Foreign Policy Formulation Research Articles

TRANSFORMATION OF THE EU FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

The study of the EU’s foreign economic policy is one of the key topics in the modern scientific literature due to the EU’s significant influence on the global economic processes. This article analyzes evolution of the relevant research by Russian and foreign authors, including both modern works and publications of the early 2010s, when this topic began to gain relevance in the context of studying international trade relations. Special attention is paid to the issue of transformation of the EU Commission’s foreign economic policy formulation due to the implementation of the 2021 trade policy strategy, aimed at ensuring «strategic autonomy» of the Union. This article reviews existing discussions regarding the definition of this concept, as well as regarding its main instruments. In conclusion, the author identifies key gaps in respective scientific knowledge and presents directions for further study. It is proposed to investigate the ongoing changes using a paradigmatic research method that is based on the 1993 theory by Peter Hall. A deeper understanding of the EU's trade policy changes will allow Russia to more effectively adapt its behavior in the international arena, as well as its interaction with the other global players.

THEORETICAL BASIS OF DETERMINING UKRAINE'S PLACE IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC EXCHANGE

The article raises the issue of determining Ukraine's place in modern international exchange. International economic exchange is carried out in all directions of international relations. The subjects of exchange are innovations, technologies, finished products, finance, labor force. These processes are facilitated by the creation of various network structures, within the framework of which foreign economic relations take place and the processes of exchange, purchase and sale are carried out. The basic economic categories that form the basis of economic policy in the formation of international economic relations are defined. The essence of these categories, their components and challenges for national interests in the context of international integration are given. It is noted that globalization provides access to new markets, technologies and investments, but requires countries to adapt, increase competitiveness and ensure economic security. States should actively work on strategies that allow national economies to successfully integrate into the global economy, while maintaining economic sovereignty and ensuring sustainable development. It is justified that the determinants of foreign economic relations of the Ukrainian economy are multifaceted and include economic, geopolitical, ethnic, historical, cultural , institutional and spatial-resource aspects. Each of these factors affects the formation of foreign economic policy and determines Ukraine's international position. The interaction of these determinants shapes the country's strategy in the international arena, influencing its economic growth, development and integration into the world economic system. It is substantiated that the basic economic categories are the foundation for the formation of international economic policy. Understanding and correct use of these categories allows countries to effectively integrate into the world economy, support economic growth, strengthen their international positions and ensure the well-being of the population. Economic policy based on the analysis of these categories contributes to the development of international economic relations and the achievement of the country's strategic economic goals.

THE ENERGY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAUDI ARABIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the energy factor in the formation and development of the modern foreign policy of Saudi Arabia. For decades, the foreign policy, as well as the entire economic system, of the kingdom has been directly dependent on the export of petroleum products and crude oil. Until the beginning of the 2000s western states were the main importers of Saudi energy resources, which directly affected Riyadh’s foreign policy orientation and often had a negative impact on the implementation of national interests and strategic objectives of state development. However, at the present stage, there is a process of formation of a multi-vector foreign policy of Saudi Arabia due to the intensification of trade and economic relations with non-Western states. When analyzing this aspect, the authors paid special attention to the main indicators of diversification of Riyadh’s leading partners, the results of the negotiation process on the kingdom’s accession to BRICS and the development of cooperation within the expanded OPEC format – OPEC+.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF A COLLEGE INTERNSHIP PORTAL ON STUDENT

Abstract: The internship program provides an excellent opportunity for budding scholars to familiarize themselves with the process of formulation of foreign policy and its implementation by the Government. Interns shall report to and work under close supervision of the concerned Head of Division (HOD). They may be required to conduct research, write reports, analyze evolving developments, or carry out any other task entrusted to them by the HOD. An honorarium of INR 10,000 per month will be paid to each intern to defray basic costs. Cost of one-time to and fro air travel subject to a ceiling of the prevailing economy class air fare between the State capital and Delhi, from the domicile State or from the college / university of the selected candidates will be provided. The interns would be responsible for their board and lodging in Delhi during the period of their internship.Every student is individually responsible for finding an internship. This implies actively seeking such a placement and directly contacting the organizations that you are interested in. We advise students to start searching for internship early on, as there may be early deadlines for some of the most attractive places. Internship ads are found in the university portal. It is allowed to receive payment from the internship organization. When contacting organization. you have the option of using our introductory letter presenting the master’s program . Please download and complete with your details before sending it to the student officefor signature. The letter of introduction may be used as a complement to the CV and personal letter that you send to potential internship organizations. KEYWORDS: HTML, CSS, Javascript, Bootsrap, C# , SQL SERVERIntroduction

