Foreign Share Research Articles

Foreign migrants in the Moscow agglomeration: spatial and temporal analysis based on data from mobile operators

The article analyzes the modern ethnic landscape of the Moscow agglomeration on the basis of data from mobile operators. The estimation of the number of foreign migrants and its monthly dynamics from October 2021 to October 2022 is made. The main areas of residence of foreigners have been identified, the ethnic diversity of municipalities has been assessed, and the main types of settlement pattern of national-ethnic communities have been identified. The study showed that the total number of foreign migrants in the agglomeration reaches 1.8 million people or 9% of the total population, remaining almost unchanged in spite of events of 2022, including the special military operation. The share of foreigners is minimal in ZATO (below 3%), it is also insignificant in the far suburbs of Moscow and in expensive districts of the capital city. At the same time, the threshold of 17% (the so-called “boiling point”, reflecting a sharp increase in the risks of interethnic conflicts and ghettoization of urban space) was overcome by 8 municipalities in the agglomeration. The two most noticeable areas of increased concentration of foreign migrants are identified in the south-east at the junction of Moscow and Moscow region (Lublino – Kotelniki) and in New Moscow (Mosrentgen – Sosenskoye). The calculation of the Ekkel ethnic mosaic index confirmed the presence of pronounced interethnic contact zones here. Increased index values were also noted in most central and southwest districts of Moscow, which, with a smaller proportion of foreigners living, are associated with a high density of offices, diplomatic institutions and universities. Three types of settlement patterns of national-ethnic groups of migrants, determined by the adaptive capabilities of ethnic communities, were revealed. Diffuse and relatively uniform settlement pattern is characteristic for both the most massive ethnic groups (citizens of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan) and the most culturally close to the local population (citizens of Ukraine and Belarus). Concentric settlement pattern (in residential areas of Moscow and satellite cities) is typical for relatively large ethnic groups coming from post-Soviet countries (citizens of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia). The local settlement pattern is typical for small ethnic communities that gravitate to specific districts of the capital city.

Environmental greenwashing in Japan: the roles of corporate governance and assurance

PurposeGreenwashing is defined as the overstatement of companies’ environmental disclosures relative to their performance. This paper aims to develop a greenwashing measure, examines its relationship with environmental performance and investigates the mitigating effects of Japanese firm-level corporate governance characteristics (corporate structure, board leadership, foreign share ownership, ratio of independent directors and ratio of directors’ variable compensation) and third-party assurance of environmental information on the extent of greenwashing.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyzes a sample of 420 firm-year observations from the period between 2018 and 2019 from Japanese listed companies that responded to the CDP Climate Change survey via probit/logit and multivariate panel data regression models.FindingsThis paper finds that the probability of engaging in greenwashing is negatively associated with environmental performance, which supports the reliability of the study’s greenwashing measure. Japanese firm-level corporate governance characteristics are ineffective at mitigating greenwashing. This paper also finds that assurance carries a significant risk of being exploited by companies involved in greenwashing to increase the degree of their overstatement.Practical implicationsThe findings have significant implications for investors, who should increase scrutiny and skepticism of environmental disclosures, particularly from companies with poor environmental track records. Japanese companies should consider strengthening their corporate governance to ensure the effective oversight of environmental disclosure and performance. Regulators and standard setters should implement stricter guidelines for and oversight of environmental information assurance.Originality/valueNo empirical study has examined the effectiveness of Japanese corporate governance characteristics and environmental disclosure assurance on the mitigation of greenwashing.

Foreign Migrants in the Moscow Agglomeration: Spatio-Temporal Analysis Based on Mobile Network Operator Data

