Foreign Plants Research Articles

Impact of Molecular Identification of Palm leaves on the preservation and conservation of Palm Leaves-Tala patra Manuscripts

Palm leaves manuscripts preservation is the main target of this research work. Therefore, this research study aimed at molecular identification of palm leaves by DNA Barcoding to assess the potential level on manuscript preservation. This study aims to amplify the rbcL and matK genes in palm leaves collected from different regions of Bangalore. The DNA was isolated by CTAB method and the amplification was done by PCR analysis. DNA barcoding proved to be an efficient tool for proper discrimination of the related species by generating standers that can be used universally. rbcL: A gene found in the chloroplast genome, encoding a large subunit of the enzyme ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. matK: Another chloroplast gene coding for maturase K, involved in splicing group II introns. The discrimination is done by accurately sequencing the standard gene region in a very short time (Hebert et al., 2003). rbcL and matK have been having most recommended and vasty studied DNA barcodes for plants, as they are proved by PWG (Pair wise group) to be potential standardized barcodes for plant DNA barcoding. These barcodes are used to properly identify and discriminate any native or foreign plant species (Maloukh et al., 2017). This work guides us the impact/role of molecular identification-DNA Barcoding of palm leaves on the preservation of Palm leaves manuscripts

Effects of plant-soil feedbacks on the invasion and competitiveness of Aegilops tauschii

The interaction between plants and soil is an important aspect that affects the invasive ability of foreign plants and the invasiveness of ecosystems. The study on plant soil feedback of A. tauschii can provide reference for its invasion mechanism. Firstly, the effects of A. tauschii on the nutrients and enzyme activities of invaded soil were investigated; Secondly, in conjunction with soil sterilization, pot experiments were conducted using the De Wit substitution method to investigate the impact of different degree invasive soils on the development of A. tauschii and its interaction with wheat. The results showed that the invasion of A. tauschii significantly increased soil organic matter, soluble phosphorus and soluble potassium, while also causing a significant decrease in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen. And according to the changes of morphological and biomass indicators of A. tauschii, the results of two-way ANOVAs showed that the invaded soil and its microbiota have a positive feedback effect on the growth of A. tauschii. Finally, it can be seen from the value of the competition balance index, the competition ability of A. tauschii in different invasion degree soil is greater than that of wheat whether the soil invaded by A. tauschii had undergone sterilization treatment or not. In conclusion, the invasion potential of A. tauschii is not only derived from its strong competitiveness, but also may be related to the soil conditions.

Losing foreignness: Johann Sigismund Elsholtz on the meaning of plants in the pleasure gardens of Berlin

As a result of trade and commerce in global empires, plants from around the world could be found growing in gardens throughout Europe, including Germany. Johann Sigismund Elsholtz (1623–1688), a member of the Leopoldina scientific academy, would never personally travel to the Americas or Asia, but he had direct experience with plants from abroad under his care in the pleasure gardens of Berlin. Elsholtz composed several editions of a work that focused on the role of climate in growing a garden. For it was the climate, and not so much the soil, that posed the most significant challenge for the gardens he supervised, especially for the foreign plants. Curiously, Elsholtz's work is selective on which plants it categorizes as foreign; the category is also malleable, and proper acclimation of a plant was a first step for it no longer to be called foreign. In this paper, I explore the question of how plants lose their foreignness and take on a new, domestic meaning.

Analysis of the Potential Level of Threat of Invasive Alien Species Regenerating Tree Poles in Laweyan Village

Plants play an important role in producing organic substances and oxygen needed by other living things, but plants can potentially threaten and disrupt the diversity of other plants, causing the quality of biodiversity to decline. Plants that develop in Indonesia can come from various parts of the world, and then these foreign plants can become invasive and have a negative impact on the ecosystem. The aim of this research is to determine the potential level of threat from invasive alien species to tree regeneration in Laweyan Village and the impact of invasive alien species on the environment. The method used is sampling using satellite imagery to determine observation points and methods purposive sampling by making a 10×10 m plot. The results obtained were four plant species that were classified as invasive foreign plants in Laweyan Village, namely Leucaena leucocephala, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Sandoricum koetjape, Bougainvillea glabra with different levels of risk. The highest risk category is Leucaena leucocephala with a risk index of 115.2, and the second highest is Bougainvillea glabra with a risk index of 112.8. The risk level is medium, namely Cnidoscolus aconitifolius with a risk index of 100.8 and Sandoricum koetjape with a risk index of 56.28.