Introducing public choice in international relations: the Russian invasion of Ukraine

With this article, I present a public choice perspective on Russia’s war on Ukraine. I criticise the realist view according to which Russia’s security concerns, defined by President Putin, prompted the conflict. I argue that realism offers a deficient analytic framework to the extent that it disregards the political and economic structure of Russia and, generally speaking, how the political economy of each case study shapes preferences, strategies and intra-elite relations, which feed into foreign policy formation. Russia is a government-controlled economy and society; a key property of Russia’s political economy is the dependency of key socio-economic actors and groups on the regime’s survival. This landscape pre-empts the expression of genuine feedback and dissent from society, and explains why Putin’s decision has faced very little disagreement and resistance. Given the previously close economic ties between Russia and Ukraine, this article also challenges capitalist peace theory for its blanket assertion that dense economic relations would provide a strong disincentive for countries to resort to war. Instead of talking about capitalism generically, we can discern varieties of capitalism, as they condition state–society relations differently. In Russia, the value that key socio-economic elites assign to their relationship with Putin outweighs the costs they are experiencing from the conflict and the external sanctions. Developing a public choice perspective in the study of international relations focuses on the preferences and strategies of the leadership and of domestic elite-level actors within the aggressor state, and invites attention to the power asymmetries that characterise their relationship.

Peculiarities of administrative and legal regulation of cement production and circulation in Ukraine

The paper provides a thorough analysis of the administrative and legal regulation of cement production and circulation in Ukraine, based on the current needs of the modern economy and the challenges of globalization. The author examines in detail the legal framework of the industry, focusing on the analysis of key legislative acts, regulations and international agreements that form the legal framework for the cement industry in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the impact of Ukraine’s membership in the World Trade Organization on the formation of foreign economic policy, as well as the opportunities and limitations arising from this for the cement industry. The current state of the industry is analyzed, the main challenges and barriers affecting its functioning and development are identified. The author analyzes the role of the state in creating conditions for effective regulation of the industry, stimulating innovative development, and implementing environmental standards aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment and ensuring sustainable development. An important part of the study is a review of state regulation tools that can be used to protect the domestic market, stimulate investment and innovation, and adapt the industry to the changing conditions of the global economy. The authors offer specific recommendations for improving administrative and legal regulation, with a particular emphasis on the need to harmonize national legislation with international requirements and standards. The paper emphasizes that solving the existing problems and utilizing the potential of the cement industry is possible only through a comprehensive approach that includes legislative, economic and technological aspects. The recommendations proposed in the paper reflect the need for a comprehensive approach to reforming the industry and creating conditions for its sustainable and competitive development at the national and international levels. The paper highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to reforming the industry, including both legislative initiatives and practical measures to support and develop the cement industry in Ukraine.

Ukraine’s Strategic Interactions with the EU and Russia during the Turbulent Month of the Crimean Annexation

Abstract What shapes a country’s foreign policy formation in times of crisis? This article explores the factors that were behind the response of Ukrainian decision makers in their relations with Russia and the European Union during the annexation of Crimea between February 21 and March 26, 2014. I view Ukraine’s foreign policy through the lenses of an analytical framework inspired by game theory, where the decision-making process is divided into four parts—information about others’ preferences, trust in interlocutors, everyone’s payoffs, and resources. This article employs a rigorous qualitative thematic analysis of 38 elite interviews, numerous primary documents, and media reports. The core finding suggests that the uncertain times and unpreparedness of Ukrainian decision makers obstructed them from a comprehensive analysis of the environment and formation of the country’s foreign policy strategy, which, consequently, facilitated Russia’s annexation of Crimea.

