Foreign Policy Program Research Articles

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN UKRAINE DURING THE LARGE-SCALE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The article examines approaches to understanding public diplomacy and the potential of «soft power». A brief overview of modern types of public diplomacy, in particular cultural and digital, is given, and the peculiarities of cultural diplomacy are revealed. The article highlights that in modern political science, several approaches to the study of public diplomacy and its components can be distinguished. They are due to the emergence of the concepts of «soft power», «smart power», «national branding», as well as the close interdisciplinary interaction of public diplomacy, political science, sociology, marketing, public relations and information technologies.It is noted that currently a lot of attention is paid to the use of public diplomacy in the implementation of foreign policy programs of the countries of the world, which is connected with the strengthening of the role of civil society: residents of different countries receive more tools to influence the institutions of power both in their country and abroad. Communication channels (both new and traditional) are gaining more and more importance, changing the formats and methods of working with the population of foreign countries. The increase in the number of military conflicts inevitably forces interested states to look for new forms of influence on the foreign public and to review current programs in the field of diplomacy.The problems of public diplomacy of Ukraine, the relationship between the concepts of «public diplomacy» and «propaganda» are considered.The current state of public diplomacy, as well as the peculiarities of its implementation during the Russian-Ukrainian war, are studied. Emphasis is placed on the conditions under which public diplomacy in Ukraine has to be implemented at the present time. It was noted that in the conditions of Russian aggression, public diplomacy of Ukraine became a profitable direction of conducting foreign policy thanks to the third wave of globalization, as a result of which the society finally moved from an industrial to an informational state. The main vectors of the development of public diplomacy of Ukraine are considered.

The Eastern Question in the Views of the Russian Liberals of the Early 20th Century

The study deals with the attitude of Russian liberals of the early 20th century to the Eastern question, which occupied a special place in international politics and whose aggravation became one of the factors leading to the World War I. Various political forces in Russia developed their own variants of its solution, realizing that the fate not only of the country, but of the whole world largely depended on the projects they proposed. The analysis of the liberals’ ambiguous perception of the Russian government’s actions in the Balkans, their attitude to the South Slavs, to the problem of the Black Sea Straits, and to the confrontation between the great powers united in alliances, i.e. all aspects of the Eastern question, will allow us to reconstruct and understand the liberals’ understanding of the connection between foreign policy and Russia’s internal development, national interests, and ideological values. Looking at the views of the liberals of the early 20th century on the Eastern question reveals not only the peculiarities of its perception by the ruling elite and representatives of the legal opposition, but also the roots of the growing alienation of the country’s elite from the people. It was this alienation, which intensified during the war years and manifested itself, among other things, in the different perceptions of the importance of the Eastern question by the authorities, the liberals, and the people, that led to the fall of the first liberal Provisional Government in the spring of 1917. As a result, the people tired of the war and unable to understand the meaning of Russia’s struggle for foreign lands, came to support the Bolsheviks, who exposed the “imperialist plans” of the Provisional Government and advocated peace without annexations and contributions. The paper touches upon the problem of the liberals’ attitude not only to the government’s foreign policy, but also to Russian statehood, the conceptual reasons for their transition from a restrained peace-loving position and the desire to prevent war to its unconditional support. The authors identify the ideological and foreign policy factors that influenced this liberal transit. The main attention is paid to the understanding of representatives of various liberal movements of the Eastern question, which, without exaggeration, took a central place not only in their foreign policy program, but also in the project of internal transformations, which envisaged the creation of Great Russia as a result of its solution. The study identifies and analyzes the innovations introduced by the liberals in the interpretation of the Eastern question under the influence not only of the changing international situation, political and economic modernization of Russia, which was becoming a “Duma monarchy,” but also of the development of the ideology itself; the peculiarities of its perception by representatives of various liberal currents in the country are examined.

Внешнеполитическая программа совре-менных левых Уругвая: региональное и глобальное измерения

Political developments 2020–2021 in Latin America allow us to talk about the beginning of a new left turn in the region. The rise of the in-fluence of left forces on the continent is having an impact on the left in Uruguay, where the traditional right parties are now in power. The pur-pose of this article is to determine the features of the foreign policy program of the modern left forces of Uruguay. Based on party pro-grams, speeches of party leaders, parliamentary discussions, the article shows how the Uruguayan left perceives global and regional processes, how they see the future of the country's foreign policy. Article presents the expert assessments of the effectiveness of modern Uruguayan di-plomacy, shows the scenarios for its changes if the left coalition returns to power. Particular attention is paid to Russian-Uruguayan relations in the context of the left movement.

