Foreign Trade Patterns Research Articles

A Study of Global Trade War and Its Impact on Indian Economy

A Study of Global Trade War and Its Impact on Indian Economy

Ukraine’s Market of Certified Seed: Current State and Prospects for the Future

The production of high-quality seeds and planting material is the basis for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of crop production. The main aim of this article is to develop proposals to ensure that supply meets the demand in the seed and planting material market Ukraine. The future prospects are also discussed. The paper uses statistical and comparative analysis. The patterns of foreign trade in seeds and planting material to and from Ukraine are analyzed. The high level of import dependence of Ukraine leads to excessive exposure to instability in the world seed market. The development of seed production in Ukraine is discussed and analyzed along with the ways for improving commercial circulation of seeds and planting materials. The export volumes of grains and oilseeds in 2020 were the highest of those over the last three decades and amounted to USD 18.7 million, which is almost twice more than in 2019. Corn seeds dominate in exports (72%). The volume of imports of seeds of grains and oilseeds exceeded exports by 22 times in value and, in 2020, amounted to USD 409.4 million. In the total volume of imports, imports of sunflower seeds accounted for 53%. The upward trend of seed imports has been maintained since 2010. It was the result of increased demand for imported seeds by large- and medium-sized agricultural producers. In 2020, COVID-19 gave impetus to the development of domestic seed production and foreign breeding companies within the country. Prospective ways to accelerate the development of the organization of the Ukrainian seed and planting material market are outlined. Ukraine has prospects for increasing the export of seeds of grains and oilseeds by expanding its production by foreign companies operating in Ukraine. Solving problems of competitiveness seed production in Ukraine will make it possible to strengthen the role of domestic breeding in the seed market, as well as to use the best foreign varieties through their commercial circulation.

Research on International Mutual Recognition of Carbon Certification System of Automobile Products

With the global attention to climate change gradually heating up, to carbon peak carbon neutralization as the theme of the new international trade system is gradually taking shape, will also have a broad and far-reaching impact on our foreign trade pattern. The automobile industry is the key to transportation in our country carbon industry, in response to climate change under the situation of double carbon targets, for car carbon product certification international mutual recognition research is not only beneficial to China's auto industry to establish a comprehensive carbon accounting system but can also help our country automobile industry breakthrough carbon tariff barriers to trade actively, Promote Chinese automobile manufacturing industry to complete green and low-carbon transformation.

Pattern of foreign trade and export competitiveness of Indian cashew

Pattern of foreign trade and export competitiveness of Indian cashew

Pattern of foreign trade and export competitiveness of Indian cashew

Pattern of foreign trade and export competitiveness of Indian cashew

The International Trade of Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis with Gravity Model

We investigate the foreign trade pattern of Bangladesh using the gravity model of international trade. This work studies 24 years of Bangladesh’s bilateral trade with its 52 major trade partners, from 1995 to 2018. We construct a large panel dataset of 3,168 observations to capture the multilateral resistance terms by accounting for two-way trade flows from each country with the others. We use the PPML fixed effects estimator suggested by Silva and Tenreyro (2006) as the most preferred method for gravity-based analysis. We find mixed results regarding the consistency of Bangladesh’s trade pattern with the gravity model predictions. The results suggest that Bangladesh’s export is positively determined by its income and partner countries’ level of development, but it is relatively less influenced by partner countries income. However, Bangladesh’s level of development is observed to be negatively correlated with both export and import. The distance between the trading countries matters less to Bangladesh, and Bangladesh comparatively tends to trade more with distant countries. The results also suggest that tariffs imposed by partner countries do not affect Bangladesh’s export negatively as Bangladesh receives GSP benefits from its major export market. All the results of the fixed effects regression models are robust, and this paper has significant implications in terms of formulating trade policy for Bangladesh.

Empirical Study on the Evaluation of the Transformation of China's Foreign Trade Development Mode under Dual Perspectives

By analyzing the current studies about the transformation of foreign trade development mode, we find that the researches involving the change of necessity of foreign trade pattern ,the evaluation of the result , the way of the transformation and the power of it ,but there exist some problems which focus on the unreasonable index systems and empirical method . Therefore, The paper constructs two equations from the two angles such as trade process and trade outcome based on the analysis of connotation of foreign trade patterns. And then the author use the method named Sharp value decomposition to evaluate the effects of each factors on the trade patterns transformation from the level of trade process and result. The results show that the effect of the scale factor is the biggest in our scale of foreign trade development, the contribution of the technical factors need to be improved, and there is poor coordination between the domestic economy and the technology of the export sector. On the view of the trade result, the growth of the effect of price is the highest, and then is the quantity; the effect of species has a large decline. This indicates the quality of our product has been improving, but the degree of innovation needs to be improved. Hence, our transformation of foreign trade development mode has a certain degree of improvement, but still needs efforts. Our next step should be improving the technical coordination between the export sector and the other sectors, as well as the innovation ability of enterprise.