CHINESE DIPLOMACY OF BILATERAL RELATIONS: ANANALYSIS OF CHINA- SRI LANKA RELATIONS

CHINESE DIPLOMACY OF BILATERAL RELATIONS: ANANALYSIS OF CHINA- SRI LANKA RELATIONS

МЕХАНІЗМ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ПОЛІТИЧНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА В ІСТОРІЇ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ І БЕЗПЕКОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СПІВТОВАРИСТВА (60 – 80-ТІ РОКИ ХХ СТ.)

The article reflects the results of the study of the history of the formation of foreign and security policy of the European Community at the stage of functioning of the European Political Cooperation (EPC) mechanism. The prerequisites for the formation of the foreign policy mechanism of interaction between the EEC member states are shown. The formation of political conditions and institutional and functional dimensions of the EPC is analyzed. The main international problems that had to be solved by the participants of European integration through the EPC mechanism are highlighted. The author takes into account the specifics of this segment of cooperation of the European Community States, which for a long time did not have an official status and was in fact experimental. The author points out the defining contradictions and controversial issues of the development of the foreign policy segment of the European Community in the context of the maturation of transformations in the system of international relations and world security in the second half of the 1980s. The study concludes that the establishment of the EPC format meant only the beginning of a complex process of formation of a full-fledged subjectivity of the European Community in the international arena. The period from 1970 (formal creation of the EPC mechanism) to 1986 (adoption of the Single European Act) can be interpreted as the initial period in the history of the formation of the European Community’s foreign and security policies. In general, the usual weakness of the mechanism for coordinating the foreign policy of the EEC states was manifested due to the diversity of their international interests and, most importantly, the lack of effective means of implementing common positions. However, this does not diminish the historical significance of this period. After all, at that time the Community formed the principles and basic approaches to its political organization and activities in the international arena. Also, its leadership learned to respond as quickly as possible to the challenges of world politics and form its policy in different regions of the world, diplomatic representation, and international image. The result of these changes provided invaluable experience for the establishment of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union. The inclusion of foreign and security policy in the regulatory framework of the EEC in the Single European Act of 1986 meant only the beginning of a complex process of forming a full-fledged subjectivity of the European Community in the international arena.

Ақпараттық соғыстар: Қазақстанның қазіргі кезеңдегі қауіпсіздігі

The main purpose of the article is to identify the potential risks posed by "information war" at the present stage for the security of Kazakhstan. The article also examines the ways in which information can be used to influence and manipulate individuals and groups within society. This can be achieved through various means, including the use of the Internet and modern communication techniques. The goal is to alter or influence human behaviour. With the advent of the Internet, the phenomenon of manipulation has become a significant social issue. The state, society and the person him-/herself are the main subjects. The article defines the main directions of the functioning of the information confrontation: countering disinformation should be a priority in the formation of foreign policy and national security, the propaganda of the national threat is considered. The conclusions drawn as a result of the work allow us to investigate and study the effects of information in the process of information warfare.

Variations in Foreign Labor Policies: A Comparative Analysis of Malaysia and Singapore

This comparative study delves into the foreign labor policies of Malaysia and Singapore, two prominent host countries for foreign workers in Southeast Asia. Despite their historical, cultural, and developmental similarities, these nations exhibit variations in the efficiency of their foreign labor policies. Employing the Most Similar System Design (MSSD) approach, this research explores three key explanatory variables: economic factors related to industrial structures, differences in governance systems, and cultural backgrounds. The study finds that these factors significantly shape the formulation and effectiveness of foreign labor policies. The analysis reveals that Singapore outperforms Malaysia in leveraging foreign worker policies to drive economic transformation, enhance competitiveness, and manage the impact of foreign labor. Factors contributing to this discrepancy include the divergence in industrial structures, variations in governance systems, and the influence of cultural backgrounds. Singapore's unitary system, focus on high-skilled foreign workers, and non-racial political landscape contribute to its policy efficiency, while Malaysia's federal structure, lowerskilled labor demand, and communal politics impact its policy effectiveness.

