Foreign Substances Research Articles

The impact of diabetes on aesthetic procedures

Diabetes may have an impact on aesthetic medicine, influencing both the safety and efficacy of various aesthetic procedures. Key aspects of the impact of diabetes on aesthetic medicine are summarized. Individuals with diabetes often experience dry skin, acondition known as xerosis, which may affect the overall texture and appearance of the skin. Diabetes can compromise the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to skin infections. Aesthetic procedures involve the introduction of foreign substances, and compromised skin integrity may heighten the risk of infection. This underscores the importance of strict hygiene and postprocedure care to minimize the risk of complications. Delayed wound healing can be asignificant concern in aesthetic procedures where incisions, injections, or other manipulations are made, as impaired healing may affect the final outcome and increase the risk of complications. Collagen metabolism, affecting the elasticity and structural integrity of the skin, may influence the long-term results of procedures such as dermal fillers, where collagen plays acrucial role in maintaining skin volume and firmness. Diabetes is linked to vascular complications, including poor blood circulation, which may have implications for procedures like laser treatments or other interventions that rely on adequate blood supply for optimal results.

Bolted in the nasopharynx: case report of an unusual foreign body in a child

Bolted in the nasopharynx: case report of an unusual foreign body in a child

Three Distinctive Steps for Heterogeneous Nucleation of Tunnel-Structured Mn Oxide on Quartz under Light Exposure.

Natural manganese (Mn) oxide coatings, resulting from the heterogeneous nucleation on foreign substances, have garnered interest based on their importance in the reaction with organic substances and in environmental systems. However, the heterogeneous nucleation of the natural Mn oxide coatings still remains elusive. Here, via fast photochemical oxidation of Mn2+(aq), we show that Mn(IV) oxide nuclei form and aggregate on quartz in three distinct successive stages: (i) a nanocrystalline film of unaligned grain forms, (ii) nanoislands develop on the film, and (iii) nanorods form on the nanoislands. Each stage has different crystalline structures and forms by aligned attachment of nanoscale precursors on the preceding surface. Crystal lattice analyses confirm the crystalline development, from the short-range order of the Mn oxide film to the long-range order of the nanorods. Also, the heterogeneous nucleation observed in this work produced groutellite-like tunnel structures of Mn oxide on quartz. This revealed pathway of the heterogeneous nucleation can offer a new perspective on the variety of poorly crystalline structures of natural Mn oxides found in the environment, which can affect elemental redox cycles, contaminant sequestration and removal, and soil carbon storage.

A Randomized Study to Compare the Efficacy Between Intranasal and Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for the Removal of Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus at the Cricopharynx Level in Pediatric Patients.

Foreign body (coins, magnets, button batteries, and metallic foreign bodies) ingestion is common and causes significant morbidity and mortality in children aged six months to three years. Endoscopic removal of swallowed foreign substances is widely accepted, but sedation and general anesthesia may be required to alleviate pain and anxiety during the procedure. Dexmedetomidine is used as a sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, and analgesic. In this study, we aimed to investigate and compare the efficacy between the intranasal (IN) and intravenous (IV) routes for the administration of dexmedetomidineas an adjunct to propofol for the removal of foreign bodies in the esophagus at the cricopharynx level in pediatric patients. This prospective, double-blinded,randomized study was conducted on 80 patients of either sex andAmerican Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status(ASA PS) I and II aged one month to 12 years with a foreign body in the esophagus at thecricopharynx level undergoing endoscopic foreign body removal. Patients were randomly allocated into groups A and B, with 40 patients each. In the preoperative area group A, IN, 3 mcg/kg, was dripped equally in both nostrils (supine position). In Group B, IV, 3 mcg/kg, diluted in normal saline, was administered intravenously slowly over 10 minutes. The onset of sedation was assessed using the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) every 10 minutes following dexmedetomidine administration, and when an RSS score of 3 or above was achieved, the patient was transferred to theoperation theater. In the operation room, patients were induced with injection propofol in a dose of 2 mg/kg or until the loss of verbal response.Parent separation scale scoring was used to evaluate the child's behavior on separation from parents as a tool to assess the anxiolytic property of dexmedetomidine. Perioperative pain using the Wong-Baker Faces pain rating scale, heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), ECG, and blood pressure (BP) were monitored before drug delivery till the end of theprocedure. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The mean time (minutes) in shifting to operation theater (33.8 ± 5) was significantly higher in group A compared to group B (10.7 ± 2.1) (p = 0.001). The mean Ramsay Sedation Score was higher at 10 and 20 minutes in group B as compared to group A. Group B had significantly lower pain (2.2 ± 1.4) (p ≤ 0.001) at 10 minutes, while in group A, the pain score decreased slowly and took more time but remains lower (1.35 ± 0.94) for longer duration (120 minutes) in the postoperative period in comparison to Group B (1.94 ± 0.35) (p = 0.002). Group B had a sharp hemodynamic decrease, while group A had slow, persistent changes. IN administration of dexmedetomidine is a safer and more effective mode of sedation to remove a foreign body from the esophagus at the cricopharyngeal level in pediatric patients. It provides stable and sustained hemodynamic parameters and longer postoperative pain relief compared to IV dexmedetomidine.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE AETIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL PERFORATION: CLINICAL AND MDCT CLUES