International trade and air pollution damages in Iran

In recent dacades,the unbalanced pattern of foreign trade and its impact on the unfair emission of pollutants in different countries, has been considered by policymakers.in addition to the economic effects of trade, its environmental effects should also be considered in calculating the real trade balance or green trade in the present study, using the input-output technique. monetary losses resulting and the added value created in the trade process, are estimated in nineteen sectors. The net environmental damage is equal to 4.8% of the net value added and 1.7% of Iran's trade deficit in 2019. The results show that Iran, despite having a trade deficit, is a net importer of pollution. Estimates in the second stage confirm the higher export losses ($ 60.2) compared to the avoided import losses ($ 38.7) for each monetary unit of trade. In fact,Iran is turned to “port of pollution” because of it’s structure. In terms of trade relations with other countries, most of the pollution was imported from Iraq and Afghanistan, while the most polluted exports were to Germany, Switzerland and France, respectively. In trade with China, there are also reciprocal effects (lower income trade and greater environmental damage). Given the current difficult economic and political conditions, the best strategy to simultaneously achieve economic and environmental goals is to develop import alternatives in the groups of pharmaceuticals and health, agriculture, recreational services, arts and tourism, wood, paper and leather textile products. Because they have the lowest proportion of environmental damage to value added among economic groups with a negative trade balance. Also, the minimum amount of environmental damage for each monetary unit of trade is observed in the mentioned groups. The comparison of the study findings with the results of other researches confirms the high potential of the pharmaceutical and health materials group in achieving both economic and economic goals during import substitution policy.

Makroekonomiczne, sektorowe i fiskalne konsekwencje spadku energochłonności polskiej gospodarki

The aim of this paper is to assess the implications of an ongoing improvement in the energy efficiency of the Polish economy. Poland is among countries that have been leading the way in reducing energy intensity in recent decades. A counterfactual analysis conducted in this study is based on a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model called GEMPOL and captures six dimensions: the overall economic activity level; the industry pattern of output; the product pattern of foreign trade; energy-related expenditures; the quantity of energy used; and the revenue and expenditure of the public finance sector. An accompanying sensitivity analysis underlines the positive relationship between the expected economic effects of improved energy efficiency and the assumed scale of such technological progress, as well as the positive relationship between the magnitude of those consequences and the assumed substitution elasticity values. The obtained results can constitute an important contribution to a scholarly debate on the long-term impacts of decreasing per-unit energy use on the characteristics of Poland’s economy and resulting policy challenges.

A study on changing foreign trade pattern of India before pre liberalization era

A study on changing foreign trade pattern of India before pre liberalization era

Pattern of Foreign Trade in Nepal

Most of the countries in the world strengthen their economic and political power with the help of foreign trade and it is advantageous for both importing and exporting countries. The situation of foreign trade is not good in Nepal. Nepal has imported almost 15 times greater than its export amount in Fiscal Year 2018/19.The import amount of only petroleum products was 2.62 times greater than its total export amount. The major contributors of foreign trade were India and China which covered 64.70 percent and 13.70 percent market share respectively during FY 2018/19. The objectives of this study were to examine the situation of foreign trade in Nepal, to highlight its positive aspects and to analyze the problems along with some measures to resolve the problems. To examine the situation of foreign trade in Nepal secondary data have been collected from government publications and analyzed after presenting in tables. Likewise, a cross-section of 50 respondents from various cities have been interviewed to collect primary data. Nepal was always in trade deficit which was increasing every year. Remittance inflow from migrant labors was a major source of foreign exchange which covered the payment of imported goods. The problems of foreign trade were landlocked country, transit and transport problems, illegal import-export, low value addition exportable commodities, incompetent Nepalese products in terms of cost and quality, poor physical infrastructure, industrial dependency on imported raw and intermediate materials, procedural problems created by foreign countries in the import-export of products, administrative hurdles etc.

