of distance to fishing grounds/area, catch and selling strategy/mode and practices, investment and financing of fishing activities as well as challenges of fishing from respondents. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) using Stata version 17. The results shows that 4.0 ± 1.07 people are engaged in onshore activities for an average of 9.45 ± 2.19 h. Also, fishers averagely spend 3.09 ± 1.49 days at sea. Respondents who have not accessed loan over the last 12 months are 78 whilst 23 have accessed same. Similarly, 86 out of 101 respondents representing 85.14% have not insured their operations. Also, no transparency in distribution of pre-mix, high cost of equipment, high cost of premix and dumping of waste in the sea by foreign vessels are the major problems faced by fishers. The results also showed that boat size, repairs and maintenances of boats, household size, boat age and position of respondents on boat (captain or otherwise) are the factors that can likely determine the volume of fish catch among fishermen. The study therefore, concluded that socio-economic characteristics and fishing patterns of fishes are highly variable.