A common medical emergency that has a high fatality rate between 30 and 50 % is perforation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Oesophageal perforations can cause rapid chest pain, odynophagia, and vomiting gastroduodenal perforations can cause acute, severe abdominal pain and colonic perforations typically advance more slowly, resulting in localized abscesses or secondary bacterial peritonitis. Sepsis, an abscess that resembles an abdominal mass, or delayed symptoms are among the subsets of people who may present. Ancillary findings may indicate underlying problems that require more examination after initial closure of the ruptured bowel, while direct multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings confirm the diagnosis and localize the perforation site. Findings from MDCT scans include extraluminal gas, gut wall thickening, apparent discontinuity in the intestinal wall, extraluminal contrast, aberrant mural enhancement, localized fat stranding and/or free fluid, and localized abscess or phlegmon in confined perforations. In order to highlight the MDCT and clinical signs suggestive of the underlying aetiology and localization of the perforated site, this paper will examine the range of MDCT results found in GIT perforation. I. KEY POINTS Extraluminal gas, wall discontinuity or thickness, and fat stranding are signs of a GIT perforation. There is a spectrum of abundance to absence in pneumoperitoneum and extraluminal oral contrast. Additional observations include masses, faecal impaction, ischemia, foreign substances, and excessive wall thickening. The presence of a ruptured peptic ulcer suggests supramesocolic pneumoperitoneum and hyperenhancing gastric wall. Iatrogenic perforation is indicated by ascites and/or persistent or growing free air after surgery.

Fifty shades of green and blue: autopsy findings after administration of xenobiotics.

Unusual findings during an autopsy may come from peculiarities in the position, shape, size, weight, consistency, smell or color of organs. The following study was triggered by an autopsy case in which an unusual blue-green discoloration of organs, which changed during the autopsy, was noticed. A review of the local autopsy database, selected cases including the antemortem clinical documentation and the literature has been performed to clarify the etiology of these conspicuous discolorations and to evaluate their diagnostic value. The study showed that certain xenobiotics may lead to such discoloration. After systemic administration of methylene blue, darkening blue-green discoloration of organs, especially the brain and heart, can be observed. In addition, the systemic administration of toluidine blue also appears to be capable of causing such discoloration. Beyond that, drugs (like Rohypnol®) or other foreign substances (like detergents) containing warning colors, i.e. indigocarmin (E132) or Brilliant Blue FCF (E133) may cause discolorations of the upper gastrointestinal tract or the urinary bladder respectively. A blue-green, possibly darkening discoloration of organs during autopsy may point towards an antemortem administration of certain xenobiotics. The affected organs give an indication of the possible route of application and the type of substance. A differentiated interpretation of the etiology of such conspicuous discolorations at autopsy should only be made considering the (medical) history and, if necessary, complementary (toxicological) examinations.