Original Sin and the Great Depression

Was foreign currency denominated debt a determinant of exchange rate and monetary policy during the Great Depression? Policy makers of the day thought so. High-frequency bond price data show depreciation was associated with elevated risk premia on public debt. We also show that foreign currency debt was a determinant of exchange rate policy during the Great Depression. The gold standard heightened exposure to global shocks and prolonged the Great Depression. Why then did countries hesitate to jettison the monetary technology? Multiple factors have been identified in the literature ranging from economic and political considerations to social preferences for monetary stability. We find that foreign currency debt and trade patterns, both shaped by history and geography, had a significant impact on these choices and hence on economic stability. The effect is likely to be about half as large as the output gap in determining exchange rate policy. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Role of Agricultural Products in Foreign Trade of Nepal

Nepal is developing country and it’s economic mainly based on Agricultural sector. A large number of people are relying on agriculture sector. However, still some districts are suffering from food deficit and huge amount of food items import from neighboring countries as well as others countries. In these reason, the Nepalese export import trade is unbalance. In this condition, this paper is trying to identify the role of agriculture sector in foreign trade of Nepal. For these purpose, we have used the secondary data and using the descriptive methods for getting the results. The analysis of data showed that imports of agricultural products are increasing from neighboring country as well as others countries. Two third amounts of agricultural products have imported from India and remaining portion from others countries. Due to large amount of imported agricultural product, Nepalese foreign trade is unbalanced. So policy maker should be focused on development of agriculture field, concerning policy and programs of this sector and pattern of foreign trade should be revised and reformed by the diversification, modernization, instrument-focused agriculture system, which could help to reduce trade deficit and keep it in certain trade balance of Nepal.

INDIA–CHINA: CHANGING BILATERAL TRADE AND ITS EFFECT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

This paper highlights the policy aspects of India and China, in the context of consensus building on bilateral trade, which is the cornerstone of diplomatic and political ties between the two countries. India and China have witnessed uninterrupted economic development with a significant rise in bilateral trade because of protrade policies in the last few decades. In this backdrop, this paper examines the dynamic spillovers of India–China’s bilateral trade on the economic growth of the two countries. For the purpose, Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model in multivariate framework is utilized with gross capital formation (GCF) and foreign direct investment (FDI) as two additional explanatory variables. The results highlight that the India–China bilateral trade share has significant long-run impact on the growth of GDP per capita (GDPP) of the two countries, while the impact is more pronounced for China. The growth rates of the two countries are found significantly cointegrated with the variables in question. The results provide important insights in foreign trade patterns, with policy implication for trade and economic co-operations between the two countries.

The Changing Public Sector and the Contradiction of Economic Globalization

THE AIM OF THE PAPER This paper attempts to examine the impact that economic globalization has had on the public sector. In the past two decades, researchers have gradually turned their attention to international and global perspectives in their efforts to analyze the changing nature and patterns of welfare policies, development approaches and public sector systems. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to evaluate and discuss the characteristics of globalized economic processes in regard to policy-making and public service design. METHODOLOGY This study is based on mainstream literature review and secondary data analysis of the original data of OECD and World Bank report, with the aim of confirming the correlations between hyperglobalization – in other words, excessive economic liberalization associated with deep integration of markets and services – and public policy transformation. The study applies a research framework associated with public sector expenditure, economic openness and foreign trade patterns. MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS According to our results, the complex, contradictory impacts and processes of economic globalization contemporaneously have exacerbated socio-economic challenges, and have transformed the social dimensions of policy implementation. Furthermore, these multifaceted provocations have required active responses and solutions at international level. In addition, we identified that economic openness have positively correlated with public sector size — notwithstanding, the interpretation of the correlation may be influenced by several other factors, such as the “size” of nation-states. RECOMMENDATIONS The results suggest that improving public policy is indispensable for achieving good governance; and a proactive, adequate public sector might resolve the socio-economic issues that the market economy does not address. Therefore, a modernized public sector system, based on a multi-layered and multi-sectorial framework, could effectively reshape income distribution, combat poverty and counter threats related to globalization. Acknowledgements: The study has been funded by EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00007, “Young Researchers from Talented Students – Fostering Scientific Careers in Higher Education”.