Using mobile network operator data, the study analyzes the modern ethnic landscape of the Moscow agglomeration formed by foreign migrants. Their total number and monthly dynamics from October 2021 to October 2022 were analyzed. Foreigners’ main areas of residence were identified, the ethnic diversity of municipalities was assessed, and the main types of settlement pattern of national-ethnic communities were identified. The study showed that the total number of foreign migrants in the agglomeration reaches 1.8 mln people, or 9% of the total population, remaining almost unchanged against the backdrop of the events of 2022, including the special military operation. The share of foreigners is minimal in closed administrative-territorial units (below 3%), and it is also small in the remote parts of Moscow Region, as well as in expensive areas of the capital. At the same time, eight municipalities in the agglomeration have crossed the 17% mark, the so-called tipping point, reflecting a sharp increase in the risks of interethnic conflicts and ghettoization of the urban space. The two most noticeable areas of increased concentration of foreign migrants have been identified in the southeast at the junction of Moscow and Moscow oblast (Lublino–Kotelniki) and in New Moscow (Mosrentgen–Sosenskoe). Calculation of the Ekkel’ ethnic mosaic index has confirmed the presence of pronounced interethnic contact zones here. Elevated index values were also noted in most areas of the center and southwest of the capital, which, with a lower share of foreign residents, is associated with a high density of office buildings, diplomatic institutions, and universities. Analysis of the settlement patterns of national-ethnic groups of migrants revealed three types determined in accordance with the adaptive capabilities of ethnic communities. A diffuse, relatively uniform settlement pattern is characteristic of both the largest ethnic groups (citizens of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan) and those most culturally close to the local population (immigrants from Ukraine and Belarus). A concentric settlement pattern (in residential areas of Moscow and satellite cities) is typical of relatively large ethnic groups from post-Soviet countries (citizens of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia). The local type is characteristic of small ethnic communities that gravitate towards certain areas of the capital.

CSR reporting practices of Islamic and conventional banks based on ownership differences

Purpose This study aims to provide a thorough knowledge of the context and degree of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting in the annual reports of Islamic and mainstream banks in Bangladesh and to investigate whether ownership and the level of CSR reporting are connected. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the content analysis method to examine 150 annual reports from the 30 listed banking companies as its sample. The data are fitted to an ordinary least square regression model to determine the impact of independent factors on the overall CSR reporting score. Findings The study’s findings show that, on average, Islamic and conventional banks (ICBs) in Bangladesh disclose CSR data at rates of 46.27% and 43.44%, respectively, ranging from 14.15% to 76.32%. Furthermore, according to the study, ICBs’ public share ownership and CSR reporting showed a significant relationship. Conversely, institutional share ownership and foreign share ownership have been found to have no significant relationship with CSR reporting in conventional banks, but institutional share ownership has been found to have a significant relationship with the CSR reporting in Islamic banks. Social implications The research is expected to obtain the most accurate situation of Bangladeshi ICBs’ CSR reporting. To formulate regulations in this regard, governmental and other regulatory authorities can also obtain comprehensive information on CSR reporting procedures. Originality/value The paper contributes to the CSR works, as it presents empirical evidence of the effects of ownership distribution on the CSR reporting of ICBs in developing countries such as Bangladesh.

Dominasi Asing dalam Agresivitas Pajak di Indonesia

This research aims to provide empirical evidence of the impact of foreign entities on tax aggressiveness in Indonesia. The sample consists of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2019, totaling 804 firm-years. The independent variables include foreign dominance represented by foreign share ownership, significant foreign share ownership, foreign commissioners, foreign directors, foreign CEOs, and foreign CFOs in these companies, while the dependent variable is tax aggressiveness. The results indicate that foreign ownership and significant foreign ownership do not have a significant influence on aggressive tax avoidance practices, contrary to previous research findings. However, another intriguing finding is that the composition of foreign commissioners and foreign directors has a significant impact on aggressive tax avoidance. The presence of foreign commissioners and directors appears to lead to increased compliance with tax regulations and a reduction in aggressive tax avoidance practices. This can be attributed to considerations of legal risk, reputation, and higher tax planning costs in the context of multinational corporations. These results provide valuable insights into the role of board composition in managing a company's tax practices. Overall, the findings contribute significantly to understanding the factors influencing aggressive tax avoidance practices in Indonesian companies, which can serve as a basis for more effective tax policies in the future. However, it is essential to note that this study has limitations and further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of tax practices in an ever-evolving business environment.

Impact of Nominee Agreement on Mining Business Entities Against the Welfare of the People

This study delves into the regulation of foreign share ownership and the prohibition of nominee agreements in the establishment of mineral and coal mining entities in Indonesia, aiming to ensure legal certainty and promote the welfare of the people, as mandated by Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. Employing three legal theories—basic legal values (Gustav Radbruch), legal system theory (Lawrence Friedman), and the welfare state—the research method incorporates both normative juridical and empirical juridical approaches. The findings reveal that nominee agreements, though legally questionable under Article 1320 of the Civil Code, serve as a means for foreign investors to secure their interests in Indonesian mining ventures. An Environmental Analysis of Law (EAL) employing the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) method indicates a positive impact on the welfare of communities in Morowali and Kutai Kartanegara regencies due to these agreements. Proposing an ius constituent approach, the study advocates for relaxed foreign ownership regulations, allowing up to 51% ownership during the initial establishment period, accompanied by a mandatory divestment to 49% after ten years of exploration. Such a policy shift obviates the need for nominee agreements, ensuring both investment security and legal clarity. Supervisory mechanisms are recommended to oversee divestment and reinvestment processes, ensuring equitable distribution of mining dividends and bolstering legal certainty in mining operations. These proposed regulatory adjustments are envisioned to foster equitable resource management, thereby advancing the welfare of the Indonesian populace, particularly in Morowali and Kutai Kartanegara regencies.

Financial And Non-Financial Charateristics And Their Iinfluence On Transfer Pricing

It is a common thing that companies try to find ways to reduce the tax burden that must be paid in order to increase company profits. One way that is most often done is by implementing transfer pricing practices. This research aims to analyze the influence of leverage, tunnel incentives, and good corporate governance in influencing company activities in carrying out transfer pricing. The research method used in this research is the panel data regression method (rando-effect model). The data used in this writing is secondary data from manufacturing company financial reports available on the Indonesia Stock Exchange website for the period 2020 - 2022. In this research it was found that leverage has a significant influence on the company's transfer pricing indications. Meanwhile, foreign share ownership and the number of independent commissioners do not have a significant effect on transfer pricing indications. It is hoped that the results of this research will draw attention to the fact that transfer pricing indications can cause losses for the state. Reducing the amount of tax paid by companies can be done through good financial management, not through tax avoidance.

Exploration of research and development, foreign ownership, and carbon emissions disclosure in Indonesia

Carbon emission disclosure (CED) is one of the corporate world's efforts to assist environmental conservation while also improving the company's public image. Efforts are being made to make firm operations greener by optimizing research and development (R&D), which leads to environmental improvements. Several prior studies investigated research and development on corporate social responsibility in general. The purpose of this study is to investigate the the impacts of R&D and foreign ownership on carbon emissions disclosure in Indonesian companies. This research also examines proactive steps done by firms to significantly reduce emissions through green research and development and supported by large foreign share ownership, which is regarded to be involved with high concern. The empirical analysis applies multiple regression and moderated regression, with purposive sampling on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) company between 2016 and 2019, obtained 522 samples. Carbon emissions disclosure is measured using a checklist index based on the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) and content analysis of the company's sustainability report. Based on the findings, RnD intensity has a positive impact on carbon emissions disclosure (CED), however foreign ownership in Indonesia has no effect on the relationship between RnD intensity and CED. This suggests that R&D will enhance the amount of carbon emissions disclosure, yet foreign ownership in Indonesia remained minimal, hence it has minimal effect on the company's long-term decisions. Research has limitations in recognizing RnD that implemented proactive approaches, so further studies on each company are required for future research.

Does Schooling Increase Political Belief Accuracy?

Citizens must hold accurate beliefs about politically relevant facts to preserve democratic representation, accountability and legislation. We theorize that, abstracting from one’s background, schooling per se does not trigger the epistemological sophistication that is necessary to get a grasp of the political world. In this article, we study whether schooling improves the accuracy of factual beliefs about the share of foreigners and unemployed, later in life. We derive an appealing metric of belief accuracy, matching survey respondents’ beliefs with the corresponding real-world datum at the time of the interview in their country, retrieving high levels of inaccuracy in both issues. More educated individuals display higher belief accuracy, most likely due to selection, rather than causality: compelling otherwise-dropouts to stay in school by extending compulsory education does not entail a significant effect on belief accuracy, in both issues. Taken together, cross-sectional and causal estimates suggest that education is necessary, but not sufficient, to contrast inaccurate beliefs.

THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT TASKS, FOREIGN SHARE OWNERSHIP, AND DIVIDEND POLICY ON COMPANY VALUE (REAL ESTATE AND PROPERTY COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE)

The property and real estate sector in Indonesia has shown an interesting trend over a certain period. Investment realization in the real estate and property sectors before and after Covid-19 has experienced a significant increase from year to year, indicating the increasing interest of investors to invest their capital in this sector. The purpose of the research is to find out and analyze the tasks of financial management, namely investment decisions, financing decisions, dividend policies, and foreign share ownership on the value of the company. The research method used is quantitative research and the population in this study is all Real Estate and Property subsector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, this study, conducted sample selection using the purposive sampling method and panel data regression analysis was carried out to analyze the data in this study with EViews 12. The results show that the value of companies in the real estate and property sector in Indonesia is not affected by factors such as stock ownership, and financial management tasks such as investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend policies. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt a more holistic corporate value strategy with a focus on improving operational performance, cost efficiency, and product innovation. Re-evaluation of financial strategies, improved communication with shareholders, and development of innovative strategies are also necessary to ensure that the company can create added value beyond traditional factors and strengthen its position in the market.

The Effect of Efficiency, Capital Adequacy and Liquidity on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Indonesia with Foreign Share Ownership as Moderator

This study aims to determine the effect of efficiency (BOPO), capital adequacy (CAR), and liquidity (LDR) on the financial performance of commercial banks with foreign share ownership as a moderator variable. This research was conducted on commercial banks included in the KBMI 3 and KBMI 4 categories with the research period 2017 -2022. The sampling technique used in this research is saturated sample with a total sample of 13 commercial banks. The results of this study indicate that efficiency (BOPO) has a significant negative effect on financial performance while capital adequacy, liquidity has no effect on financial performance. Furthermore, foreign share ownership is able to moderate the effect of capital adequacy on financial performance but has not been able to moderate the effect of independent variables efficiency and liquidity on the financial performance of KBMI 3 and KBMI 4 category banks.

Walking into the extremes

This paper investigates the relationship between the “extreme vote” and the percentage of foreigners in a selected group of European Union (EU) countries. The study explores the hypothesis that an increase in the foreign population within an EU country positively influences support for extreme parties, particularly on the far-right side. Quantitative methods, including OLS regression models, are employed to analyse the electoral support for far-right and far-left parties. The study considers variables such as the total number of newly arrived foreign population (divided into EU and non-EU categories), the percentage share of foreigners in the total population, and the variation of these metrics over time. Geographical location is also taken into account using binary variables representing regional groupings. Data are sourced from Eurostat, national government departments, and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey. The analysis focuses on a group of 14 EU member states with varying levels of immigration between 2013 and 2019, aiming to shed light on the complex relationship between immigration and extreme voting tendencies.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Pengungkapan CSR Pada Emiten Industri Barang Konsumsi

The company definitely wants to build a good image for the surrounding environment by giving it responsibility or what is called CSR. This study aims to determine the Effect of Government Share Ownership, Foreign Share Ownership, and Company Size on CSR disclosure in Consumer Goods Industry Issuers Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2021. The sample technique used in this study uses purposive sampling and the number of samples are 66 companies listed in the consumer goods industry that are listed on the IDX in 2019-2021. Data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis method. The results of this study indicate that government share ownership has no effect on CSR disclosur.. Foreign share ownership has no effect on CSR disclosure. Firm size has no effect on CSR disclosure

Zuwanderung in akademischen MINT-Berufen – zunehmende Bedeutung und erste Erfolge

Abstract More STEM graduates are needed to meet the challenges of demography, decarbonisation, digitalisation and deglobalisation. However, the domestic supply threatens to decline, making immigration even more important. Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of foreign workers in academic STEM professions, particularly individuals from third countries like India. Particularly in southern Germany, the share of foreigners in engineering employment has risen; less so in eastern Germany. However, there are also initial successes in the east, for example in the Ilm district, the proportion of foreigners rose sharply due to international companies and the Technical University. To attract more immigrants in STEM, the immigration process should be accelerated and international students at universities should be supported and encouraged to stay in Germany.

Take-up and distribution of a universal cash benefit: The case of the Austrian long-term care allowance

Abstract The body of research on the take-up of social benefits is growing, but rarely focuses on universal cash benefits, especially in the field of long-term care. This paper is concerned with the long-term care (LTC) allowance in Austria, a universal cash benefit paid to those in need of LTC on seven different levels of dependency. It investigates whether take-up and distribution of the benefit reflect need in terms of age structure and health status of the population, and examines whether local variations in the distribution of benefits can be explained with socio-demographic variables. Combining administrative data on recipients and socio-demographic data on the municipal level with health information shows that higher levels of education and a higher share of foreigners are associated with a lower share of recipients, while a lower average household size increases the share of recipients. Overall, these variations are much stronger for lower levels of care needs than for higher ones. The results suggest variations in take-up that are determined either by non-application (in particular among lower levels of care needs) or discretion and potentially discrimination in the process of claiming the benefit.

Supreme Administrative Court Rules That Investor Who Purchased Foreign Shares and Other Securities Can Deduct up to 19% of Foreign Tax Paid Even If Tax Treaty Provides for Lower Rate

In this note, the author comments on a recent Polish Supreme Administrative Court Decision, wherein it was held that investors who receive dividends connected with the holding of shares or other securities in foreign companies may deduct, from Polish individual income tax, 19% of the tax withheld abroad from the dividends received, even if the applicable income tax treaty sets a lower rate.

Оценка социокультурных детерминант адаптации иностранных студентов в вузах Курской области

The article introduces the results of a study conducted by the Expert Analytical Center of the Kursk Academy of State and Municipal Service. The general respondents of this study were foreign students studying in higher education institutions of Kursk region, with a total number of more than 4,000 people. The sample population of respondents in 2022 was of 350 people, with a 95 % confidence interval for the survey (margin of error ±5 %). The sample was formed from the number of individuals studying in 2 major Kursk universities, the share of foreigners in which makes up the majority of the general population: Southwest State University, Kursk State Medical University. Non-repeat random quota sampling was carried out according to such socio-demographic characteristics as gender, age, year of study, field of study. Representative sociological survey of foreign citi-zens studying in higher education institutions of Kursk region over the age of 18 was used as the main quantita-tive method of research via personal formalised face-to-face interview at the respondent's place of residence using paper questionnaires (PAPI method).

Maximizing Utility or Avoiding Losses? Uncovering Decision Rule-Heterogeneity in Sociological Research with an Application to Neighbourhood Choice

Empirical studies on individual behaviour often, implicitly or explicitly, assume a single type of decision rule. Other studies do not specify behavioural assumptions at all. We advance sociological research by introducing (random) regret minimization, which is related to loss aversion, into the sociological literature and by testing it against (random) utility maximization, which is the most prominent decision rule in sociological research on individual behaviour. With an application to neighbourhood choice, in a sample of four European cities, we combine stated choice experiment data and discrete choice modelling techniques and find a considerable degree of decision rule-heterogeneity, with a strong prevalence of regret minimization and hence loss aversion. We also provide indicative evidence that decision rules can affect expected neighbourhood demand at the macro level. Our approach allows identifying heterogeneity in decision rules, that is, the degree of regret/loss aversion, at the level of choice attributes such as the share of foreigners when comparing neighbourhoods, and can improve sociological practice related to linking theories and social research on decision-making.

Pengaruh Kepemilikan Asing, Kualitas Audit, Dan Effective Tax Rate Terhadap Transfer Pricing

This study aims to determine the effect of foreign ownership, audit quality and effective tax rate on transfer pricing. This study uses a sample of mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018-2021 period. The sampling method used purposive sampling with criteria set by the researcher so that a sample of 24 companies was used in this study. Management of data in research using multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that foreign share ownership has an effect on transfer pricing, audit quality and effective tax rate have no effect on transfer pricing. The contribution in this study empirically explains the relationship between foreign ownership using the percentage of foreign share ownership, audit quality using a dummy variable by determining a sample of company financial statements that are audited by big four KAP with a value of 1 and non-big four KAP with a value of 0, and the effective tax rate using the expense ratio current tax with pre-tax profit. This research provides information for the government to be able to decide on a policy of strict sanctions in overcoming problems related to tax suppression and stakeholders in the company can monitor the company's transaction activities with related parties in countries with low tax rates.
 Keywords: Foreign Ownership, Audit Quality, Effective Tax Rate, Transfer pricing

Making the Match: The Importance of Local Labor Markets for the Employment Prospects of Refugees

We examine how local labor markets shape the employment prospects of refugees in Germany, where refugees are assigned to regions through a dispersal policy. While it is known that the characteristics of these regions affect the overall employment probability of refugees, previous studies have not investigated how refugees’ chances of regaining their pre-migration occupation are affected by the local opportunities to find employment in these occupations. To address this gap, we use a large survey of refugees in Germany and link local-occupational labor market characteristics to their region of residence and pre-migration occupation. We decompose the effects of these detailed context characteristics by estimating linear probability regressions with and without fixed effects for regions and/or occupations. While our analyses show that the employment probability of refugees is indeed strongly influenced by the general local characteristics of their place of residence and general, nationwide characteristics of their pre-migration occupation, our analyses also show that the chances of refugees being employed in their pre-migration occupation are additionally driven by the local characteristics of their occupation. More specifically, our models reveal that a one standard deviation higher local share of foreigners in refugees’ pre-migration occupation increases the average probability of an occupational match by around 25 percent.