Blood MAIT cells phenotype in patients with Opisthorchis felineus invasion depending on the severity of liver fibrosis

Introduction. MAIT cells are a new subpopulation of T cells that protect mucous barriers against penetration of foreign substances. There are practically no studies devoted to the participation of these cells in the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases.Aim. To study the phenotype of blood MAIT cells in patients with Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus) invasion depending on the severity of liver fibrosis.Materials and methods. A total of 78 patients with O. felineus invasion (42 men and 36 women) and 26 control group individuals (14 men and 12 women) were examined. Opisthorchiasis was diagnosed using coproovoscopy and duodenal contents microscopy. All patients underwent liver elastometry using Aixplorer (France) or Siemens Acuson S2000 (Germany) systems with determination of the liver fibrosis degree according to METAVIR. The phenotype composition of lymphocytes was investigated using a Navios flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA). T cells, T helpers, and T cytotoxic lymphocytes were isolated and the presence of NCR Va7.2 and CD161 on the surface of these cells was assessed.Results. The content of MAIT T-helpers was decreased in patients with O. felineus invasion compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.001). In MAIT T-cytotoxic cells, a similar pattern was not detected (p = 0.5). In patients with liver fibrosis F2 according to METAVIR compared to individuals with F0 according to METAVIR, a decrease in the total number of T-cells, T-helpers and T-cytotoxic cells, as well as MAIT T-helpers and MAIT T-cytotoxic cells was observed. Thus, the content of CD161+ NCR Va7.2+ T-helpers was 0.020% [0.004–0.042%] in patients with opisthorchiasis with F0 according to METAVIR and 0.0% [0.0–0.003%] in individuals with liver fibrosis F2 according to METAVIR (p = 0.001). For CD161+ NCR Va7.2+ T-cytotoxic cells, these indicators were, respectively, 1.47% [0.41–2.49%] and 0.12% [0.07–0.31%] (p < 0.001).Conclusion. Further study of MAIT cells in patients with liver pathology has undoubted prospects for the creation of new therapeutic and diagnostic technologies.

The Respiratory Reflex of Cough: A Comparative Study of Contemporary Medicine and Unani Concepts

Cough suddenly and frequently helps to remove mucus, irritants, foreign substances, and bacteria from the airways. It can be a symptom of a respiratory infection like the common cold, bronchitis, tuberculosis, influenza, smoking, or other health issues. Contemporary texts describe several kinds of coughs, including acute, chronic, and subacute coughs, coughs that produce or do not produce mucus, and specific types like Reflex cough, voluntary cough, and evoked cough. In Unani texts, cough is referred to as diseases rather than symptoms. it is also called as “Sual” in Arabic, “Surfa” in Persian, khansi in Hindi, and cough in English. In Unani medicine, Sual is attributed to three causes: Ashab-e-badiya (extrinsic factor), Asbab-i- Wassila (intrinsic factor), and Iltehab (inflammation). The primary categories of Sual identified in Unani texts are Sual yabis and Sual Ratab, which are further subdivided into various types. This paper examines the concept, causes, types, and treatment approaches to Sual/Cough as described in both classical and modern literature. Keywords: Cough, Sual, Surfa, Modern concept Unani literature, sual yabis, sual ratab.

Bridging the GAP: Probiotic Douches Redefining the Feminine Hygiene.

Vaginal douching is a centuries-old practice which is still in use, especially among adolescents. "Probiotic douches" are the vaginal douches that are formulated with probiotics and are intended to restore or maintain the vaginal microbiome balance. Probiotic douches are a new type of feminine hygiene product that claims to promote a balanced vaginal microbiome and improve overall well-being. However, the evidence supporting the use of probiotics for vaginal health is limited because of the variability in probiotic strains and dosages studied, and the lack of more comprehensive, long-term clinical trials. Most of the existing scientific literature on probiotics focuses on oral probiotic supplements and vaginal probiotic suppositories. Some potential benefits of probiotic douches include restoring a balanced vaginal microbiota, preventing, or managing infections, supporting local immune function, reducing odor and discharge, and enhancing overall vaginal comfort. However, it is important to note that these benefits have not been definitively proven and remain a subject of ongoing research. There are also potential risks associated with their use including disruption of the natural vaginal ecosystem by introducing foreign substances, risk of infection, and stability issues with the formulation that may lead to negative consequences. This review attempts to comprehend the critical need for robust scientific research to guide the safe and effective incorporation of probiotic douches into modern feminine hygiene practices, revolutionizing women's health, and well-being.

Construction of the technological process and design development of a multifunctional unit for processing vital soybeans with ultrasound. Feasibility of water-crude suspension

Cereals and legumes have a porous structure, being an inert carrier during mass exchange processes; they contain voids in the form of pores and stomata, on the surface of which there are foreign extractable substances in a solid state, in particular, trypsin and urease inhibitor proteins. These substances, due to their harmful effect on the final product, are subject to removal by extraction. One of the methods for inactivating anti-nutritional substances is ultrasonic treatment of soybeans.The article discusses the technology of inactivating inhibitors that worsen food and protein value of vital soybeans. The developed technology was aimed at dissolving a solid substance - soybean inhibitor protein in a liquid, carried out due to molecular diffusion, intensifying the processes of mass transfer and mass return. When creating a suspension by mixing the solid (crushed soybean grain) and liquid (water) phases, water molecules, which are a solvent, penetrate under the action of capillary forces into the pores and stomata of the treated body, begin to penetrate. On this basis, technological directions of research have been established, a sequence has been built and the physical essence of operations has been substantiated, consisting of four main ones - grinding soybean grain, creating a “water-soybean” suspension, ultrasonic (US) treatment of soybeans, drying. As a result of the conducted research, optimal technological parameters have been established for intensifying the process of inactivation of anti-nutritional substances contained in native soybeans: the degree of grinding of soybean grains is 0.5-1.0 mm; the ratio of water-soy suspension (1:1). The efficiency of the developed technological process will be factors affecting the quality of the resulting products, the duration and energy intensity of the process, resource conservation, simplicity of design and low cost of manufacture, the possibility of automation.

Recent advances in physical/chemical methods as alternatives to SO2 for winemaking: Principles, challenges and perspectives

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is commonly used in the wine industry to prevent oxidation and maintain microbial stability. However, it can harm consumer health, resulting in a growing demand for chemical-free wine. Therefore, reducing or eliminating the addition of SO2 has become a prevalent trend in the wine industry. In recent years, researchers have made significant progress in finding alternative methods to SO2. This review provides the latest research progress on innovative methods proposed to replace SO2 in winemaking. These include dimethyl dicarbonate, silver nanoparticles, lysozyme, chitosan, phenolic compounds, membrane filtration, ultrasound, ultraviolet irradiation, high pressure, and pulsed electric field. However, these individual antimicrobial methods do not possess the same comprehensive antimicrobial and antioxidant properties as SO2. In the proposed strategy, a promising alternative to SO2 could be to combine physical sterilization technologies with antimicrobial substances. In particular, gentle physical techniques such as pulsed electric field in synergy with natural grape polyphenols can maintain the microbiological stability of wine without the introduction of foreign aid substances, while enhancing the wine's antioxidant properties. In conclusion, while replacing SO2 entirely for wine production remains challenging, the combination of physical sterilization technologies and natural antimicrobial substances shows promise as a viable alternative.

Xiaobugan decoction prevents CCl4-induced acute liver injury by modulating gut microbiota and hepatic metabolism

BackgroundThe liver plays a crucial role in detoxification and metabolism. When its capacity to metabolize foreign substances is exceeded, it can lead to acute liver injury (ALI). Therefore, preventing liver disease and maintaining daily liver health are of utmost importance. Xiaobugan Decoction (XBGD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is recorded in ‘Fuxingjue’, is used in folk practice to promote liver health and regulate respiration. However, the hepatoprotective mechanisms of XBGD remained unclear. PurposeWe investigated the prophylactic and hepatoprotective effects of XBGD and explored its related molecular mechanisms using a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced ALI. Study design and methodsXBGD composition was determined using analytical methods, and the main compounds were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive focus mass spectrum (UHPLC-QE-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A CCl4-induced L02 cell injury model was employed to explore the protective effects of XBGD on liver cells, and a CCl4-induced ALI mouse model was used to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of XBGD. ResultsCellular experiments demonstrated that XBGD had a protective function against L02 cell damage by increasing cell viability, restoring alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and improving mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). In the mouse ALI model, XBGD prevented ALI by reducing ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and inhibiting oxidative stress. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immumohistochemical staining and western blotting results revealed that XBGD exerted hepatoprotective effects by reducing inflammatory responses and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Furthermore, 1H-NMR metabolomics indicated that XBGD regulates hepatic and intestinal metabolism, whereas 16S rDNA sequencing demonstrated the regulatory effects of XBGD on the gut microbiota. Correlation analysis highlighted the close relationship among gut microbiota, metabolites, and ALI indicators. ConclusionsXBGD is a promising TCM for the prevention of CCl4-induced ALI via regulation of microbiota and metabolism. This study provides a new perspective on the development of hepatoprotective measures and the prevention of liver disease in daily life.

A Review on New Drug Development for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease

Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Although there are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a large majority of them only help with associated symptoms. This lack of pathogenesis-targeting therapies is primarily due to the restrictive effects of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which keeps close to 99% of all “foreign substances” out of the brain. Since their discovery, nanoparticles have been successfully used for targeted delivery into many organs, including the brain.

The Role of Osteopontin (OPN) in Regulating Microglia Phagocytosis in Nervous System Diseases.

Phagocytosis is the process by which certain cells or organelles internalise foreign substances by engulfing them and then digesting or disposing of them. Microglia are the main resident phagocytic cells in the brain. It is generally believed that microglia/macrophages play a role in guiding the brain's repair and functional recovery processes. However, the resident and invading immune cells of the central nervous system can also exacerbate tissue damage by stimulating inflammation and engulfing viable neurons. The functional consequences of microglial phagocytosis remain largely unexplored. Overall, phagocytosis is considered a beneficial phenomenon in acute brain injury because it eliminates dead cells and induces an anti-inflammatory response. Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein induced by injury in various tissues, including brain tissue. In acute brain injuries such as hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke, OPN is generally believed to have anti-inflammatory effects. OPN can promote the reconstruction of the blood-brain barrier and up-regulate the scavenger receptor CD36. But in chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), OPN can cause microglia to engulf neurons and worsen disease progression. We explored the role of OPN in promoting microglial phagocytosis in nervous system disorders.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 06CC2 Enhanced the Expression of Intestinal Uric Acid Excretion Transporter in Mice.

ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is responsible for the excretion of foreign substances, such as uric acid (UA) and indoxyl sulfate (IS), from the body. Given the importance of increased ABCG2 expression in UA excretion, we investigated the enhancement of intestinal ABCG2 expression using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 06CC2 (LP06CC2). Mice were reared on a potassium oxonate-induced high-purine model at doses of 0.02% or 0.1% LP06CC2 for three weeks. Results showed that LP06CC2 feeding resulted in increased ABCG2 expression in the small intestine. The expression level of large intestinal ABCG2 also showed a tendency to increase, suggesting upregulation of the intestinal excretion transporter ABCG2 by LP06CC2. Overall, LP06CC2 treatment increased fecal UA excretion and showed a trend towards increased fecal excretion of IS, suggesting that LP06CC2 treatment enhanced the expression of intestinal ABCG2, thereby promoting the excretion of UA and other substances from the intestinal tract.

Regulation of tumor antigens-Dependent immunotherapy via the hybrid M1 macrophage/tumor lysates Hydrogel

Tumor treatment poses a significant obstacle in contemporary healthcare. Using components derived from a patient's own cellular and tissue materials to prepare hydrogels and other therapeutic systems has become a novel therapeutic approach, drawing considerable interest for their applicability in basic research on cancer immunotherapy. These hydrogels can engage with cellular components directly and offer a supportive scaffold, aiding in the normalization of tumor tissues. Additionally, their superior capability for encapsulating targeted anti-tumor medications amplifies treatment effectiveness. Given their origin from a patient's own cells, these hydrogels circumvent the risks of immune rejection by the body and severe side effects typically associated with foreign substance. In this study, we developed a composite hydrogel constructed by the cellular lysates of autologous tumor cells and M1 macrophages. This combination promoted the M2 macrophages polarization to the M1 phenotype. Subsequently, the polarized M1 macrophages infiltrated into the hydrogel and can directly capture tumor antigens. As antigen-presenting cells, M1 macrophages can stimulate the production of antigen-specific T cells to kill tumor cells. This work proposes a dual-benefit research strategy that not only polarizes M2 macrophages but also enhances immune activation, boosting T cell-mediated tumor-killing effects. This approach offers a new therapeutic option for clinical cancer immunotherapy.

Occurrence of Ochratoxin in Complete Feed Mixtures for Monogastric Animals

Abstract Ochratoxin A is a foreign substance of natural origin. It can be found in a wide range of commodities, including animal feed. Ochratoxin A is a dangerous contaminant, which can have a negative effect on the health and production of animals. In this study, the incidence of ochratoxin A in a complete feed for broilers (n = 25) and pigs (n = 6) was determined. Ochratoxin A was detected in one sample of pigs feed (16.67 %) and its concentration was 1.221 µg.kg−1. This mycotoxin was not detected in the broiler feed samples. These results indicate that the feed samples collected were safe and do not pose a risk of acute mycotoxicosis in animals.

Can we use superglues for superfi cial lacerations?

Objectives: To compare the histopathological and cosmetic outcomes of ethyl-cyanoacrylate to n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in rats using an incision wound model. Methods: Two longitudinal incisions were made on the dorsal region of the back of 18 Wistar rats after ketamine anesthesia. Rats were divided into three groups of six: the incisions were closed either using medical tissue adhesive or superglue or were left for secondary wound healing. In each group, three rats were randomly euthanized on the 7th day. The rest were euthanized on the 21st day of the procedure. Tissue samples taken on days 7 and 21 were Histopathologically evaluated blindly by a histologist. The cosmetic appearance was evaluated by a plastic surgeon blinded to the method of closure using a visual analog scale. Results: Histopathological evaluation revealed impaired epithelialization, infl ammation, fi brosis, and dehiscence on connective tissue, and foreign substance reactions were worse in the ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate group when compared with the other groups. A statistically signifi cant diff erence was not found among groups regarding the cosmetic outcome. Conclusions: Cyanoacrylate glues produced for commercial purposes should not be used for the repair of skin lacerations due to their worse histopathological results of epithelialization, infl ammation, fi brosis, dehiscence on connective tissue, and foreign substance reaction. Keywords: Lacerations, Wound closure techniques, Tissue adhesives, Cyanoacrylates, Wound healing.

Epidemiological Investigation of the Foreign Body in the Ear, How to Treat It and Its Complications in the Hospital Kamkar-Arabnia in Qom in 2019

Background: A foreign object in the ear is a relatively common emergency, and failure to remove it properly or using incorrect methods can cause irreparable damage. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of foreign bodies in the ear, their treatment, and associated complications at Kamkar-Arabnia Hospital in Qom in 2019. Methods: This descriptive study used a census method to include 102 patients referred to Kamkar-Arabnia Hospital with complaints of foreign bodies in the ear. Data were collected using a checklist that included demographic and hospital information, and then analyzed using SPSS 18 with descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The study included 102 participants with an average age of 12.41 ± 7.11 years. Most participants were male (58.9%, n = 60), and the age distribution was as follows: 0 - 6 years (49%, n = 50), 6 - 12 years (30.4%, n = 31), 12-18 years (13.7%, n = 14), and over 18 years (6.9%, n = 7). The most common foreign body was seeds (35.2%, n = 36). Complications were observed in 41.4% of cases, with the majority occurring in the age group of 0-6 years. In this age group, seeds were the most common foreign body, whereas in the age groups 6 - 12 years and 12 - 18 years, seeds were also prevalent. For individuals over 18 years, common foreign bodies included matchsticks, cotton, and plastic. Only 22 patients required anesthesia for removal. Among the age groups 0 - 6, 6 - 12, and 12 - 18 years, most foreign bodies were removed without complications, whereas 5 individuals over 18 years experienced canal bleeding. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for effective preventive measures to avoid the entry of foreign substances in children, emphasizing the importance of proper management to prevent complications.

Photo-induced passivation: A new corrosion mitigation strategy for bronze artefacts

The corrosion behaviors of four ternary Cu-Sn-Pb alloys with varying tin contents were investigated to determine the impact of tin content on the photo-induced corrosion of bronze. Photo-induced passivation, which effectively inhibits corrosion, was observed in all the investigated Cu-Sn-Pb alloys, even those with relatively low tin content, and a possible mechanism was proposed. Based on these findings, photo-induced passivation treatment was applied to two types of artificially patinated bronzes, achieving inhibition efficiencies of up to 82 % and 93 %. This method offers a novel corrosion mitigation strategy for bronze artifacts, capable of avoiding contamination of archaeological artifacts by foreign substances.