Inventory of Native, Introduced and Invasive Vegetation in Tree-Pole Regeneration in Laweyan Village, Surakarta

The existence of invasive foreign plants is a threat to the global ecosystem. Its rapid growth often causes this plant to destroy the original habitat in an area. This research aims to identify tree-pole regeneration species in Laweyan Village. This research was carried out by direct observation using a sampling method with a plot measuring 10 x 10 meters and analyzed descriptively. Based on the results of research conducted in Laweyan Village, it was found that there were 38 species of pole and tree regeneration vegetation which were divided into 3 types based on their origin, namely native, introduced and invasive species. There were 19 species of native plants, 15 species of introduced plants, and 4 species of invasive plants. Meanwhile, based on their function, plants are divided into three, namely fruit plants, shade plants and ornamental plants. The plants that dominate based on their function are fruit plants, totaling 16 types.

The Extract of Bellucia pentamera Naudin Leaves as Bioherbicide of The Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Germination and Growth

Threats that can cause loss of biodiversity include the presence of invasive foreign plants. One of these invasive plants is from the Melastomataceae family with the species Bellucia pentamera Naudin, and this species can trigger a decline in ecosystem diversity. B. pentamera contains a chemical compound that can be used as an herbicide, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds, which can retard the growth of other plants that surround them like noxious weeds. Bioherbicides need to be used as an environmentally friendly alternative drug control method to overcome and reduce their adverse effects. This research was carried out to determine the impact and concentration of administering B. pentamera leaf extract on the germination and growth of Chromolaena odorata. The study used experimental methods with a completely randomized design (CRD) with six variations consisting of treatment of 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% with a four-time repetition. The research results showed the effect of giving greater concentrations of B. pentamera leaf extract, causing the germination and growth of C. odorata to be increasingly hampered. Providing extracts with concentrations of 20% and 25% are effective for inhibiting the germination and growth of C. odorata.

Hidden cargo: The impact of historical shipping trade on the recent-past and contemporary non-native flora of northeastern United States.

Understanding establishment and spread of non-native plants is important in the face of a homogenizing global flora. While many studies focus on successful, invasive species, fewer have studied failed plant introductions. Until the early 1900s, large quantities of ship ballast, often containing foreign plant propagules, were deposited in New Jersey (USA). The resulting ballast flora is documented in extensive herbarium records, providing us a unique opportunity to analyze successes and failures of novel plant species introductions. We used digitized specimens from 75 herbaria to study 264 non-native species introduced into New Jersey through 19th century ballast deposition. We used spatial (density-based clustering; HDBSCAN) and temporal analyses of species retention and geographic spread to quantify disappearance rate, survival, and dispersion through time and define trajectory groups. Four distinct trajectory groups were identified: waif (only present during import; 32% of species), short-term (disappeared quickly; 20%), established-limited spread (survives locally, 30%), and established-widespread (widespread, 18%). Species disappearance rate was highest during ballast deposition and decreased soon after deposition stopped around 1900. Spatial patterns showed a strong association with 19th century railroads for inland dispersal from ports. The disappearance rate and spatial analyses are robust to herbarium collection bias. This study using New Jersey as a model is one of the few documenting multispecies successes and failures in inadvertent plant introductions. Results reveal distinct trends in species establishment and geographic spread and highlight the utility of herbarium specimens in answering questions that span large time scales.

Meningoencephalomyelitis associated with foreign plant material in a dog: case report and brief literature review.

