Foreign Ships Research Articles

Improving port state control through a transfer learning-enhanced XGBoost model

With the advancements in modern information technology, Port State Control (PSC) inspections, as a crucial measure to protect ship safety and the marine environment, are undergoing an intelligent transformation. This paper aims to streamline the selection process for inspecting high-risk ships by employing a data-driven model to predict the number of deficiencies in ships arriving at ports. A transfer learning-enhanced eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model is proposed by innovatively incorporating sample similarity calculations to adapt the model to the unique characteristics of the target port. This novel model enables the integration of relevant data from other ports, enhancing the predictive performance of the model to specific port conditions. Utilizing PSC inspection records from ports within the Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and choosing the port of Singapore as the target, numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed model achieves improvements of 1.81 %, 6.08 %, and 3.60 % in the mean absolute error, mean squared error and root mean squared error, respectively, compared to the standard XGBoost model. Furthermore, across various sizes of training samples, the proposed model outperforms other machine learning models. This work may service as a significant step towards exploring the potential of developing data-driven models based on comprehensive data to assess the risk level of foreign ships arriving at ports, ameliorating the PSC inspection process by aiding PSC officers in identifying substandard ships more effectively.

Analisis Keterlambatan Clearance in dan Clearance out Kapal Asing di PT. Pertamina Trans Kontinental Cabang Balikpapan

Sea transportation is in high demand in Indonesia due to the geographical conditions of the archipelago, low cost, and large carrying capacity. However, the development of international regulations has created a bureaucratic process that causes ship delays. Non-technical impacts also contribute to these delays. This study analyzes these factors to provide a basis for reducing ship delays that can lead to material losses, time, and opportunities. The research was conducted at PT. Pertamina Trans Continental Cab. Balikpapan during the author's job training from July 2022 to July 2023. Data were obtained through observations, interviews with staff, and secondary sources related to the thesis title. Using qualitative methods, this study focuses on delaying the clearance in and clearance out of foreign ships. Descriptive techniques include interviews, field observations, images, photographs, and video recordings. The results of the study revealed the main factors affecting the delays, such as bureaucratic and regulatory challenges, document availability, technical issues, and non-technical conditions such as weather and the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations include increased coordination between relevant authorities, development of integrated information systems, increased staff training, and infrastructure improvements.

Study on the diversity and germination of dinoflagellate cysts in the sediments of foreign ships in Shanghai Port

The dinoflagellate cysts present in the ballast water sediment of foreign ships in Shanghai Port have not been previously studied. Therefore, sediment samples were collected from the ballast water of 16 foreign ships in Shanghai Port, and the types of dinoflagellate cysts were identified and their abundance was calculated, with a specific focus on the analysis of toxic and harmful dinoflagellates. Moreover, simulations of temperature and salinity conditions throughout the year in the Shanghai port waters were conducted to carry out dinoflagellate cyst germination experiments, with analyze and compare the germinated dinoflagellate cysts under different conditions. Dinoflagellate cysts were found in 100 % of the ship sediment samples, including a total of 9 species of toxic and harmful dinoflagellate cysts. In the germination experiment, 15 °C was found to be the optimal temperature for the germination of dinoflagellate cysts in ballast water sediment, and high salinity is more favorable for cyst germination.

Analisis proses penggantian bendera kapal asing menjadi kapal bendera indonesia di Subdirektorat Pengukuran Pendaftaran dan Kebangsaan Kapal

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendalami proses pendaftaran kapal, yang penting untuk keselamatan dan keamanan transportasi laut serta pelestarian lingkungan laut. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara. Data yang diperoleh dijelaskan dalam paragraf yang mencakup pentingnya tanda kebangsaan kapal dan proses penggantian kapal berbendera asing menjadi berbendera Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses penggantian bendera kapal melibatkan tahapan administrasi di luar negeri, pengajuan bukti kepada pejabat RI, dan pendaftaran di Indonesia setelah kapal dicoret dari daftar kapal negara asal. Jika ditemukan pelanggaran prosedur penggunaan awak kapal, perusahaan pelayaran harus ditindak tegas.

