Foreign Parentage Research Articles

Селекційна оцінка продуктивності свиней зарубіжного походження

Селекційна оцінка продуктивності свиней зарубіжного походження

Access to foreign law in practice: easier said than done

This paper deals with the achilles heel of private international law: how to access, understand and apply foreign law. As globalisation advances, so does the necessity to apply and interpret foreign law, but today even accessing it is still a challenge. This article examines the situation through an empirical study on the application of foreign parentage law by Belgian courts and non-judicial authorities. It also focuses on the use of two existing tools to ascertain foreign law, that is, the European Judicial Network website and the London Convention. The empirical data reveal that judges and non-judicial authorities have no objections in principle to applying foreign law. However, they lack structural support to properly carry out this task. Hence, Belgian courts use escape mechanisms to avoid having to apply foreign law. The article argues that the access to up-to-date and good-quality information on foreign law should remain a key concern of private international law.

High-resolution HLA haplotype frequencies of stem cell donors in Germany with foreign parentage: How can they be used to improve unrelated donor searches?

In hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, human leukocyte antigens (HLA), usually HLA loci A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1, are required to check histocompatibility between a potential donor and the recipient suffering from a malignant or non-malignant blood disease. As databases of potential unrelated donors are very heterogeneous with respect to typing resolution and number of typed loci, donor registries make use of haplotype frequency-based algorithms to provide matching probabilities for each potentially matching recipient/donor pair. However, it is well known that HLA allele and haplotype frequencies differ significantly between populations. We estimated high-resolution HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 haplotype and allele frequencies of donors within DKMS German Bone Marrow Donor Center with parentage from 17 different countries: Turkey, Poland, Italy, Russian Federation, Croatia, Greece, Austria, Kazakhstan, France, The Netherlands, Republic of China, Romania, Portugal, USA, Spain, United Kingdom and Bosnia and Herzegovina. 5-locus haplotypes including HLA-DQB1 are presented for Turkey, Poland, Italy and Russian Federation. We calculated linkage disequilibria for each sample. Genetic distances between included countries could be shown to reflect geography. We further demonstrate how genetic differences between populations are reflected in matching probabilities of recipient/donor pairs and how they influence the search for unrelated donors as well as strategic donor center typings.

Transitions to Adulthood in Immigrant America: Barriers and Opportunities [Figures and Data Tables

[Power point slides to accompany SSRN abstract= 2182128.] Approximately 30 percent of the more than 68 million young adults aged 18 to 34 in the United States today are either foreign born or of foreign parentage. As these newcomers make their transitions to adulthood, their experiences and readiness to progress to adulthood differ significantly from one another, and from their native-parentage counterparts. For many ethnic groups, significant progress takes place from the first to the second generation. But for millions of young immigrants, a lack of legal permanent residency status blocks their prospects for social mobility. Immigrant groups experience gaps in social, economic, and legal status that are even greater than the gaps between native whites and blacks. These social and economic divides reflect three very different ways immigrants enter the country: through regular immigration channels, without legal authorization, or as state-sponsored refugees. Having an undocumented status has become all the more consequential with the failure of Congress to pass comprehensive federal immigration reforms. In the 2011 Pastora Cafferty Lecture on Race and Ethnicity in American Life, professor Ruben G. Rumbaut described how generation, national origin, and the contexts in which they are coming of age in America shape the experiences of these newcomers as they become adults.

Racial Differences in Multigenerational Living Arrangements in 1910

We explore racial differences in multigenerational living arrangements in 1910, focusing on trigenerational kin structures. Coresidence across generations represents a public function of the family, and we observe this across different ages or life-course stages through which adults came to be at risk for providing simultaneous household support for multiple generations of kin dependents. Using data from the 1.4 percent 1910 Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample, our comparisons adjust for marital turnover, including widow(er)hood/divorce and remarriage, as rates are known to be historically higher among African Americans in this period. Across subgroups defined by age and sex, we find that African Americans are virtually always as likely as or more likely than European Americans (of both native and foreign parentage) to live as grandparents in trigenerational households. Widow(er)hood/divorce generally increased the likelihood of trigenerational coresidence, while remarriage sometimes increased, sometimes decreased, and sometimes had no association with this living arrangement. Also, we find that the life-course staging of household kin support in 1910 differed across race/generation partly due to different economic and demographic circumstances, suggesting more complexity in kin support than previously considered. We discuss these findings in relation to the histories of African American and European American families as well as their implications for future research.

Racial Differences in Multigenerational Living Arrangements in 1910

We explore racial differences in multigenerational living arrangements in 1910, focusing on trigenerational kin structures. Coresidence across generations represents a public function of the family, and we observe this across different ages or life-course stages through which adults came to be at risk for providing simultaneous household support for multiple generations of kin dependents. Using data from the 1.4 percent 1910 Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample, our comparisons adjust for marital turnover, including widow(er)hood/divorce and remarriage, as rates are known to be historically higher among African Americans in this period. Across subgroups defined by age and sex, we find that African Americans are virtually always as likely as or more likely than European Americans (of both native and foreign parentage) to live as grandparents in trigenerational households. Widow(er)hood/divorce generally increased the likelihood of trigenerational coresidence, while remarriage sometimes increased, sometimes decreased, and sometimes had no association with this living arrangement. Also, we find that the life-course staging of household kin support in 1910 differed across race/generation partly due to different economic and demographic circumstances, suggesting more complexity in kin support than previously considered. We discuss these findings in relation to the histories of African American and European American families as well as their implications for future research.

Immigration and Adult Transitions

Almost 30 percent of the more than 68 million young adults aged eighteen to thirty-four in the United States today are either foreign born or of foreign parentage. As these newcomers make their transitions to adulthood, say Rubén Rumbaut and Golnaz Komaie, they differ significantly not only from one another but also from their native-parentage counterparts, including blacks and whites. The authors document the demographic changes in the United States over the past forty years and describe the ways in which generation and national origin shape the experiences of these newcomers as they become adults. Rumbaut and Komaie point out that immigrant groups experience gaps in social, economic, and legal status that are even greater than the gaps between native whites and blacks. By far the most-educated (Indians) and the least-educated (Mexicans) groups in the United States today are first-generation immigrants, as are the groups with the lowest poverty rate (Filipinos) and the highest poverty rate (Dominicans). These social and economic divides reflect three very different ways immigrants enter the country: through regular immigration channels, without legal authorization, or as state-sponsored refugees. For many ethnic groups, significant progress takes place from the first to the second generation. But, say the authors, for millions of young immigrants, a lack of legal permanent residency status blocks their prospects for social mobility. Having an undocumented status has become all the more consequential with the failure of Congress to pass comprehensive federal immigration reforms. In the coming two decades, as the U.S. native-parentage labor force continues to shrink, immigrants and their children are expected to account for most of the growth of the nation's labor force, with the fastest-growing occupations requiring college degrees. Rumbaut and Komaie stress that one key to the nation's future will be how it incorporates young adults of immigrant origin in its economy, polity, and society, especially how it enables these young adults to have access to, and to attain, postsecondary education and its manifold pyoffs.

Paths of Assimilation in the Second Generation

In this short book (125 pages plus a long appendix), Joel Perlmann compares the educational and economic progress of Southern and Eastern European immigrants and their offspring in the early and mid-twentieth century with that of post-1965 Mexican immigrants and their children. The aim is to examine the extent to which the process of socioeconomic assimilation to American society has changed over time by comparing immigrants whose backgrounds and roles in the American economy were similar. To this end, Perlmann deftly mines the currently available microdata sample for various census years and advances a series of astute observation about the suitability of certain comparisons over time. He properly excludes Russian immigrants from the comparison on the grounds that Jewish immigrants were more likely to be employed as skilled workers or to be self-employed, eventually in commerce, than immigrants from the other SCE (South, Central, Eastern European) groups (p. 12). He also warns that the timing of arrival of the first generation, the proportion of child immigrants among them, and the rate of marriage to the native-born make a great deal of difference. Concerning the latter point, Perlmann notes that, in every case, the achievements of children of mixed parentage are higher than those of full foreign parentage, and that the percentage of the mixed-parentage group is greater in the later cohorts. Thus, when one examines the educational attainments for any group's second generation, the rise in educational attainment across time is partly due to

The “Americanisation” of migrants: Evidence for the contribution of ethnicity, social deprivation, lifestyle and life-course processes to the mid-20th century Coronary Heart Disease epidemic in the US

We investigated the contribution of the large-scale immigration of White Europeans into the US between 1850 and 1930 to the timing and extent of the epidemic pattern of heart disease between 1900 and 1980. The analyses are based on data collected through the United States Federal Census from 1850 to the present. The hardcopy historical record confirms that census reports themselves and related monographs were concerned from 1850 with excessive mortality from heart disease of immigrants, particularly of Northern European origin and initially at least, their first-generation native-born children. Our analysis of the electronic database indicates a strong relationship between the percentage of US population foreign born and native born of foreign parentage and age adjusted mortality from heart disease. We identified a lag of 50 years giving the maximum linear correlation coefficient for men ( r 2 = 0.92 ), and for women a shorter lag of 38 years and an earlier decline in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) rates ( r 2 = 0.96 ). Both the rise and fall of the CHD epidemic over an 80-year period correspond closely to the rise and fall of the foreign population in previous years. For the foreign born only, age adjusted negative binomial general estimated equation (GEE) models calculate the relative risk of dying of heart disease per 10% increase in proportion foreign born. There is an independent influence for men until 1930 and for women throughout the period from 1910 onwards. We conclude there is an impact of immigration on the pattern of the epidemic, mediated through a combination of factors, such as accumulated life-course susceptibility, deprived socio-economic conditions upon arrival, and the enthusiastic uptake of behaviours related to the classic risk factors of smoking, high saturated fat and salt diet. Our analysis provides a more contextualised understanding of the scale and timing of the epidemic of CHD in the US.

The Romance of Assimilation: Studying the Demographic Outcomes of Ethnic Intermarriage in American History

Contemporary ethnic and racial intermarriage are the subject of increasing discussion in connection with America's future population; with such concerns in mind, the paper suggests a reorientation of ethnic intermarriage studies and provides related data. Yet our long record of historical experience with intermarriage, and indeed most of the discussion of contemporary trends deal with rates at one moment in time; even the few historical studies of intermarriage rates deal principally with one historical moment. Nevertheless, it is the long-term, cross-generational, impact of intermarriage is crucial to the blending of peoples. The ancestry data in the United States Census is a partial but ultimately unsatisfactory source for keeping track of what might be called the genealogist's record of a people's origins and blending: not the record of what respondents declare to be the origins with which they identify, but the full record of their ethnic origins. This working paper therefore proposes a strategy for advancing the discussion of origins by focussing on census records of the third generation (the children living in households of native-born of foreign parentage, in the censuses of 1880-1970). The efforts to identify these individuals and to handle ambiguous cases are discussed for fourteen datasets: grandchildren of Irish, German, Italian, Polish and Mexican immigrants in a range of census years. The major focus is on the Italians in 1960 and the major conclusion is that about half the grandchildren of Italian immigrants are also children who had grandparents from other ethnic origins. Indeed, those with four Italian grandparents and two native-born parents (the core meaning of third generation status) are only one quarter of all who had an Italian-immigrant grandparent. The working paper also presents data showing how the lopsided gender ratio nevertheless resulted in low rates of immigrant-generation intermarriage; their grandchildren of mixed descent are the product of cumulative outmarriage patterns and of increased intermarriage in the second generation.

Introduction: Immigration and Its Aftermath

The articles in this issue offer the reader a wealth of information on a topic of increasing visibility in the field of immigration. For a variety of reasons, the growth and adaptation of the second generation have not been subjects of great concern for researchers in this field during the recent past. Reasons include the relative youth of the second generation spawned by post-1965 immigration to the United States and the difficulties of studying it on the basis of census and other official data. Scholarly attention in this field has remained focused on adult immigrants, who are more visible and whose progress through the labor market and through the immigration bureaucracy can be more easily traced. Social scientists whose professional concern is with children, such as sociologists of education, have noted the surge of foreign-origin and, for the most part, nonwhite students in the nation's schools. However, the manner in which data on this new phenomenon have been packaged has hopelessly obscured its character and implications. School records and scholarly surveys most frequently use a classificatory scheme for students based on the pan-ethnic labels Hispanic, Black, Asian, and non-His? panic white. Such data are nearly useless for the study of the second generation because they mix children of native and foreign parentage, as well as those from the most diverse nationalities. The ethnic category Hispanic, for example, combines children whose ancestors were living in the country at the time of the Civil War with those who arrived recently as unauthorized aliens. The category Asian is still more egregious because the children grouped under it do not even share a parental language in common (Portes andTruelove, 1987; Massey, 1993). The dearth of accessible census data and the compressing of second-gen? eration youth into a classificatory scheme that obliterates their history have had the consequence of obscuring a major phenomenon in the recent evolution of American society. This result is unfortunate because the adap? tation of the second generation will be decisive in establishing the long-term outlook for contemporary immigration. It is indeed among the second generation, not the first, where such issues as the continuing dominance of English, the growth of a welfare-dependent population, the resilience of culturally distinct urban enclaves, and the decline or growth of ethnic intermarriages will be permanently decided. For example, the much de? bated issue of the loss of English hegemony in certain areas heavily affected by immigration will not be decided by first-generation immigrants, but by

American Immigration, Fertility, and Race Suicide at the Turn of the Century

The basis for nineteenth-century fears of race suicide in United States is examined namely the differential fertility of immigrant women native-born women of foreign parentage and native-born women of native parentage. The analysis is based on 1900 Public Use Sample a national random sample of households drawn from federal census which includes information on fertility of over 22000 women between ages of 15 and 44. Our study reports fertility differentials at turn of century and explores determinants of contrasting levels of childbearing. The results show that overall fertility levels cannot be explained by degree of American assimilation. We found that second-generation women experienced strikingly low overall fertility relative to both foreign-born women and native-born women of native parentage. Moreover data indicate that ethnic population had lower fertility than third-generation native-born population. (EXCERPT)

Ethnic Group Settlement on the Great Plains

he importance of foreign-born immigrants and their children for the settlement of the Great Plains has been largely overlooked by historians of the frontier and of the trans-Mississippi West. While an extensive literature exists treating Indian history and Indian-white relationships, white populations have usually been treated as homogeneous. In such a classic study as Walter Prescott Webb's The Great Plains, ethnic groups of European origin are scarcely mentioned. More recent interpretations of the region note differences between Indians, Chicanos, Orientals, and blacks, but fail to distinguish European ethnic groups, such as Norwegians, Germans, and Czechs from each other or from the native-born populations.' Analysis of census data for the nineteenth century, however, reveals that the foreign-born and their children often constituted a majority of the frontier population of the Great Plains states. In 1870, when the fringe of settlement moved onto the eastern reaches of the Great Plains, 25 percent of the 123,000 persons in the newly created state of Nebraska were foreign-born. Together with the second generation, they accounted for 54 percent of all inhabitants, excluding Indians. Even as late as 1900, immigrants and natives of foreign parentage formed 47 percent of the state's

Immigrant Social Aspirations and American Education, 1880-1930

of 1910 suggest that immigrant families showed as much or more zeal for education as those in which the parents were native Americans. Not just in the South, where the school system was weak and the former slave population large, but in every section of the country, the percentage of children of foreign or mixed parentage aged six to fourteen who were enrolled in school closely approximated that for children of native Americans. And the literacy of the immigrants' offspring was uniformly higher, even in the populous Middle Atlantic and North Central states, where newcomers from central and southern Europe were many, and traditions of education among the Yankee population strong.' The relative preponderance of firstand second-generation immigrants in public school teaching underlines the point. In 1908, in Duluth, Minnesota, 10 per cent of 460 teachers in the kindergarten and elementary grades were themselves immigrants, and the fathers of another 42 per cent were foreign-born.2 Such figures help explain why those who campaigned to restrict immigration on the argument that newcomers were illiterate cited statistics only for the foreign-born themselves, ignoring the achievements of their children.3 Woodbridge M. Ferris, Governor of Michigan during the copper strike of 1913-14, appealed soon after for a great expansion of night school programs for immigrants from central and south-

Some Wyoming Speech Patterns

HANS KURATH'S Word Geography of the Eastern United States2 presents in i graphic form a model for speech analysis. Speech patterns are neatly bounded, and heavy black lines mark with confidence the New England, the Pennsylvania, and the Southern speech areas, or indicate more local pockets of idiom. It is unlikely that such clearly marked isoglosses would appear as often on dialect maps of the Western states. Population is mobile and more recent, and often of mixed origin. Hence, conclusions must be more tentative than in the older parts of our country. Since no study has yet been made of Wyoming, I venture here a few preliminary observations based largely on population statistics and on questionnaires answered by some two hundred Wyoming-born students at the State University. The questionnaire, based on a form used at the University of Michigan and the University of Colorado, deals only with word distributions, not with pronunciations. Furthermore, it appears now that this questionnaire needs revision for the Western states, since it makes no provision for, say, the Spanish infiltrations into New Mexico and Texas, or regional cowboy terms in Wyoming and Montana. My paper has thus only a preliminary or introductory value. Wyoming until I890o presented the smallest population figures of any territory or state in the Union, and even now, though sixth in area among the states exceeds only Nevada in population. In 1870, Wyoming territory had five counties, running in parallel lines from south to north, from Colorado to Montana. The total population was but 9,118 persons, of whom, except for the few at Fort Laramie and South Pass, none was north of the recently completed Union Pacific railroad line. Located chiefly at Cheyenne and Laramie, this population was fully one-third foreign born, as compared with a national average of slightly over 13 percent, and more than one half was of foreign parentage.3 Twenty-one percent of the total population was from the British

SCLEROMA (RHINOSCLEROMA): HISTOLOGIC CHANGES FOLLOWING TELERADIUM THERAPY: REVIEW OF SCLEROMA IN THE UNITED STATES

Scleroma originally was limited in occurrence to central and southeastern Europe, being endemic in Poland, Austria and Russia. Since the World War it has been found with increasing frequency throughout Europe and the rest of the world. In recent years many cases have been observed in South America, Mexico and Central America, particularly in El Salvador and Guatemala. A thorough survey of the American literature reveals 58 cases in the United States during the forty-five years since the first report.1The great majority of the patients were immigrants. It is interesting to note, however, that 8 patients were native born. Although the latter group were mainly of foreign parentage, only 1 had been outside the country (table). These cases support Chamberlin's recent speculation regarding the possibility of scleroma's becoming indigenous in the United States. Furthermore, as he has pointed out, because of the increased facilities for worldwide travel and transcription,

Explaining the Social Socially

States and the Mountain States will the increase of these native white oldsters keep pace with or exceed that in the South. In New England, the Middle Atlantic, the East and the West North Central States, increases in aged native whites of native parentage will fail by a considerable margin to equal the rates of increase in the Southern Division. The case in New England is particularly noteworthy. For this area is estimated an increase among aged native whites of native parentage of only 5. I percent. Most of its increasing old-age assistance clients are to come from the foreign element and particularly from persons born in other countries. Except for the South Atlantic Division, by I940 throughout the South decreases will occur in the total number of aged persons born in foreign lands, this total decreasing by one-fifth in the West South Central States. Furthermore, aged persons of foreign or mixed parentage, of slight importance in the South, will not increase nearly so fast in the Southern Divisions as in the United States as a whole. All in all the trends will confine the South's old-age problem even more to those who are old primarily of the Anglo-Saxon and Scotch-Irish stocks. Throughout the Nation Negroes will graduate into the social security ages by I940 at a more rapid rate than any racial and nativity group except the native whites of foreign parentage. However, even though the South contains the bulk of the Negroes, a relatively small amount of this increase will be felt in the Region. The rate of increase in every Southern Division promises to be considerably below the national average, and only one-half or less the rate in the non-Southern Divisions. If through back-to-theland movements the South is not forced to accept responsibility for industry's superannuated, decrepit, and indigent Negroes, the next decades will see a much better regional distribution of responsibilities for this, the most helpless class of Americans, than has prevailed in the past.

Crime and the Native Born Sons of European Immigrants

2. This higher crime rate of the native born of foreign stock has been generally attributed to the fact that the cultural guides of their parents' social heritage have been swept from them in their strange new turbulent environment and those of the new cultural milieu have not yet been instilled in them. They have been pictured as living apart from both the cultural worlds of their parents and of America. Disoriented by language differences, institutional disparities, and other fundamental cultural contradictions, the native born of foreign parentage, it is claimed, have drifted into anti-social conduct, into delinquency and eventually crime.' The purpose of this paper is to analyze somewhat critically this general thesis. To do so, certain widely accepted remarks concerning urban and rural crime rates are presented as a basis for discussion.

The Relation of Reading Characteristics to Social Indexes

Two small areas in Chicago were studied to determine the differences in the amount and character of the reading of books and periodicals. One area is a middle-class residential district, the other an industrial community largely foreign born or of foreign parentage. The residential community with a higher economic status, better educational background, and greater average maturity in age contrasted sharply with the other community, their reading being far wider and of much higher quality. Reading material was, however, more accessible to the group that read most. The most striking difference was in the comparative circulation of detective, adventure, and confessional and love periodicals. Heaviest reading occurs in an age span from fifteen to thirty-four.

A statistical study of mental diseases among natives of foreign white parentage in New York State

A statistical study of mental diseases among natives of foreign white parentage in New York State