The Role Of Kenya’s Economic Diplomacy In Enhancing Economic Resilience In The East African Community (EAC) Region

Economic diplomacy is emerging as a critical pillar in the foreign policy of states around the world. The Kenya Foreign Policy Framework (2014) recognizes economic diplomacy as one of the key pillars of the state’s foreign policy alongside peace diplomacy, environmental diplomacy, cultural diplomacy and diaspora diplomacy. The East African Community (EAC) region has a long history of fostering economic cooperation right from the time of the East African Cooperation up to date. This is the foundation of the shared economic objective of enhancing economic development for the region as a way of building resilient economies that can overcome global economic challenges that have been occasioned by globalization and the related complex inter dependencies among states. This has seen EAC states move towards regional integration efforts. This study examined broadly how this pillar is cast towards the realization of resilient economies in the East African region and how this contributes towards the region’s economic development. It specifically focused on three crucial research objectives: first, is to examine the foreign policy formulation process touching on economic interests; secondly, is to investigate the key economic diplomacy strategies that Kenya employs in the region towards enhancing economic resilience; thirdly is to evaluate the achievements of Kenya’s economic diplomacy towards the EAC region. The study employed an explanatory research design anchored on a mixed method of data collection employing the use of questionnaires and interviews.

Tarihsel miras ve Özbek kimliğinin Özbekistan dış politikasının oluşumuna etkisi

Özbekistan dış politikasını etkileyen birçok faktörün ortaya konulması mümkün olsa da özellikle tarihsel miras ve Özbek kimliğinin oluşumunun üzerinde durulması gerekmektedir. Tarihsel miras bir milletin hafızası olarak gelecek planlarına yön vermektedir. Tarihsel süreçte yaşanmış olan zafer ve kahramanlıklara özlem duyulurken, yenilgi ve başarısızlıklardan ders alınmaktadır. Bu anlamda güçlü devlet yapısının varlığı Özbekistan’da mutlu ve güzel günleri hatırlatırken, güçlü devlet yapısının bozulduğu dönemler ise işgal ve yenilgileri hatırlatmaktadır. 
 1991 yılında SSCB’nin dağılmasıyla gerçekleşen bağımsızlık sonrası üzerinde durulan en önemli konulardan biri Özbek kimliğinin oluşturulmasıdır. Bu konu iç politika da olduğu gibi dış politikada da belirleyici bir role sahiptir. Özbek kimliğinin toprak esaslı ele alınması belirli problemlere neden olsa da özellikle komşu ülkelerde bulunan Özbeklerin dış politika aracı olarak kullanılmasının önlenmesi açısından olumludur. Özbekçenin yaygınlaştırılması politikaları ve bağımsız bir dış politika yürütme çabaları da Özbek kimliğinin oluşumuna katkı sağlamaktadır.
 Tarihsel miras ve milli kimlik politikaları üzerinden Özbekistan dış politikasının değerlendirilmesi Özbekistan’ı daha anlaşılır kılacaktır. Dolayısı ile sadece dış politika kararları üzerinden değerlendirmeler yapmak yerine, etkili olan tarihsel miras ve milli kimlik oluşturma stratejisinin incelenmesi Özbek dış politikası hakkında daha isabetli analizler yapılmasını sağlayabilir.

The Role of Leadership in Policy Towards domestic decisions and its influencing the formulation of foreign policy

In the process of governance, beliefs and values of civic and religious leaders are utterly significant. In the light of principles of political realism, the politics are commanded by objective laws, the roots of those can be traced to human nature, political behavior of human only depends on human nature. Behavour of human, as a specific political individual, defines his political actions, being a political actor.
 The mission of the following article is to determine the impact of role and decisions of the specific leader on internal politics, as well as international relations context. The subject of research is to explain leader’s particular role in foreign affairs decision making and analysis of leaders’ traits affecting the formation of foreign policy, by theoretical approach of Neoclassical Realism and practical aspects.
 During Researching specific facts of international relations by Neoclassical Realism theory, three levels of analysis are used, first level examining role of leader or leaders, second level explaining internal factors of foreign policy, third level determining systemic factors.
 The aim of this research is, both conceptually and practically, on individual analysis level, to determine the impact of ideological views, values and personal decisions of state or spiritual leader, when dealing with deterioration of relations with strategic partners or crisis.
 Individual, first level of analysis emphasizes on individual, governmental or non-governmental statesman, country leader, whose political values, political weight, behavior, belief, woes, personal decisions affect internal political environment during decision making process, ultimately defining foreign policy and impacts regional and global security context. Theoretical and practical interaction let us explain the degree of impact of individual psychological, ideological, cultural factors, how political actors perceive their and others’ capabilites and how those perceptions translate to foreign policy.
 The research showed, that in today’s volatile international system, personal decisions of regional and global leaders bear significant role and this topic generally, is a vital challenge of security and economy sphere.