Proses Penerbitan Dokumen Persetujuan Keagenan Kapal Asing (PKKA) pada PT. Pelayaran Dwi Putra Laksana Batam

The Approval of Foreign Ship Agency (PKKA) is a requirement in the form of a letter obtained from the system established by the Ministry of Transportation. This letter is useful when the Shipping Agency tasked with representing foreign ships in Indonesian ports, or appointed by the shipowner to carry out duties. Approval for foreign-flagged vessel agencies serves the PKKA Tramper route to support domestic and international maritime transport. The registration of foreign ships involves adding data or registering ships in Simlala that have never entered or been represented by the respective company due to the absence of the ship's name on the Approval of Foreign Ship Agency (PKKA). If the ship has already entered an Indonesian port through the respective agency, there is no need to register the ship in the Simlala system. Simlala is an innovation from the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation, involving the use of online systems or the internet in ship and port services, with Port Authorities as the implementers, to keep up with the developments in the maritime world, where the speed of port services is crucial. In the Simlala system, shipping companies have accounts registered with the Port Authority, and anyone wishing to access the Simlala system must also have an account used to request ship services. In writing this paper, the author conducted field research, including observation, which is the most dominant method used, as well as interview and library research methods.

INDONESIA'S FOREIGN POLICY CHANGE TOWARDS ROHINGYA ETHNIC ASYLUM SEEKERS IN 2015: A Foreign Policy Change Perspective

In 2015, Indonesia was shocked by the landing of a foreign ship containing Rohingya refugees in Aceh province. Not only Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand also experienced the same incident. The refugees came to obtain temporary asylum due to the country's conflict, which threatened the survival of the Rohingya tribe in Myanmar. Indonesia's rejection gave rise to various reactions from within and outside the country. Responding to this, Indonesia finally accepted the existence of Rohingya refugees by also signing the Joint Statement Ministerial Meeting on Irregular Movement of People in Southeast Asia. These foreign policy changes will be examined further using the Foreign Policy Change theory to determine the factors influencing foreign policy-makers in deciding their foreign policy. This research will use explanatory-qualitative methods to analyze Indonesia's momentum in taking windows of opportunity toward the Joint Statement Ministerial Meeting on Irregular Movement of People in Southeast Asia.

Spice Route Activities As a Development Strategy Sustainable Tourism

All development activities in the tourism strategy will be able to be used or synergized with tourism activities. Tourism activities can be a solution to get people out of poverty. Several regions have succeeded in using tourism to develop their regions. However, the use of tourism resources must also be in line with sustainable development, including tourism based on local culture and empowerment of community groups. History also shows that in the past, Indonesian waters played an important role in the navigation of local people's ships and foreign ships in the flow of trade traffic, cultural diplomacy and the spread of religion. Through sustainable tourism development, apart from increasing its attractiveness, it is also able to support strengthening efforts to preserve the natural and cultural environment in the region or destination. The existence of the Spice Route program, with its advantages and disadvantages, has opened up opportunities for sustainable tourism through the concept of marine tourism as a tool that can provide inspiration, memory or collective awareness of the long history of the formation of national civilization. Apart from that, the Spice Route program as a national program is an effort to reconstruct trade routes for commodities, especially spices, between tribes and nations in the past, which placed Indonesia as the axis of world commerce and at the same time opened Indonesia to world civilization. One active participation in tourism is to raise the attractiveness of areas along the Spice Route as Indonesian tourist destinations based on maritime and agricultural cultural roots. This research is qualitative research with an approach used based on literature studies. From this research, it is concluded that sustainable tourism development requires a comprehensive community involvement strategy from all stages of development, from the planning stage to the implementation of development.