University Autonomy and Governance

No AccessUniversity Autonomy and GovernanceYuliia Fetko, PhD Sergii Geraskov, Indira Hajnacs, Yuliia StoikaYuliia Fetko Uzhhorod National University Ukraine MA; is a doctoral student at the Faculty of Law of Uzhhorod National University. Yuliia has five years of experience in implementing international projects. Her research and project efforts focus on the cross-border cooperation of universities and local and regional authorities in Europe.Search for more papers by this author, PhD Sergii Geraskov Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute Ukraine PhD; works as an associate professor at Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. He holds a PhD in religious studies, taught at the relocated Donetsk National Technical University, and was a research fellow at Kwansei Gakuin University in Japan. From 2017–2021, he worked as a researcher at the National Academy for Public Administration for the President of Ukraine. His research and project efforts cover Japanese studies, religious studies and public administration.Search for more papers by this author, Indira HajnacsMA; is working as a partner manager for the Creative Bureaucracy Festival Berlin, that aim is to celebrate outstanding innovation in the public sector and to strengthen democracy as the basis for a more sustainable, just and thriving world. For similar reasons, she is participating in the Academy of City Diplomacy Program of Budapest´s mayor. On the vocational training she is learning to advance the Hungarian capital city’s international relations and to implement green mayor Gergely Karácsony’s foreign policy program. She has just finished her Master Studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin with a degree in Cultural and Literature Studies of the CEE region.Search for more papers by this author, Yuliia Stoika Uzhhorod National University Ukraine studies International Economic Relations at Uzhhorod National University. Yuliia has experience in study programme accreditation at the National Agency of Higher Education Quality Assurance in Ukraine. Currently, she is developing informal education at the International Online Youth Company.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:Feb 2023SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail About Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Download book coverVolume 63Issue 1-2February 2023 ISSN: 0012-5415eISSN: 2307-289XHistoryPublished online:February 2023 PDF download

The mechanism of memory policy implementation in the context of the social framework of "collective memory".

The purpose of the article is to analyze the mechanism of memory policy in the context of the phenomenon of "collective memory" by M. Halbwaks. The policy of memory is an orderly action of political elites to form the desired set of images and representations of the past by society. Such a strategy makes it possible to solve several problems, in particular the problem of legitimacy, as well as the problem of argumentation of domestic and foreign policy programs chosen by the state, which may also set themselves the task of distorting their own historical past and worsening relations between the two states. The processing of collective memory as a component of social consciousness has undergone a serious evolution and today can represent a lot of aggressive strategies. The scientific novelty of the research is the use of a combined approach to understanding the phenomenon of collective memory and its processing. A combined approach based on the works of M. Halbwaks in the field of sociology and psychoanalysis based on the psychology of the unconscious Z. Freud, as well as the theory of the collective unconscious and its archetypes by C.G. Jung, allows us to identify the interdependence between the differentiation of images of the historical past and the levels of consciousness of the individual. A scheme of interconnection, as well as a scheme of sampling narratives of public consciousness in order to form a universal set of images and representations, has been developed. The conclusions confirm the validity of M. Halbwax's method and its correlation with psychoanalysis, and also indicate the danger of connivance on the part of the Russian state in relation to the aggressive policy of memory in the countries of the post-Soviet space and the former socialist bloc.

Türkiye’nin Afrika Ülkeleriyle İlişkilerinin Gelişmesinde Kıbrıs Meselesi ve İyi Niyet Heyetlerinin Rolü