Setting the Agenda on the United Kingdom's Policy towards the European Community: Miriam Camps at Chatham House

Historical analysis of the UK government's policy towards European integration is mostly confined to the ‘official’ sphere, that is government, civil service and professional diplomacy. Non-governmental actors within the wider field of para-diplomacy such as policy entrepreneurs or elite foreign policy think tanks have not yet been systematically incorporated in this history. This article explores when and under what circumstances such diplomatic actors can influence government foreign policy formulation. The case explored here is that of Miriam Camps (1916–94), a scholar, former US diplomat and senior researcher at Chatham House. Camps utilised her Chatham House contacts, including key Foreign Office officials as well as her wider transnational network, to influence the Foreign Office's stance on the so-called ‘empty chair’ crisis of the European Economic Community in 1965/6. The article argues that during the crisis Camps acted as a policy entrepreneur with the aim of advancing her own ideas and changing the UK government's position towards the European Economic Community. Besides demonstrating the influence of unofficial diplomats on policy formulation, the article also contributes to the growing literature on the varied roles of women in international relations and diplomacy.

Основные тенденции участия отечественных представительных институтов в государственном внешнеполитическом механизме

The article considers the features of the functioning of early models of the Russian foreign policy mechanism. With this in mind, in the process of research, institutional, historical-genetic and activity methods have been applied. On the basis of a retrospective analysis, the traditional features of domestic systems for making and implementing foreign policy decisions that functioned within the framework of the Ancient Russian State, the Moscow State and the Russian Empire have been characterized. Five main models of the mechanism for the formation and implementation of foreign policy,which were characterized by varying degrees of subjectivity of representative institutions, have been identified: the system of making foreign policy decisions in the Ancient Russian principalities in the X–XIV centuries (a high degree of subjectivity of the veche, taking into account the influence of the activation of external threats and internal instability); 2) the mechanism for the formation and implementation of the foreign policy of the Moscow State in the XVI–XVII centuries (increase in the subjectivity of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor in the context of exacerbation of external threats and internal crisis manifestations); 3) foreign policy mechanism of the Russian Empire in the XVIII – early XX centuries (low subjectivity of the Senate, the Legislative Commissions, the State Council in the circumstances of constant external threats, the strengthening of central power and relative domestic political stabilization); 4) the mechanism of foreign policy activity of the Russian Empire in 1906–1917 (a higher level of subjectivity of the State Duma against the background of the crisis of the international system, the aggravation of external threats and internal economic and political problems); 5) a conventionally distinguished foreign policy mechanism that functioned in the period after the February Revolution of 1917 until the formation of the USSR (deviant model: contradictions between the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government on foreign policy issues against the background of the transformation of the system of international relations, the activation of external threats and internal shocks). It has been established that these models (except for the last one, which seems to be a special case) have in common the presence within the state bureaucracy of the dominant role of the «first person», which, at different historical stages, could have the powers of a commander and sovereign, exerting the greatest influence on the process of foreign policy formation. At the same time, the supreme leader, as a rule, relied on a narrow circle of trusted persons in the implementation of their functions in the foreign policy sphere. Traditionally, «power departments» (military, naval, foreign affairs) were personally subordinated to the head of state. It is concluded that the subjectivity of representative institutions within the framework of the state foreign policy mechanism increased in the face of increased external threats and internal crises and, accordingly, decreased against the background of general stabilization and strengthening of the central government.

Domestic politics and international competition: populism and the importance of understanding rhetoric

ABSTRACT How do ideology, foreign policy, and the international system interact with and shape one another? This paper examines the relationship between ideology and foreign policy in the United Kingdom, India, and China and finds three common threads. First, while ideology likely affects foreign policy formulation, the causal mechanisms involved are complex and not necessarily uniform across states. Second, destabilizing forces like populism are increasing around the world with the potential to disturb current conceptions of the international order. Finally, from a policy perspective, distinguishing between a state’s operational and symbolic rhetoric can reduce the likelihood of strategic miscalculation. With these commonalities in mind, we contend that foreign policymakers must approach other states understanding that each state’s domestic situation is unique and that while Sino-American competition looms large in American policymaking, it might not be the driving force behind other states’ foreign policy decisions. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent the official policy or position of the U.S. Army, Department of Defense, or United States Government.

Walking a Tightrope: Turkey between the EU and Russia in the Crimea Crisis

The Crimea crisis marked one of the latest critical points in the European Union (EU)-Turkey-Russia triangle. This article analyzes Turkey’s position between the EU and Russia, after the events that unfolded in February 2014, by adopting Holsti’s role theory. Developing a research map through official documents, this article assesses Turkey’s two-sided strategic position, by asking the following question: How did Turkey’s intertwined relationships with the EU and Russia affect its foreign policy formulation in the Crimea crisis? Turkey’s role formulation during the Crimea crisis is defined by empirical data acquired through the official documents of EU institutions and the Turkish and Russian foreign policy ministries. MAXQDA software was utilized to provide a systematic qualitative analysis of the 123 official declarations. This article argues that Turkey’s response to the Crimea crisis was affected by several factors stemming from its asymmetric relationship with Russia, its EU candidate status, and kinship with the Crimean Tatars.

Corruption and Foreign Policy Formulation and Implementation in Nigeria: An Overview

This paper examines the nexus of corruption and foreign policy formulation and implementation vis-avis the impacts on politics and governance in Nigeria. Using liberalism as a theoretical approach to capture the discourse, the paper relies on qualitative data collected from secondary sources. The study argues that political leadership and corruption are interwoven, with far-reaching implications for socio-economic development. The paper concludes that for Nigeria to experience political and socio-economic development, responsible and credible leaders must emerge to implant the act of good and selfless governance in the country through policy formulation and implementation. The study reveals that Nigeria has yet to benefit fully from the conduct of external relations since independence in 1960. This is because some of the domestic factors that determine Nigeria’s image (economy, military, demography, leadership, constitution, etc.) are not fully developed to give the nation the leverage to assert its influence at the regional level and on the global scene. It is, therefore, recommended that these factors that impede the formulation and implementation of Nigeria’s foreign policy should be looked into and resolved so that the country can benefit both from its domestic policy and foreign relations and maximize fully her potential rather than people turning the table for their benefit.

The making of the Single European Act reconsidered: IPE, UCD and the challenge of supranationalism

Recent UCD-inspired International Political Economy (IPE) approaches have tried to explain short-term economic and political events by expanding the theory of UCD towards an enhanced operational toolkit. This recent ‘policy turn’, I argue, has progressed empirically without having clarified prior analytical and methodological steps, both regarding the general premises of UCD, as well as in relation to foreign policy analysis, and the field of international politics. This article unpacks important blind spots of UCD’s emerging IPE framework by emphasising the crucial role of the supranational institutional level in foreign policy formation. By historicising the run-up to ratification of the 1986 Single European Act (SEA), I show that the SEA emerged as an interactive compromise, based on diverging state interests and, yet strongly managed by the overarching agency of the Commission of the EEC. While the multiplicity of advanced capitalisms, or the ‘unevenness and combination’ of diverging national European interests, cannot explain this outcome, I demonstrate that the SEA’s ratification process was decisively driven by dynamics emerging from within the European sphere, created by tensions between Commissioner Jacques Delors and President François Mitterrand. Unable to capture competing strategies on the national vs. supranational level, UCD-IPE’s current framework fails to grasp the process of foreign policy formation. By redrawing the contours of the SEA with a radical historicist methodology, this study stands as a contribution to the field of the Historical Sociology of International Politics, exploring how structural processes are politico-diplomatically managed and resolved within the wider field of international politics.