The first press release about the meetings of football teams in Mykolaіv

Local periodicals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were studied. and local history literature from the funds of the State Archive of the Mykolaiv Region, the National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadskyi, the Odesa National Scientific Library, and the Mykolaiv Regional Universal Scientific Library to find out the history of the beginning of the game of football in Mykolaiv. In the shipbuilding city of Mykolaiv, which was previously closed to foreigners, where the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Empire was located, the possibility of commercial ships entering began in 1862, when the Commercial Port was opened with permission for the entry of foreign ships to visit and stay in the city of foreigners. Mykolaiv became one of the important ports for grain trade, where many foreign representative offices and banks were opened, commercial shipbuilding began to develop, and the cultural life of the city intensified. According to later local studies, it was established that, based on the memories of contemporaries, the first football meetings in Mykolaiv were started at the end of the 19th century. foreign sailors of merchant ships. Having adopted football traditions from foreigners, in 1901–1902 the teams of the city gymnasium and real school played football, and from 1906, the teams of the mechanical and technical school. At this time, street and district city football teams are created. Despite the fact that the first friendly meetings of football teams took place at the end of the 19th century, reports about the matches appeared in the local press only at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1908, Charles Bate, an employee of the bread office, organized the "Zebra" team, which played with foreigners and teams from educational institutions and sports clubs both in Mykolaiv and Odesa. Football matches took place on adapted sites, first near the Commercial Port, and later in different areas of the city. The referees of the matches were elected collegially from representatives of both opposing teams. Football matches were played according to English rules. The game of football at the time of its coverage in the local press was popular among the townspeople, especially among the youth of educational institutions, intelligentsia, and port workers. Newspaper articles cite examples of the presence of a significant number of spectators and fans, in connection with which the police had to be called in to maintain order. Local periodicals published not only announcements about scheduled meetings of football teams, notes with analysis of matches and their results, but also training schedules and sportsmen's runs around the city. Press publications announcing scheduled meetings, emotions from matches, the opportunity to observe and participate in joint training with popular athletes in the city contributed to the spread of football in the city. Most often, notes about football matches were printed by the "Nikolaevskaya newspaper", popular among the townspeople, with which a sports journalist probably cooperated, who did not indicate his surname or sign his authorship with the cryptonym Z-a.

Historical evolution of the passenger ship's doctor.

The authors examine the evolution of the role of resident doctors on cruise ships dating back to the Roman and Byzantine empires, then in the Middle ages. In the past surgery was rarely performed by doctors, but by barber-surgeons, who, with their razor skills, did everything from haircuts to amputations. More recently, as in the last century, the first royal decrees were issued, pillar by pillar, forming the regulatory basis governing health care on board Italian or foreign ships travelling to and from national ports.

A comparative economic analysis of industrial fisheries targeting small pelagic fish in Mauritanian waters: Free license versus charter regime

AbstractIndustrial fisheries targeting small pelagic fish have significant socio‐economic implications for North West African countries. This study examines the economic performance of fleets operating in Mauritania's exclusive economic zone under the free license and chartering systems. Using national production data from 1989 to 2010 and economic indicator ratios from European pelagic fishing vessels, we assess the economic performance of pelagic fisheries over one decade. Our findings show that vessel characteristics have rapidly evolved, with free‐licenced vessels having a higher average fishing capacity than chartered vessels. The nominal number of free licenses increased from under 8% in 1995; the year of free licencing began in Mauritania, to over 80% in 2010. The estimated average economic output for 2000–2010 was US$ 231 million, with free licenses contributing over 80% of the total turnover (US$ 187 million). Vessels operating under free licenses made a greater contribution to wealth creation than the chartering regime. Foreign ship owners generated US$ 40.7 million (22%) in income, while chartering yielded US$ 3.6 million (8%). However, the chartering regime was more fiscally advantageous, contributing over 68% of pelagic fisheries tax revenues (estimated at over US$ 29 million). The small pelagic fishery has been subject to a system of total allowable catches and fishing quotas since 2015. This study provides insights into the economic dynamics of the small pelagic fishery, informing decision‐making and potential strategies to enhance the sector's performance and overall economic impact.