II. Dünya Savaşının sona ermesinin ardından oluşan barış ortamından faydalanmak isteyen ve henüz tam bağımsızlıklarını kazanamamış ülkeler, self-determinasyon yani milletlerin kendi geleceklerini kendilerinin tayin edebilme düşüncesiyle bağımsızlık mücadelelerini güçlendirdiler. Türk ve Rum halklarının birlikte yaşadığı Kıbrıs adasında da bu yıllarda Rum halkı ve Yunan hükümetinin ortaklığında bir ayrılık hareketi başladı. Yunan hükümetinin desteğiyle mesele kısa sürede büyüdü ve 1954 yılında BM gündemine taşınarak uluslararası bir sorun haline geldi. Bağımsızlık konusunda ısrarcı olan Başpiskopos Makarios liderliğindeki Kıbrıs Rum halkı ve Yunan hükümeti, meseleyi BM üzerinden uluslararası platforma taşıyarak istediklerini almaya kararlıydılar. Bu kapsamda özellikle Makarios’un Bağlantısızlar Hareketi ile temasa geçip onların desteğini almak istemesi Kıbrıs meselesinin uluslararası camiaya duyurulması ve taraftar kazanılması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Kıbrıs Rum tarafı ve Yunan hükümetinin bu girişimleri karşısında bu zamana kadar etkili bir dış politika programı ortaya koyamayan Türkiye, ABD ve NATO’dan da beklediği desteği bulamayınca uluslararası destek arayışına girişti. İlk olarak 1963’te hükümet programında yer alan Afrika ülkeleriyle ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi hedefi, Kıbrıs meselesiyle ilgili uluslararası alanda destek arama çabasının ilk yansıması olmuştur. Hükümet, 1965 yılında siyaset adamları, diplomatlar, öğretim üyeleri ve gazetecilerden oluşan yedi ayrı iyi niyet heyetini Orta Doğu, Asya, Afrika ve Lâtin Amerika memleketlerine ziyaret için görevlendirdi. Heyetler, ziyaret edecekleri yetmişten fazla devlete cumhurbaşkanının mesajını iletecek, bu devletlerle Türkiye arasındaki münasebetlerin geliştirilmesi ve kuvvetlendirilmesi imkânlarını inceleyecek ve Kıbrıs hakkındaki görüşleri de izah edeceklerdir. Bu çalışmada Kıbrıs meselesine uluslararası destek aramak amacıyla başta Afrika ülkeleri olmak üzere dünyanın birçok ülkesine gönderilen bu iyi niyet heyetlerinin Kıbrıs sorununun çözümüne ve Türkiye ile Afrika arasındaki ilişkilerinin gelişimine katkısı incelenmiştir.

Ukrainian Intelligence in 1917-1921: Formation of Civil Position

The article analyzes the activities of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in 1917-1921. The author aims to determine the achievements and losses received by the Ukrainian scientific intelligentsia during 1917-1921. Attention is paid to their contribution to the development of science and culture of the period when the regimes in the Ukrainian lands were constantly changing and power passed from one to another. At the same time, the policies of these regimes differed radically depending on the foreign policy orientation and program principles of their leaders. At the same time, the Ukrainian intelligentsia reacted differently to the change of government. It was made an attempt to divide representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia into groups in accordance with their ideological and ideological orientation. The impact of political changes on key branches of science and culture is explored. It is determined that, on the one hand, the position of scientific institutions was unsatisfactory while cultural branches were revived and developed actively.
 The article is written using the principle of systematization, methods of comparison and generalization, structuring and analysis. The scientific novelty of the study is justified by the determination of the factors that influenced the formation of scientific and cultural interpretations of the future existence of the Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Ukrainian revolution on the basis of analyzed historiography and archival materials, as well as identifying major achievements and errors in this information and worldview. The author emphasizes the importance of further scientific research of the problem, because today, despite a certain existing block of work on the topic, there are issues that need further study and reinterpretation.

Foreign Policy of the New American Conservatism

The Republican Party is undergoing a process of internal transformation. As part of this realignment, a faction of «New Conservatism» that goes beyond the fusionist consensus has emerged. At the current stage of its development, this current has moved beyond the debate on domestic policy and is presenting its foreign policy program. Many trends in the foreign policy platform of «New Conservatism» resonate with what the paleoconservative wing offered. However, the «New Conservatives» are much more grounded in the academic tradition of realism and restraint. Although they seek to combine a technocratic approach with populist content, building their institutional environment, the prospects for this trend remain very vague.