Neurologic disease associated with migration of plant material is reported infrequently in dogs. Here we describe meningoencephalomyelitis associated with foreign plant material in a 2-y-old castrated male West Highland White Terrier dog with acute neck pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed spinal meningeal contrast enhancement. Although clinical signs improved after treatment with steroids, the dog was readmitted for further evaluation 3-mo later and was euthanized after generalized epileptic seizures. Autopsy findings consisted of coalescing, pus-filled, neuroparenchymal cavitations surrounded by hemorrhage in the left caudal colliculus and rostral left cerebellar hemisphere. Histologically, lesions consisted of necrosis and suppuration, which surrounded a 1 × 2-mm foreign body morphologically consistent with plant material and clusters of gram-positive bacterial cocci. Affected areas were surrounded by reactive astrocytes, fibrous connective tissue, and mixed inflammatory infiltrates. Areas of hemorrhage and infiltration by neutrophils and foamy macrophages with fibrinoid change of small capillaries were observed in the adjacent neuroparenchyma. The inflammation extended to the perivascular spaces in the leptomeninges (mesencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem, and spinal cord) and spinal central canal. Anaerobic bacterial culture of frozen samples of cerebellum yielded heavy growth of Bacteroides pyogenes.

Biotic Borders: Transpacific Plant and Insect Migration and the Rise of Anti-Asian Racism in America, 1890–1950 by Jeannie Shinozuka

In Biotic Borders, Shinozuka investigates how immigration exclusion affected both race and species during the rise of the U.S. nation-state. Drawing interdisciplinary methods and frameworks primarily from Asian American studies and histories of science, Shinozuka artfully demonstrates how national fears about Asian immigration not only concerned migrant human bodies but also folded nonhuman forms into racial and exclusionary policies. Although “open border” policies prior to the Page Act of 1875 and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 applied to both human and nonhuman migrant species, xenophobia stoked by the rise of Asian immigration constructed new “categories of native- and invasive-defined groups as bio-invasions that must be regulated or somehow annihilated during American empire-building” (11, emphasis added). Thus, the management of species at the U.S. border, as Shinozuka demonstrates, was predicated on the racial logics of exclusion that governed immigration during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Biotic Borders powerfully expands critiques of the history of U.S. immigration to encapsulate the transpacific movement of nonhuman insect and plant species, revealing how race and species have productively co-constituted one another as categories of social and political difference.In recent years, work in Asian American studies has productively engaged the theoretical and conceptual implications of the entwinement between race and species, such as in the work of Lee, Chen, Huang, and Ahuja, among others.1 More broadly, Asian American studies have always been invested in the dehumanizing rhetoric that casts Asian immigrants as infectious alien invaders, in what is commonly referred to as Yellow Peril discourse.2 More than merely revealing xenophobic rhetoric as dehumanizing, this work underscores the material and historical processes of Asian American racial formation as a political project contingent on U.S. nation-building—the consolidation of the U.S. empire through the degradation of Asian bodies at its borders. Within this genealogy of robust intellectual inquiry, Shinozuka reveals how the imaginaries of entomologists, botanists, and other scientists produced the social and political conditions for the Yellow Peril rhetoric, thus implicating scientific knowledge in the creation of racial meaning.Moving through different moments in entomological and botanical history that cast foreign plants and insects as racialized invaders threatening the biotic ecosystem of the United States, Biotic Borders insists that the regulation of plant and insect immigration was integral to the racial exclusion that contributed to building the U.S. empire. Science, as Bahng argues, is a cultural, not an objective, form of knowledge that “participate[s] in the construction of national and international ideas about modernity and futurity.”3 Shinozuka’s careful reading of immigration policy alongside intellectual exchanges between scientists aptly demonstrates the cultural and political force behind the intertwined formations of race and species as nodes of difference. By bringing these histories together, Biotic Borders is an important intervention into ideas about immigration and the function of race and species in nation-building. This book offers urgent contributions to Asian American studies, the history of science, environmental studies, and posthumanism. Its interdisciplinary engagement sheds new light on the histories of race, species, and immigration.

Mapping Nature across the Americas

Mapping Nature across the Americas is a collection of analytical essays developed during the 2014 summer institute of the same name for college and university professors held at the Newberry Library and sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities. An introduction by the editors is followed by twelve chapters by separate authors, each exploring aspects of historical mapping of the Americas. The overarching theme is a close study of every aspect of historical maps: examining maps’ creators, the changes seen in maps over time, and the knowledge that can be derived from maps. Topics include examination of how European explorers incorporated Indigenous knowledge, languages, and visual symbols in developing their maps of the New World; the antebellum shellfish industry as a route to emancipation; the mapping challenges posed by the incompatibility of rigid political boundaries with shifting landscape along the U.S.-Mexico border; the historical development of graphical presentation of mountain ranges; Humboldt’s exploration of the Orinoco river; and more. Three chapters are of particular interest to the biologist. “Palms and Other Trees on Maps: Exoticism, Error, and Environment, from Old World to New” explores aspects of vegetation mapping, focusing particularly on depictions of palm trees on maps far outside the range of these species as “the archetypal foreign plant.” The chapter on mapping Canadian nature includes a detailed and interesting discussion of the history and challenges of early surveying and mapmaking, as well as a fascinating series of maps showing the shrinking “terra incognita” of North America as European explorers developed their knowledge of the continent. The final chapter on seeing forests as systems recognizes the incompatibility between static representations on maps with the dynamic reality of ecosystems. An epilogue (“The View from across the Pond”) and appendix offer useful tools for the educator interested in incorporating maps into teaching environmental history.As a biology teacher who has always sought to incorporate interdisciplinary study, emphasizing that the study of science exists within cultural and historical contexts, I found the concept of this volume very appealing. Several chapters were particularly interesting to the science student or teacher and accessible to a general reader. However, some of the writers present their ideas in layers of such erudite complexity that this reader was left wondering what, in fact, they were exactly saying. Interestingly, despite the title’s phrase “mapping nature” indicating a biological or ecological focus, most of the essays could be better described as examining maps as historical documentation of cultures, cultural interaction (particularly between Native peoples and European colonists and explorers), and cultural shifts. As such, many of the details in this text would be excellent reference points more for the student of American history than one of biology. The figures of maps throughout the text are largely disappointing and difficult to read; they could have been improved with zoomed-in depictions of the details discussed in the text. Despite these shortcomings, there are fascinating aspects to this text and a wide range of topics that are of broad potential interest, particularly for a reader interested in the interdisciplinary study of exploration across the Americas.

New and additional information on the flora of the Middle Dnieper

The article provides an annotated list of new floristic finds in the flora of the Middle Dnieper (on territory of Cherkasy region, as well as adjacent districts of Kyiv and Poltava regions), both aboriginal rare and alien species, including “runaways from culture”. In some cases, notes are given on the taxonomic status, features of the natural range, ancient indications of the localities of certain species in the region. For the first time, 31 new taxa were introduced for the regional flora of Cherkasy region, including 8 native and 23 alien. The most valuable is the information about rare aboriginal plants, in particular Asparagus tenuifolius, Euphorbia salicifolia, Polygonum patulum, Rosa andegavensis, etc. In the Uman district of Cherkasy region, the location of three species of flora that were considered disappeared in the region: Pentanema oculus-christi, Salvia dumetorum and Staphylea pinnata. For once, 3 new alien species have been introduced for the flora of Poltava region: Anthriscus caucalis, Lonicera × notha and L. ruprechtiana. The research revealed new locations of invasively active foreign plants, including ergasiophygophytes: Phytolacca acinosa, Silphium perfoliatum, Vitis riparia, Zizania latifolia etc., and quarantine xenophytes: Cenchrus longispinus and Eriochloa villosa. Progressive distribution of xenophytes with primary sub-Mediterranean and Central Asian habitats has been noted. Population growing of foreign plants emphasizes the existing negative trend of adventitia of the flora.The issues of naturalization of ergasiophytes are discussed, in particular the presence of mass selfseeding in the centers of their primary introduction, which is the impetus for their further spread. Provided information on spontaneous seed reproduction of species such as: Castanea sativa, Catalpa ovata, C. speciosa, Pilosella aurantiaca, Verbesina encelioides, Viola sororia and other cultivated plants. The above and similar information is an considerable element of comprehensive floral research.

Foreign direct investment and knowledge diffusion in poor locations

We use plant level census data to identify spillovers from FDI in Ethiopia's manufacturing sector. Spillovers are identified by comparing changes in total factor productivity (TFP) among domestic plants in districts where a large greenfield foreign plant produces and districts where FDI in the same industry was licensed but not yet operational. Over the four years starting with the year of the FDI opening, the TFP of domestic plants is 11 percent higher in treated districts, employment in domestic plants increases and more domestic plants open. We describe mechanisms for knowledge diffusion using a plant level technology transfer survey. One third of Ethiopian plants are linked to FDI through labor sharing, supply chains and competition. Technology upgrading is most common as a reaction to competition in output markets and observation and imitation of FDI in the same line of business. Other benefits include enhanced managerial practices and knowledge about exporting.

생태계 교란생물 방제를 위한 법제 일고 - 일본 외래생물법상 방제 규정과의 비교·검토를 중심으로 -

The damage caused by the inflow, settlement, and spread of foreign species is increasing due to active international exchange and the growth of the pet industry due to the development of trade and transportation means. Korea is also experiencing damage from a variety of exotic animals and plants, including foreign plants such as prickly gourds and pig grass, as well as fish, blue roads, bullfrogs, and nutria. Accordingly, each country is making enormous efforts to block the inflow of foreign species at the border level, prevent the settlement and spread of foreign species, and control their damage. On the other hand, in the case of Korea, it is not properly responding to ecosystem disturbances caused by the inflow and settlement of foreign species.BR Above all, the domestic legal system does not stipulate that even if the cause of ecosystem damage or biodiversity loss caused by foreign species can be identified or the person involved can be identified, the responsible cause must take measures such as control or bear the cost.BR The Domestic Forest Act has regulations related to control, and the Plant Disease Control Act also has regulations. The definition of control and control method of the Livestock Infectious Disease Prevention Act are not separately stipulated, but there are regulations on livestock prevention such as killing.BR On the other hand, the Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization Act stipulates measures such as control, but details of the control subject, the contents of the control, plans, and procedures cannot be prepared.BR On the other hand, in the case of Japan, Chapter 3 of the Foreign Life Act stipulates the control of specific exotic organisms. Chapter 3 stipulates control by the competent minister, control by a person other than the competent minister, collection of responsibility for the cause and the burden of the cause, confirmation and certification of control, and cancellation thereof. Accordingly, through comparative legal analysis, institutional improvements related to control procedures, plans, financial support, pre-control surveys, private participation guarantees, and follow-up management were reviewed.

Restoring River Water Pollution from the Impact of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) through Utilization as Raw Material for Fertilizer

Water hyacinth is an invasive foreign plant that is very detrimental to life in a habitat, as well as destroying the structure of an ecosystem and ultimately controlling all existing habitats. The negative impact is on the socio-economic aspects. How to control that can be done: Physical control such as pulling, digging, or using tools to uproot and cut plants burning, Chemical control using herbicides, restoration by means of revegetation and reintroduction of the desired natural plant or vegetation species. The aim of this research is the sanitation of river water by utilizing water hyacinth plants as fertilizer. The study design was one group post test design. The research was conducted by taking samples in Bening Reservoir (PT.Jasa Tirta): Pajar Village, Saradan District, Madiun Regency, East Java. The research was carried out in the Laboratory of D-III Environmental Health Magetan Poltekkes of the Ministry of Health, Surabaya and the Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The research was carried out with treatment for: 7 days, 14 days and 21 days by measuring: Micro nutrient elements. set and the pH at the end of the observation. Treatment activities and variations in research dosages were as follows: The number of research samples was: 6 samples with research parameters for micro nutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn and pH. The sampling technique is Simple Random Sampling. Tools used ; A set of fermentation tools in the form of a bucket with a lid equipped with a wooden stirrer, measuring cup and scale. The research materials include: biogas effluent digester (raw material for fertilizer), fermentation bacteria/fermenter (EM-4), molasses and water. Data were collected by conducting laboratory examinations of samples sent and examined with micro nutrient parameters according to variations in observation time. Data analysis was carried out by comparing the requirements for organic fertilizers. Minimum Technical Requirements for Organic Fertilizer, Biofertilizer and Soil Improvement. All micro nutrient parameters (Fe, Mn, Zn and pH) are in accordance with the required standards for fertilizers. The results of the study of micro nutrients (Fe) obtained results: 192 ppm, without treatment as a control decreased to: 66.86 ppm, Mn nutrients, without treatment: 119.46 ppm, Zn analysis results, without treatment: 9.92 ppm, pH parameters have met the requirements, namely between 4-9 while the results of laboratory tests are in the range of 6.96 - 7.93. The results of the research on the treatment with the addition of EM-4 and Molasses with fermentation time of 7, 14 and 21 days, there was a decrease in the quality of micro nutrients, not according to the quality standards of liquid fertilizers. The conclusion of the results of this study is that the micro nutrient content before treatment (Fe, Mn, Zn) and pH, it turns out that some have met the requirements according to the Ministry of Agriculture, except that Zn nutrients are still below the standard. Micro nutrient content after treatment week 1 to week 3 and control, the nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) and pH were still below without treatment. The effluent of the biogas digester as raw material for water hyacinth without any treatment has met the requirements as an organic fertilizer as long as its use has exceeded 60 days in the digester.

Selection of URBANIZATION Indicator Species Through Naturalized Plant Distribution Analysis

Purpose: As the number of foreign plants adapted to the urban environment increased, urban plants that could grow and adapt to the city appeared. These plants invade the existing ecosystem and provide direct and indirect risk factors to plants and humans, such as vegetation disturbance in nature and cities and pollen allergy. This study is expected to be used as a standard for urbanization indicators by selecting indicator species through distribution analysis of naturalized plants. Method: This study was analyzed based on flora survey data for 12 years from 2006 to 2017, the 3rd to 4th National Natural Environment Survey period, including 1200 places(776 map index system num-bers). For distribution analysis of naturalized plants, matrix analysis was applied. The researchers ana-lyzed the number of species by frequency of appearance in 162 cities and counties and the number of species by frequency of appearance in 1200 places. In addition, this study classified the distribution grades by the matrix analysis and tried to select the urbanization indicator species by conducting the first and second stages of evaluation. Results: As a result of the second stage evaluation, 34 species were selected. There were 28 species with grades 2 to 3 in the distribution grade. There were 6 species with a naturalization rate of 15% or more and an appearance rate of 40% or more. Species with an urbanization index of 15% or more and an appearance rate of 40% or more were analyzed as 15 species. As a result of synthesizing the evaluation items, researchers selected 6 species as urbanization indicators species. Conclusion: The urbanization indicator species had a low distribution grade, and they had a high fre-quency of appearance in 17 administrative districts. Researchers selected species of high appearance rates in areas with high naturalization rates and species of high appearance rates in regions with high urbanization indexes. As a result, 6 species were selected, including Juncea, Supina, Coccinea, Great rag-weed, Common groundsel, and Asper.

ANALISIS STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI TUMBUHAN ASING INVASIF (INVASIVE SPECIES) PADA KAWASAN GUNUNG SIBUATAN DESA NAGALINGGA KECAMATAN MEREK KABUPATEN KARO SUMATERA UTARA

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>Foreign Plants Invasive<em> </em>(Invasive Species) have the ability to grow and develop very quickly in an ecosystem so that they can cause environmental damage. The purpose of this research is to find out the structure and composition of weed plants in the area of Mount Sibuatan, Nagalingga Village, Brand District, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, using the checkered line method with 10 x 10 m in size plot which is placed by purposive sampling. Based on the research that has been carried out, it was obtained 20 families of 34 species with 452 individuals that divided into three levels of vegetation, namely trees, sapling and basic vegetation. The dominant families found consisted of the Asterceae and Euphorbiaceae families with 64.12% and 76.43% of percentage, the co-dominant families were the Poaceae and Rosaceae families with 17.06 and 16.20% of percentage. The highest Importance Value Index (INP) of the area is the species of <em>Austroeupatorium inulifolium</em> (Kunth) R.M.King & H. Rob with a value of 92.37. The invasive plants diversity index has moderate abundance of plant diversity. The spread patterns of invasive plants are include into the category of groups.</p>

Spectral parameters of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seeds in technogenic conditions of urban environment

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) is an invasive species with high activity in alien flora of Ukraine. Invasive potential of plants in unfavorable ecological conditions is due to the presence of adaptive mechanisms. One of the criteria for the invasive potential of foreign plants is considered to be seed productivity. For plants of black locust note a high level of seed productivity. However, it remains to be seen what factors ensure the formation of viable seeds in extreme environments. Among the factors that ensure the formation of viable plant seeds, note the barrier function of the seed coat relative to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The physiological role of this protective barrier is realized due to the specific properties and component composition of the surface tissues of seeds. Among the metabolites with protective properties localized in the seed coat, consider proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), which are formed during the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. To objectively assess changes in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins in the seed coat, it is necessary to use non-destructive methods, because the isolation of these compounds destroys their native polymer structure. The influence of technogenic pollution of Dnipro city on the reflectance, colorimetric and fluorescent characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seeds is investigated in the work. Mature seeds of black locust were collected at monitoring sites in the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (ecologically favorable zone) and at some points of linear roadside plantations of one of the main highways. It was found that the chronic effect of aerogenic pollutants on black locust plants caused an increased accumulation of proanthocyanidins in the seed coat, which may be due to changes in the biosynthesis of these compounds at the stage of oxidative polymerization of flavonoid subunits. Markers of this reaction of plants are the change of position and increase of intensity of maxima in the reflectance spectra of visible region, increase of value of dominant wavelength, decrease of conditional purity of color tone and colorimetric coefficients, increase of intensity of maxima in seed fluorescence spectra. The protective effect of these adaptive changes is associated with the strengthening of the barrier function of the seed coat to adverse environmental factors to maintain the viability of the seeds under the negative impact of technogenic pollution.

Comparison of Antibacterial activity and medicinal properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) between native and international genera

Human societies have always a golden sign to show the noticeable spectacles of coexistence with their environments, precisely the impact of plants in every phases of their life. Several qualitative as well as quantitative approaches are taken into account to emphasize the effective integration of plants into a medical system. Therefore this experiment was designed to standardize and evaluate the health of active plant-extract and their dynamic use in healthcare system to open a new era in drug designing. In order to maintain this knowledge, plant extract of ginger and garlic from native and hybrid source were chosen (July 2018 to July 2019 from different zone of Bangladesh) in this experiment and sensitivity pattern of these extracts against two enteric disease causing organisms Bacillus cereus and Vibrio cholerae were conducted to investigate the role of these natural sources as medicinal plants. To compare the authenticity and efficacy of the plant extracts, selected strains were also challenged with conventional antibiotics. Finally, the results portrayed that the ethanoic and methanoic extract of both native garlic and ginger extracts showed more prominent sensitivity towards the gram negative organisms as compared to the foreign plants of same genera.

Chemical fingerprinting of three Anemone species and an adulteration study to detect cross mixing of medicinal plants by HPLC-HR-ESI-MS/MS method

The adulteration of plant raw materials used for the preparation of herbal drugs with foreign plant material is one of the important issues in the quality control of herbal products. Chemical fingerprinting is a well-known approach for the characterization of secondary metabolites associated with the plant species and can be used for quality control of plant material. The current study centred on the development of chemical fingerprinting of three medicinal plants of genus Anemone including A. obtusiloba, A. falconeri and A tetrasepala through identification of their metabolites using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. Thirty compounds were identified by using high-resolution positive and negative electrospray- ionization (ESI) modes and MS/MS analysis. The identified compounds belong to diterpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and other classes and their distribution among the analysed species was studied using different statistical tools. Moreover, an LC-HR-ESI-MS/MS method was developed to detect the cross mixing of A. obtusiloba with Ziziphus jujuba. Seven chromatographically differentiative peaks confined to A. obtusiloba were selected to detect its contamination in adulterated samples. The method was able to detect as low as 20% mixing of A. obtusiloba in Z. jujuba. This study can play a significant role to manage the quality control of herbal medicines and to identify lead natural products of these plants.

Review: The Chile Pepper in China: A Cultural Biography, by Brian R. Dott

Review: <i>The Chile Pepper in China: A Cultural Biography</i>, by Brian R. Dott