Pengaturan Hukum Laut Internasional Terhadap Tabrakan Kapal Yang Di Sengajakan

Introduction: Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has a very wide coastline and sea in the world and is rich in marine resources that must be protected, however, its strategic location and busy shipping by foreign ships makes Indonesia also an international shipping lane which is prone to ship accidents. . One of the causes of ship accidents is human error.Purposes of the Research: This writing aims to examine and find out the arrangements regarding the prohibition of intentionally crashing ships based on international law provisions, examine and find out the forms of state responsibility that violate the provisions of international law, and this research as one of the requirements for writing a thesis in obtaining a Bachelor of Laws degree at the Faculty Pattimura University Law. Methods of the Research: Normative Juridical research method, namely obtaining data from the library in the form of documents, books, magazines and other literature related to writing. The source of legal material used is Primary legal material, Secondary legal material, and Tertiary legal material and used as a technique for collecting legal material, then processing and analyzing legal material through qualitative analysis, namely the data obtained is then systematically arranged for further qualitative analysis based on scientific disciplines. civil law to achieve clarity of issues to be discussed.Results of the Research: The results of the study show that international conventions governing ship safety and shipping security include SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea) 1974, MARPOL (Marine Pollition) 1973/1978 and Load Line Convention 1966 and Collreg 1972 (Collision Regulation) as well as national law. Indonesia does not implicitly contain legal norms aimed at intentional ship collisions. This is because the purpose of establishing these legal provisions is precisely to anticipate the occurrence of ship collisions due to human error in the perspective of negligence or negligence. Even so, explicitly the legal logic is that if an unintentional act can be punished then especially if it is done intentionally. The impact of the losses incurred has legal consequences of course on the responsibilities of the flag state as well as captains and shipping companies to the aggrieved party, including in this case the coastal state.

Yurisdiksi Negara Pantai Terhadap Kapal Asing Yang Memuat Limbah Bahan Berbahaya Dan Beracun (B3) Ditinjau Dari Hukum Laut Internasional

Introduction: The jurisdiction of the coastal state is an authority of the state to carry out laws and regulations in its territorial area to regulate people, property, and events that occur in the land area, sea waters, and air space above it.Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical. by using a problem approach such as a statutory approach, a conceptual approach and a case approach. While the sources of legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary sources of legal materials. The collection of legal materials is carried out by means of a literature study, then analyzed qualitatively. Results of the Research: The results show that the entry of foreign ships transporting waste in the jurisdiction of the coastal state is not prohibited as long as it is subject to the provisions for the transportation of hazardous and toxic waste that is passing through the territory of the coastal state, namely for foreign ships carrying nuclear or other goods which because of their nature dangerous or toxic, if you want to make a voyage in the territorial waters of an International country, you must carry documents and comply with special precautions established by International treaties for ships (Article 23 of the 1982 International Law Of The Sea Convention). The implementation of Indonesian Jurisdiction for foreign ships transporting waste has been regulated in Law Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping and Government Regulation Number 101 of 2014 concerning Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste, which explains all matters relating to traffic through waters, transportation of dangerous goods and special goods by sea, determination of hazardous and toxic waste, management of hazardous and toxic waste, navigation in sea transportation including aspects of shipping safety and security.

The Corfu Channel Case and the Limits of Self-Defense

The Corfu channel case which was a landmark case decided by the International Court of Justice in 1949. The case involved the setup of mines in the Corfu Channel by Albania in 1946, which claimed the lives of 44 British soldiers and destroyed several war vessels. The UK brought a case against Albania alleging that they violated international law by not informing soldiers about possible hazards as well as not clearing the minefields. Albania argued that it was at liberty to mine its territorial waters and therefore not liable for mining on the channel. However, ICJ found that Albania was not reasonable enough in protecting vessels in the Corfu Channel and did not conduct itself in accordance to international law. The mining proved Albania liable for damages. There are many lasting significances in the Corfu Channel case viz this case enunciated the principle that asserts states responsibility to protect foreign ships within their territorial waters, confirmed the right to pass through international straits, and accentuated broader aspect on recourse to armed force in self-defense. State responsibility was also observed in this case. In a notable departure from the actual events, the ICJ held Albania accountable for damages caused by the mines, emphasizing their failure to inform ships about potential dangers and their inability to prevent the mining of the channel. The Corfu Channel case remains a compelling study in international law with profound implications.

Policy and Implementation of Coral Reef Protection in the Face of the Threat of Foreign Ships

Protection of coral reefs in Indonesia from damage caused by foreign ships is an important issue in preserving the maritime environment. is based on Law Number 27 of 2007 and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS 1982) which provides the legal basis for protecting marine ecosystems. Steps to increase coral reef protection include setting up zones that limit ship activities, implementing sanctions and strict fines, development of an effective monitoring system, increasing public awareness about the impacts of foreign vessels, and educating fishermen about sustainable fishing practices. International cooperation is an important aspect in dealing with this problem, with collaboration between Indonesia, neighboring countries, and organizations international. This joint effort aims to preserve coral reefs which are a valuable natural resource for Indonesia. The importance of preserving coral reefs as a crucial ecosystem and valuable natural resource for Indonesia must not be ignored. Protection of coral reefs must be a priority in efforts to preserve the environment in Indonesia for a sustainable future.

Global Competitiveness of Trade in the West Coast of Sumatra from the Perspective of the Agglomeration of Economic Approach

The main aim of this study is to analysed the pattern of agglomeration of trade flows in the city of Padang and Teluk Bayur Port with the regencies and cities along the west coast of Sumatra, as well as the factors that influence them. How competitive is trade flow with the West coast region compared to the East coast of Sumatra. The analytical approach used is spatial econometrics, especially the spatial lag model and spatial error model. The data used is the volume of loading and unloading of inter-island and foreign ships at Teluk Bayur Port and other districts and cities in 133 areas on the West Coast and 155 districts and cities in the economic corridors of Sumatra. The results showed that the West Coast trade flow variable had no significant effect on the existence of Padang City as the centre of economic agglomeration in the economic corridor area of Sumatra. Our findings are that trade flows in the city of Padang have not been able to encourage economic agglomeration in regencies and cities on the West Coast of Sumatra, on the contrary there are connections with regencies and cities in the economic corridors of the East Coast of Sumatra. Therefore, to accelerate the process of economic agglomeration through trade flows, joint policies are needed with the agricultural sector in the Sumatran economic corridor in facing global market competition, as well as strengthening inter-regional internal markets in the Sumatra corridor, agricultural commodity transactions between regencies and cities in the Sumatran economic corridor which must be strengthened, so as to be able to compete in a competitive global market.

Global Competitiveness of Trade in the West Coast of Sumatra from the Perspective of the Agglomeration of Economic Approach

The main aim of this study is to analysed the pattern of agglomeration of trade flows in the city of Padang and Teluk Bayur Port with the regencies and cities along the west coast of Sumatra, as well as the factors that influence them. How competitive is trade flow with the West coast region compared to the East coast of Sumatra. The analytical approach used is spatial econometrics, especially the spatial lag model and spatial error model. The data used is the volume of loading and unloading of inter-island and foreign ships at Teluk Bayur Port and other districts and cities in 133 areas on the West Coast and 155 districts and cities in the economic corridors of Sumatra. The results showed that the West Coast trade flow variable had no significant effect on the existence of Padang City as the centre of economic agglomeration in the economic corridor area of Sumatra. Our findings are that trade flows in the city of Padang have not been able to encourage economic agglomeration in regencies and cities on the West Coast of Sumatra, on the contrary there are connections with regencies and cities in the economic corridors of the East Coast of Sumatra. Therefore, to accelerate the process of economic agglomeration through trade flows, joint policies are needed with the agricultural sector in the Sumatran economic corridor in facing global market competition, as well as strengthening inter-regional internal markets in the Sumatra corridor, agricultural commodity transactions between regencies and cities in the Sumatran economic corridor which must be strengthened, so as to be able to compete in a competitive global market.

Analyzing the influencing factors of Port State Control for a cleaner environment via Bayesian network model

Port State Control (PSC) is a critical inspection mechanism used to regulate and remove substandard foreign ships in national ports, with the aim of ensuring compliance with safety and pollution regulations to prevent threats to the environment. With the heavy and concentrated traffic volumes at ports, executing efficient and effective PSC inspections has become increasingly challenging. This study investigates the risk factors of ship detention and identifies the most critical factor for detention to strengthen maritime safety and environmental protection towards cleaner environment. Using six years dataset with a total inspection of 178,153 from 2010 to 2015, a Bayesian network model was developed to analyze the influencing factors of inspection that lead to detention viz. The flag State, ship type, recognized organization, inspection authority and ship age. The results indicate that the flag State has the greatest influence, followed by ship type, recognized organization, inspection authority and ship age in descending order of importance. These findings guide PSC officers and ship owners in identifying critical areas to enhance maritime safety, promote environmental sustainability and achieve a cleaner environment. A similar approach can be applied to PSC inspection records from other years for further analysis.

Impact of Weather on Marine Vessel Accidents in the Iraqi Port of Umm Qasr, a Case Study of the Salihiah Tugboat Accident

The Arabian Gulf is known as a global center for trade, oil export, and shipping because the countries around the Gulf have many important commercial and oil ports. The southern port of Umm Qasr is one of these important transportation sites in the northern Arabian Gulf, as it includes berths for shipping goods as well as oil berths for importing and exporting oil derivatives and crude transport. Any disruption or disruption in port operations may lead to significant economic and material losses to Iraq. Marine accidents caused by bad weather are considered one of the most serious risks and obstacles facing marine work. In this study, we will investigate and evaluate the meteorological conditions that influence and cause marine accidents. The Salihiah tugboat accident, which collided with a foreign ship in 2020, and led to the sinking of the tow boat in the southern port of Umm Qasr. The disaster was caused by a violent dust storm and high wind speed. Two cases of dust storms were recorded on the day of the accident and several cases of dust raised, and there was also a significant drop in sea level pressure that led to the storm and the lack of visibility in the port of Umm Qasr. The aim of the study is to know the main causative weather factor for the accident and to advise the managers of Iraqi ports to take measures and reduce activity in bad weather conditions.

The Indonesian Government's Plan for Protecting Territorial Integrity along the Sea Border with the Philippines

The Indonesian-Philippine maritime border in North Sulawesi has seen a number of issues with foreign ships, illegal inhabitants, Abu Sayyaf organisations, and the Islamic State (IS) terror network violating local laws governing land and water sovereignty. In this paper, the technique used by the Republic of Indonesian government to enforce the marine security law in Northern Sulawesi is explained. With a case study methodology, this study will employ the qualitative technique. By exploring a number of ideas, including strategic theory, territorial sovereignty, boundaries, law, security, and international relations, the research challenge will be solved. Huber man procedures are used to examine the data, which go through a variety of steps beginning with data collection via observation, interviewing, and document analysis. Following are the study's findings: First off, illicit arms and ammunition trade, human trafficking, illegal mining, illegal fishing, people smuggling, and the return of terrorists all pose challenges to the safety of the maritime environment in North Sulawesi. Additionally, it manifests itself as illegal immigration and flag-violating foreign ships. Second, this effort will assess how well the Indo-Malphi agreement, intelligence sharing, and coordinated actions have helped safeguard the sovereignty of the Indonesian-Philippine sea boundary. Thirdly, this essay will outline the Indonesian government's preventative, response, and recovery strategies for preserving the sovereignty of the sea boundary between Indonesia and the Philippines.

PENGGUNAAN SURAT IZIN PENANGKAPAN IKAN (SIPI) PALSU OLEH KAPAL ASING PENANGKAP IKAN

Every fishing activity requires a fishing permit (SIPI), yet as determined by Decision Number: 08/Pid.Prkn/2011/PN.TPI, foreign vessels continue to engage in fishing using forged licenses. The formulation of the issue in this study is compatibility between the legal repercussions for foreign ships that violate the SIPI falsification laws in the decision number 08/PID/PRKN/2011/PN.TPI and Law no. 45/2009 concerning amendments to Law no. 31/2004 concerning Fisheries, as well as what challenges foreign-flagged vessels encounter when making SIPI in order to use fake SIPI. Normative legislation is the study methodology used, using secondary data backed up by primary data. analysis of qualitative data leading to deduction. The study's findings and commentary demonstrate that from the conclusions of Article 94A jo. 28A Point B Law no. 45/2009 regarding changes to Law no. 31/2004 the fines imposed by the judges were not optimal and the constraints experienced by foreign-flagged vessels for fishing activities, since 2007 the Government of Indonesia has issued a policy regarding not extending fishing permits for foreign-flagged vessels.