The phenomenon of the political party Cabildo Abierto in Uruguay

The party-political system of Uruguay has always been characterized by stability and constancy. For many years, the development of the country was determined by two "traditional" parties - Partido Nacional (Blanco) and Partido Colorado - as well as the Frente Amplio coalition. The completed electoral cycle has shown that the current sys-tem is changing from both the right and the left side. In particular, the “Cabildo Abierto” party founded in May 2019, received strong support from the voters, changing the land-scape of the country's right-wing forces. This article discusses the history of the party, the factors of its formation and success, analyzes the domestic and foreign policy program, gives strokes to the political portrait of the party's founder, Guido Manini Rios.

Canada's foreign policy agenda after the 2021 elections

After winning the elections, each new government begins to form the priorities of domestic and foreign policy. The authorities are guided by the ideology and traditions of their party, the assessment of global challenges, their own vision of the national interests of the country and its role in the world. The foreign policy program of the Liberal Party, which won the elections in 2021, was outlined in a special section of its electoral platform, which is called "A Principled Approach to Foreign Policy". The foreign policy agenda of the Government of Justin Trudeau maintains continuity of principles and contains new approaches which take into account the realities of the modern world order.

The extreme left and foreign policy: The “Altermondialist project” by J.-L. Mélenchon

The constant presence of the extreme left in media space and its active political role in the life of modern France contribute to the development and presentation of its own foreign policy project to voters. One of its brightest representatives is the “La France insoumise” movement and its leader J.-L. Mélenchon, author of several books, mastermind of the Internet platform and personal blog, and presidential candidate. The program of “La France insoumise” is mainly addressed to domestic political problems. However, it contains analyses and proposals about the most relevant aspects of foreign policy, combined under the conditional name “altermondialist project.” In the foreign policy program of “La France insoumise,” three important aspects can be distinguished, which this article explores: attitudes to the functioning and basic principles of the European Union, geopolitics, and the place of France in the modern world, “political Francophonie.” Attention to these problems stems from the specifics of left-wing political culture, the traditional attention of the left to the problems of European integration, colonialism, democracy, and human rights. At the same time, in Mélenchon’s program we see references from the Gaullist heritage and foreign policy experience of the Fifth Republic. Mélenchon’s “altermondialism” does not imply the renunciation of national sovereignty or the nation-state, just as it recognizes the inevitability of globalization. In the spirit of the extreme left, he criticizes its neoliberal version, offering his own version of world reconstruction. The published policy documents and brochures of “La France insoumise,” as well as interviews and reflections of its leader, allow us to build a complete picture of an alternative foreign policy program of the extreme left, which was originally presented at the presidential elections in 2012 and 2017, and then, in an updated version, was prepared for the upcoming presidential elections in 2022.

Naučna stanovišta Milorada Ekmečića prema poreklu "Načertanija", njegovim ciljevima i interpretacijama

Researching for the needs of the doctoral dissertation on the topic "Life and Work of Milorad Ekmečić (1928-2015)", we noticed that this distinguished Yugoslavian and Serbian historian, in one period of his career, had shown special interest in search for the true creator of "Načertanije" - unofficial foreign policy program of the Principality of Serbia. Starting from the principle that in historical science nothing is explored to the end, he tackled the issue with almost axiomatic claim that Ilija Garašanin is the author of this writing. Thanks to decades of research experience, extraordinary erudition and a good command of archive material and relevant literature he managed to perform critical scrutiny. He discovered data that shed a whole new light on the background of this document. He wrote about its historical meaning and goals, but also about different interpretations of the essence of "Načertanije", which once had a non-scientific character. He thus gave another original contribution to our historiography.

Борис Павлович Мансуров и организация русского присутствия в Святых Местах (1857–1864)

We analyze the circumstances of the creation of Russian Palestine, a unique phenomenon of Russian history and culture. The role of one of the main ideologists of the Russian presence in the Holy Land, B.P. Mansurov is shown. The relevance of the work is determined by a comprehensive study of the activities of state structures in organizing Russian pilgrims in the Orthodox East, recreating the stages of work on the Jerusalem project. The lack of research of the first stage of the development of Russian Palestine, insufficient attention to the issue, give the work a histori-ographic novelty. It is shown that the concept of presence in the region appeared in the Naval Ministry under the leadership of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. Attention is drawn to the contribution of B.P. Mansurov in justification and development of the program for the arrangement of Russian infrastructure in Jerusalem, the business of purchasing land and the construction of the Russian Compound. It is substantiated that the proposed by B.P. Mansurov, the project played the role of an important foreign policy program of Russia in the Orthodox East after the end of the Crimean War. It is revealed that the creation of the Russian pilgrimage and church infrastructure in the Holy Land opened a new stage in the development of the Russian presence in the region, strengthened the existing cultural and diplomatic ties between Russia and Palestine.