Influence of the geographical pattern of foreign trade on the inland distribution of maritime traffic

Many papers analyse the role of transport infrastructure in the economic development and competitiveness of regions. However, the literature has paid little attention to the impact of the changing patterns of international trade on the use of the infrastructure. The hypothesis of this work is that the evolution of the geographical pattern of countries' foreign trade influences the inland distribution of maritime traffic and, consequently, the use of the infrastructure. The inter-port distribution of the Spanish exports in 2000 and 2015 was analysed in order to confirm the validity of this hypothesis. To that end, the Spatial Interaction Models approach was adopted. The results suggest that the final destination of the flows does influence the inland distribution of the Spanish container flows and, consequently, that the use of the inland transport infrastructure has evolved in line with the geographical pattern of foreign trade.

BRICS-United Nations regional groups’ trade patterns: a panel-gravity approach

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the similarities in the foreign trade patterns of China and the other BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) members.Design/methodology/approachThree panel data estimations, namely, fixed effect, random effect and fully modified ordinary least squares, have been conducted in this paper based on the gravitational model of international trade for bilateral trade of each BRICS member with five United Nations (UN) regional groups from 2001 to 2015.FindingsThe results revealed that Russia has a dissimilar trade pattern, based on the Heckscher–Ohlin (H-O) framework, with these five regional groups, while the other BRICS members follow the Linder hypothesis. Furthermore, it was found that China has a faster pace of globalization, while the rest of the BRICS members have experienced regionalization rather than globalization. In addition, geographical distance, as a proxy for transportation cost, has a weaker negative effect on the trade patterns of China and India, which makes the trade patterns of BRICS members dissimilar.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to examine and compare the BRICS member countries’ foreign trade pattern through a gravity trade approach.

On the Development of Cross-Border E-Commerce and the Transformation of Foreign Trade Model

In recent years, the international economic development has been continuously sluggish. The market environment has been deteriorating, and the competition has become increasingly fierce. The development of small and medium-sized enterprises is restricted by factors such as capital, talents and market. With the development of Internet technology, the emergence of cross-border e-commerce has attracted the attention of Chinese government and enterprises. E-commerce has become a new mode of trade. On the one hand, it can solve the problem of insufficient enterprise resources; on the other hand, it can realize the rational allocation of enterprise resources. E-commerce is of great significance to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises oriented by foreign trade. It can help small and medium-sized enterprises effectively to solve problems in capital, talents and market, and help them develop and grow. The rapid development of e-commerce has given rise to a new form of international trade, namely cross-border e-commerce. Its development has a great influence on the development of traditional foreign trade. Based on the development status of cross-border e-commerce in China, this paper analyzes the influence of the development of cross-border e-commerce on China’s foreign trade mode, and proposes foreign trade pattern transformation strategies in order to provide reference for the development of cross-border e-commerce and foreign trade in China.

Overall Planning of Shanghai New Trade Zone from an Ecological Economic Perspective

Since the reform and opening up, the economy of China has rapidly developed. The system, structure, mode, and pattern of the foreign trade in China must be adjusted accordingly to adapt to new economic normality. In this study, the main types of free trade areas worldwide were analyzed, and the necessary conditions for their successful development were examined on the basis of an ecological economic perspective. The Shanghai free trade area is a typical representative of a new type of Trade Zone in China. It introduces the principles of sustainable development, people oriented, green, low-carbon and other eco free trade zones. The planning characteristics of Shanghai free trade zone were studied from the point of view of planning economy and land use. Taking Shanghai Yangshan land free trade zone as an example, the planning research was carried out in terms of functional zoning, environment, transportation and facilities. In summary, this study provided theoretical and technical references for the construction of free trade areas and for the formulation of significant policies.

Adam Smith, the Patterns of Foreign Trade and the Division of Labour: A Country as a Jack-of-All-Trades Rather than a Specialist

Adam Smith is commonly referred to as one of the first who thought of foreign trade in terms of an international division of labour, whereby each country specialises in the production of certain goods. It is argued that he made a strong case for foreign trade on this basis. In this article, I will, in contrast, show that Smith does not understand foreign trade as an international division of labour. Economic progress rather than international trade determines domestic production structures. Apart from domestic development, international trade patterns are affected by transport costs and geographical factors, as well as producer and consumer preferences. In Smith’s theory, countries will not specialise, but rather produce similar goods. The division of labour plays a role in Smith’s theory of foreign trade, but in a mechanical, not territorial, sense.