Первый съезд Советов Донской советской республики 1918 года в контексте общероссийской внутри- и внешнеполитической повестки

The article is devoted to the process of sovietization of the Don region in 1917-1918 as an integral part of the socio-political processes that took place in Russia at that time, namely, the place and role of the First Congress of Soviets of the Don Soviet Republic on April 9-14, 1918 in the context of the all-Russian domestic and foreign policy program. The article describes in detail the mutual influence of processes that took place at the national and regional levels. The purpose of the article is to review and analyze the most important constituent event in the sovietization of the Don region, which is of high significance in the conditions of the Civil war and military intervention by Germany. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the consideration of regional events in an integral connection with the processes that took place at the national level. The study puts forward questions such as the place and role of national measures and events in the preparation and holding of First Congress of Soviets of the Don region, the effect of the danger of German invasion into the territory of the Don Soviet Republic, the relation of the Don to the leadership of the Brest peace Treaty and others. As a result of the research, it was possible to conclude that the fact of holding First Congress of Soviets of the Don Soviet Republic met the goals of the all-Russian foreign and domestic policy.

The AFL-CIO’s Foreign Policy Program: Where Historians Now Stand

The struggle to end the AFL-CIO’s foreign policy program, as part of the effort to build global labor solidarity, began in the late 1960s but has qualitatively escalated since 2010. This paper details these efforts, while showing the advances over the preceding ten years. Interestingly, while labor historians have provided some important contributions in the past, they have refused to engage with the work of Kim Scipes, a major writer in the field, ignoring his path-breaking work yet supporting some of his major claims. The question is asked whether historians in this sub-discipline are being taught to over-prioritize archival works from governmental and organizational collections while ignoring what is happening in the real world.

La estrategia de expansionismo hegemónico iraní en Siria y Afganistán

En las últimas décadas, Irán ha puesto en marcha un ambicioso programa de política exterior en el cual uno de sus objetivos fundamentales es promover su expansionismo hegemónico a lo largo de zonas de especial interés regional. Este artículo investiga la agenda desarrollada por Irán en Afganistán y Siria, en medio de dos guerras y contextos territoriales diferentes. A pesar de las diferencias, este trabajo evidencia los elementos comunes de su estrategia expansionista en Asia central y Medio Oriente. Esta estrategia se basa en el rechazo de la intervención de EE. UU. y sus aliados, y la reivindicación de un régimen político-religioso islámico. En los casos analizados, Irán ha mezclado el apoyo político y militar con la ayuda económica y el fortalecimiento de lazos comerciales con estos países.

Whose feminism(s)? Overseas partner organizations' perceptions of Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy.

Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy, introduced in 2017, is an ambitious and forward-thinking policy focussed on gender equality and women’s empowerment. The emphasis on a feminist vision, however, raises questions about how feminism is defined and interpreted by Canada’s partners in the Global South. In this article, we examine the interpretations of feminism(s) and a feminist foreign policy from the perspective of NGO staff members in East and Southern Africa. The research involved interviews with 45 Global South partner country NGO staff members in three countries (Kenya, Uganda, and Malawi). We consider the partner organization reflections on Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy using a transnational feminist lens. Our findings provide insights into future considerations for Canada’s feminist foreign policy priorities, consultations, and programme design.

Confucius Institutes: A Planetary Philosophical Gift

The article discusses the philosophical component of the Chinese project for the harmonization of cultures promoted by modern Confucius Institutes. The author research the formation of the Confucian culture of Tao, the creation by Confucius (551–479 BC) of the first Chinese philosophical school as well as the dictionary of universals of Confucian culture. In Confucianism, on the basis of the archetype of the Tao culture, a model of “moderate prosperity” ( xiaokang ) is built. This model involves the implementation of five programs: the global foreign policy program (pacification of all four cardinal points around the Middle Country), the cultural program (the Middle Country is chosen as the meeting place for all peoples), the internal political capital-government program (the calming and integration of internal provinces around the Capital of the Middle Country), the moral and ethical program (peace of mind and peace of the people of the Middle Country), the program of state unity (ensuring the integrity of the Middle Country). The key role in the xiaokang project is played by the perfection of man, the achievement of a harmonious balance of physical and mental virtues, the formation of personality of junzi as the ideal person of future civilization. Although the concept of xiaokang appeared in separate medieval treatises of the epochs of Jin (265–420) and Song (960–1279) dynasties, the xiaokang returns to the forefront of Chinese history at the end of the 19 th century during the movement for the modernization of the country. Xiaokang is interpreted by the reformers of China, in particular, Kang Youwei, as a necessary stage in building a society of “great unity” ( datong ). The “Architect of Chinese Reforms,” Deng Xiaoping, introduced the concept of “modestly prosperous family” ( xiao kang zhi jia ), the xiaokang of the “Four Chinese Modernizations.” The project of the formation of “community with shared future for mankind,” currently implemented by China, is based on a Confucian vision of the development of society and the world. In 1994, the International Confucian Association was created in China, and, since 2004, the deployment of a network of Confucius Institutes around the world began. The author concludes that Confucian culture has a supra-ethnic value because it opens the prospect of a new type of globalization, when cultures, preserving their originality but complementing each other by archetypes, form a single universal human paradigm.

The impact of right-wing populist parties upon national policy with regards to the Russian Federation: the case of the Progress Party (Norway) and the Danish People's Party

The goal of this research consists in determination of impact of the Progress Party (Norway) and the Danish People's Party upon the policy of their national governments with regards to Russia. The Progress Party used to be member of the Norwegian government coalition from 2013 to 2020, while the Danish People's Party supported the Danish coalition governments from 2015 to 2019. The analysis of the origin, ideologies, political agenda, and policy of the parties give a more accurate explanation on their position towards Russia, as well as defines the level of their political willpower in influencing the government policy thereof. Research methodology is comprised of content analysis used in examination of the official documents of the Progress Party and the Danish People's Party, comparative analysis used in considering political programs of both parties, as well as various election results and other corresponding data. The conclusion is made that both parties have considerable impact upon the state policy of their countries with regards to the Russian Federation. Moreover, both of them demonstrated no political interest in making Russia the key vector in their foreign policy programs. Being neither of Russophile nor Russophobic nature, their presence in the government did not become the reason for deterioration or improvement of relations with Russia.

WITHIN THE SCOPE OF EXTERNAL INTERVENTION THE U.S.-VENEZUELA RELATIONS

Venezuela, 1998’de Hugo Chávez’in iktidara gelişi ile birlikte köklü bir dönüşüm geçirmeye başlamıştır. Chávez tarafından Bolivarcı Devrim olarak adlandırılan bu köklü dönüşüm ülkede siyasal, ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan pek çok değişimin yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Bu durumun, Venezuela’nın dış politikasına da yansımaları olmuştur. Chávez döneminde uygulanmaya başlanan çok taraflı dış politika vizyonu, anti-emperyalist/anti ABD duruşu ve neoliberal politikalara karşı yapılan hamleler Maduro döneminde de uygulanmaya ve sürdürülmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu gelişmeler sonrasında Venezuela’da yaşanan değişim sonucunda ortaya çıkan durum ABD’yi pek çok alanda olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle ABD, Venezuela’daki ekonomik çıkarlarını korumak, bölgede ABD karşıtı bir eğilimin yaygınlık kazanmasını önlemek ve Latin Amerika’daki hegemonyasını koruyabilmek için birtakım politikalar geliştirme ihtiyacı duymuş ve uygulamaya koymuştur. Böylece ABD ve Venezuela arasındaki ilişkiler zaman içerisinde oldukça gerginleşmiştir. Venezuela dış politikada müttefiklik ilişkileri, ülke içinde uygulanan siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik program ve politikalarla ABD açısından olumsuz olarak değerlendirilecek eylem ve uygulamalar gerçekleştirmiştir. Buna karşın ABD ise çeşitli müdahale araçlarını kullanarak Venezuela’ya müdahale etmiş ve etmeye devam etmektedir. Bu açıdan müdahale ve dış müdahale olguları bu iki ülkenin ilişkileri açısından gündeme gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu nedenle Venezuela ve ABD arasında yaşanan gelişmeler çalışmada dış müdahale olgusu kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir.