Foreign Medicine Research Articles

Medical Sovereignty of Russia: the Problem of Dependence of Domestic Elites on Therapy Abroad

The article considers the problem of dependence of Russian elite groups on foreign medicine. The analysis of world practice has shown that the foreign medical dependence of elites is characteristic of a number of developing countries, as well as countries with an "oil curse", when foreign economic dependence and foreign medical dependence complement each other. Over the past decades, including the period of anti-Russian sanctions since 2014, publicly available information on cases of medical care provided to federal and regional high-level officials, well-known artists and professional athletes has been systematized. Using the example of the accessibility of foreign medicine for the political and managerial establishment of Russia, the selectivity of anti-Russian sanctions, convenient for external opponents, is shown. At the same time, Russia did not decide on a directive ban on elites using medical care abroad. The stories of media pressure on politicians and businessmen (E.M. Primakov, O.Y. Tinkov) have been revealed, showing the personal vulnerability of people who have become dependent on foreign medicines and therapy. At the same time, a number of examples have confirmed the operability of a possible scenario of a complete ban on elites receiving medical care abroad as a catalyst for the development of domestic medicine, pharmaceutical and medical industries, as well as a way to equalize elites before the "collective West" in the rights to external medical care.

Machine Learning Techniques for Medicinal Leaf Prediction and Disease Identification

Trees have been a crucial component in humans' lives for hundreds of years, providing food, shelter, and medicine. Some trees have a lot of medicinal properties that cure many diseases. In the old days, Ayurvedic methods were popular for various treatments, but nowadays, the demand for foreign medicine is increasing gradually, which also has side effects. This paper addresses this issue by deciding on the medical conditions corresponding to a symptom and predicting an herb leaf that can be treated it using some modern machine learning techniques. We have used three machine learning methods to accomplish this goal: Multinomial Naive Bayes, Gradient Boosting and Random Forest. These techniques were then used to assess the symptoms and decide the name of the disease and which leaf is appropriate for medicine. The highest accuracy (92%) was produced by the Multinomial Naive Bayes algorithm, thereby showing its capability to predict the right medicinal leaf based on given symptoms. The results show that machine learning algorithms, especially Multinomial Naive Bayes, can identify diseases and recommend suitable medicinal leaves. This approach holds promise for integrating traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern technology to offer alternative treatments with potentially fewer side effects.

Development of a Reference Installation for Metrological Support of the Delta Value Measurements of the Ratio of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Exhaled Air

Breath tests in domestic and foreign medicine are recognized as an effective and safe way to identify pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract, in particular the Helicobacter Pylori bacteria. At the end of the 20th century, a urease breath test was introduced into clinical practice to diagnose diseases of the gastrointestinal tract; it was based on the use of urea labeled with a stable isotope 13C ( 13C-urease breath test). The essence was to measure the delta value of the ratio of carbon and oxygen isotopes in exhaled air.Over decades of clinical practice of using this test, a wealth of experience related to the diagnosis of diseases caused, including by the Helicobacter Pylori bacteria has been accumulated. A significant amount of knowledge has also been accumulated in terms of metrological support of the carbon and oxygen isotope delta in exhaled air.The article describes the procedure and results of developing a development of a measurement standard of carbon and oxygen isotope delta in exhaled air, implemented within the R&D a/c No. «Sistema-2020-М» at the D. I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM). The authors presented the theoretical study, test methodology, their sequence and results. The article also contains a report on the international comparisons CCQM-P204 “Isotope ratios of CO2 (δ13VPDB and δ18VPDB) in pure CO2” with the application of the measurement standard developed by VNIIM. The metrological characteristics of the measurement standard obtained during the comparisons correspond to the most accurate measurements of the ratio of carbon and oxygen isotopes, which guarantees the recognition of the measurement results at the international level. Considering the high demand for breath tests in medical practice and obvious prospects of this type of diagnostics, further research will be aimed at creating a State Primary Standard for the delta value unit of the ratio of isotopes of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen based on the created measurement standard and the development of certified reference materials of the ratio of isotopes of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen in liquid, solid, and gaseous media, including for the purpose of replacing foreign-made materials.

An early Prussian study on the composition of milk from 1871

Connections between the 2 scientific fields of physiology and dairy science have existed for a very long time-since the 19th century. One possible explanation for this circumstance could have been the necessity for financial support, which might have played a significant role for many theoretical physiologists to conduct studies on dairy products. This study discusses a correspondence written by the physiologist R. Gscheidlen to J. A. Winter, the main editor of the German (previously Saxon) journal "Schmidt's Yearbooks on the Entire Field of Domestic and Foreign Medicine" ("Schmids Jahrbücher der in-und ausländischen gesammten Medicin"). Gscheidlen submitted a review manuscript on the composition of milk to Winter's journal. In that work, which was published later as the first issue's very first article of the first volume (of in total 4 quarterly volumes) in 1871, Gscheidlen mainly refers to Eduard Kemmerich, who later became a pioneer of cattle breeding in Argentine. Therefore, studies on dairy products and on dairy science, although regularly not very significant from a theoretical and physiological point of view, obviously had concrete implications for practical purposes. Furthermore, other parts of Winter's journal, volume 1871, indicate that Gscheidlen tried to connect these studies with his early theoretical works on physiological metabolism. These theoretical studies included experiments that already explored basic principles of the urea cycle from today's point of view. Of course, these works, which were partly carried out on animals, must have been extravagant and expensive. For that reason, it is possible to assume that early dairy science and other scientific fields in Germany around 1870, which were linked to the developing food industry, had a very significant influence on the advances in theoretical metabolism physiology.

Ways to translate medical terms into Chinese

The article analyzes the five most commonly used translation methods: transcription, mixed method (transcription and semantic method), semantic method, semantic method with addition of meanings and semantic method with abbreviations. The subject of the article is the translation of the names of foreign medicines in advertising into Chinese. The purpose of the article is to analyze strategies for translating the names of medicines into Chinese in advertising, as well as to identify the most frequent and popular translation methods. The article analyzes the names of foreign medicines (70 names of medicines) and their translation into Chinese. By comparing the frequency of use of each method, the most frequent method is identified when translating foreign drug names into Chinese. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: descriptive method, method of analysis of theoretical literature, as well as methods of systematization and classification of material. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that, to date, the translation of the names of medical terms has not yet been considered within the framework of the theory of translation equivalence. The practical significance of this article lies in the fact that the results of the study can contribute to the further strengthening and development of trade and international communication. The article provides examples illustrating ways to translate drug names into Chinese. During the study, it was revealed that when translating medical terms from foreign languages into Chinese, the most frequent methods are transcription and the semantic method. At the same time, the percentage of use of semantic and mixed methods (which include transcription and semantic method) is also high.The percentage of prevalence of using the semantic method with addition of meanings and abbreviations is significantly lower.

Study on changes of Styrax varieties

Styrax is a commonly used imported traditional Chinese medicinal material in China. It was introduced to China in the Han Dynasty and was first described as a traditional Chinese medicine in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians(Ming Yi Bie Lu). In this paper, by combing ancient and modern Chinese and foreign herbal medicine books and modern literature, combined with the results of field investigations on the origin of Styrax, the changes of Styrax involving the name, quality evaluation, origin, place of origin, and harvesting and processing were systematically verified. The results show that since ancient times, the origin and place of origin of Styrax have been unclear. The medical scientists of all dynasties in China have evaluated the quality of Styrax from four aspects: texture, viscosity, odor concentration, and color. The varieties of Styrax changed twice. The first change may have occurred during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the base changed from Styrax officinalis to Liquidambar orientalis. The second change was in modern times, and the base changed from L. orientalis to L. styraciflua. At the same time, the place of origin changed for the first time, from Turkey, Syria, and other countries in southern Asia Minor to Honduras, Guatemala, and other countries in Central America and southern North America. This paper studied the historical evolution of Styrax in terms of quality evaluation, origin, place of origin, character, and harvesting and processing. At the same time, it summarized the application of Styrax in the western countries, which can provide a historical basis for the further development and utilization of Styrax.

The Habits of Foreign Medicine Purchases and Familiarity with the Regulations When Purchasing Medicines Abroad Among Young Danes – A Questionnaire Survey

The Habits of Foreign Medicine Purchases and Familiarity with the Regulations When Purchasing Medicines Abroad Among Young Danes – A Questionnaire Survey

Foreign Medicine "Angdi Moniu" in Qing Dynasty Court

There is a kind of historical relics called "Angdi moniu" in the Palace Museum, which looks like metal and appears frequently in the archives of the Qing Dynasty as a foreign medicine.It is stated that it can treat sores and pus in the HanXiu CaoTang Biji and it was also found in the archives of the Palace Office. However, no researcher in the academic community has yet conducted an in-depth research of what exactly is it. Through the investigation of cultural relics, in-depth research of Chinese and foreign literature, and the use of linguistic methods, this paper examines "Angdi Moniu" and its related items, and clarifies that "Angdi Moniu" is antimony, related items are antimonials and antimony cup.

Boundaries and classification: the cultural logic of treating foreign medicine

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Western medicine emerged in China and was considered dangerous by Chinese residents. Relatedly, Chinese medical practitioners have attempted to use knowledge based on traditional Chinese medicine to explain the principles of Western medicine. From the 19th to 20th centuries, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was introduced to the United States, and American residents also described it as dangerous; they believed that TCM could only be accepted after scientific verification and explanation. This article uses the method of historical anthropology to explain these phenomena using boundaries as an analytical concept. This article finds that when foreign medicine crosses borders, it causes the disorganization of local classification systems. When a local classification system cannot provide a suitable location for foreign medicine, such medicine is easily regarded as dangerous by residents. The key to solving this problem is to use local classification systems to reinterpret foreign medicine. Reinterpreted by these local classification systems, foreign medicine can gain legitimacy within local societies. Based on this, the current article attempts to illustrate not only that science is a classification method but also that the boundary between science and nonscience is cultural in a sense, thereby undertaking corresponding cultural functions in daily life.

Evaluation of knowledge, attitude, and perception of pictograms in improving understanding of foreign medicine packages and leaflets among Malaysians

Access to foreign medicines is now more prevalent due to globalization and international travel. However, understanding the labels and content of these medications can be challenging due to the language barrier. Pictograms are visual representations of words or phrases, that can be used on foreign medicinal packages and leaflets to ensure the correct usage of the medications. This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitude, and perception of pictograms in improving the understanding of foreign medicine packages and leaflets among the Malaysian population. Methods: This was a cross- sectional study with stratified random convenience sampling. A total of 397 Malaysian respondents participated in this study. A set of questionnaires was distributed using the Google Forms platform. The scores on knowledge, attitude, and perception were assessed based on previous studies by Bloom’s cut- off point criteria. SPSS version 28.0 was used to analyze the data.

Key problems of the foreign medicines contract production organization in developing countries

Contract manufacturing is gaining momentum in the pharmaceutical industry. Many pharmaceutical companies that do not have enough time and financial resources to build a fullfledged drug development chain transfer some or all phases of development and production to outsourcing. Today, many even large pharmaceutical companies transfer production to developing countries on a contract basis in order to reduce costs. However, despite a number of advantages of outsourcing, it is worth considering the rather significant barriers to the organization of contract manufacturing of medicines in developing countries. The article discusses the main difficulties in organizing contract manufacturing, primarily on examples from other science-intensive and capital-intensive industries. The study shows the similarity of the difficulties that arise when transferring this practice to the pharmaceutical industry. It is also emphasized that in the world of pharmaceuticals there is a growing trend towards the use of generic drugs. One of the undeniable advantages of their production is their economic availability compared to the originals, however, it imposes increased requirements on the contract manufacturer due to the importance of not deviating too far from the original recipe. The research revealed that countries such as China, India and Japan occupy significant shares of the pharmaceutical contract manufacturing market, including generics - primarily due to various combinations of low labor costs, capital and overhead costs (compared to the United States and Europe), tax incentives and, as a result, underestimated production costs. This circumstance is extremely important for the current situation in the pharmaceutical industry in Russia, which must simultaneously make up for the dropped import volumes of finished drugs, and at the same time speed up the stalled import substitution of a number of the most critical products. As a result and purpose of the study, it is possible to identify the identified barriers to speeding up the organization of pharmaceutical contract manufacturing of drugs necessary for the domestic market, to take them into account in the process of developing appropriate government measures.

Investigation of arbitrary drug use and factors influencing it in patients admitted to Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Khorramabad in 2021

Background: Arbitrary use of drugs not only leads to failure to treat the disease but also leads to drug complications, inconsistency of prevalence of diseases in the country with the amount of drug consumption and the problem of indiscriminate drug consumption in the pharmaceutical system of the country. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating self-inflicted medication use factors influencing it among patients admitted to Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Khorramabad. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 381 patients of Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Khorramabad in winter 2021. A simple random sample was drawn and the information of the individuals was collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the demographic information and a t-test was conducted using SPSS 23 software for comparisons. Results: According to the results of this study, the average age of people was 34.322±11.438 years. The percentage of arbitrary drug use was 25.3%. The percentage of self -administered medication was 56.8% for painkillers and 56.2% for multivitamins, 71.2% for cold and flu patients and 38% for chronic and acute headaches. The most important reasons for self-medication are, in this order, the higher quality of foreign medicines compared to Iranian medicines and the use of medicinal plants, and the least important reasons for self-medication are fear and shame of medical examinations, lack of trust in doctors' medicine, taking medicines during illness on the advice of acquaintances and the use of previous doctors' prescriptions were mentioned. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of self-inflicted drug use, it is suggested that various educational programs be implemented by appropriate organizations, including the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, medical centers, and mass media to reduce the factors identified in this study.

Purchasing attitudes of consumers towards domestic and foreign products sold in community pharmacies: A case study of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Purpose: To investigate consumer/client purchasing patterns regarding domestically produced and imported goods in community pharmacies in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of clients of community pharmacies in the FCT was used. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire containing both open-ended and closed-ended questions.Results: The results showed that 67.6 % of the respondents preferred to purchase foreign products stocked in a community pharmacy, 30.7 % domestic ones, while about 2 – 7 % were neutral. Most consumers preferred to purchase locally manufactured herbal products and beverages, although a majority preferred to buy foreign medicines, other medical products, cosmetics, and toiletries. In decreasing order of consideration, cost, availability, prescription, and experience with the product determined their preference for domestic products, while quality, prescription, and experience with the product dictated their choice of foreign products.Conclusion: Nigerian consumers prefer foreign drugs, cosmetics, and toiletries because they are aware of their superior quality. However, they prefer locally produced herbal products and beverages.

Analysis of the current state of the pharmaceutical market of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This article analyses the current state of the pharmaceutical market of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2015-2021 and diagnoses the current problems of pharmaceutical production. The aim: to identify the current trends of the pharmaceutical market in the Republic of Kazakhstan, its specific features and prospects for the development of domestic pharmaceutical production. Materials and methods: statistical data, survey results, mathematical-statistical and analytical comparative methods, SWOT analysis. Research results: according to the results of statistical analysis, pharmaceutical production increased by 101.1 billion tenges in monetary terms compared to 2015, and the export of domestic products increased by 13.3 billion tenges. In 2020, the export of medical preparations due to supplies to Russia amounted to 76.5 %, to Kyrgyzstan 6.5 % and Uzbekistan 4.8 %, to other countries - 12.3 %. It is estimated that the volume of the pharmaceutical market of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2020, compared with 2019, increased by 21.3 % as a result of the development of domestic production and the implementation of the state support program. The total number of medicines registered in the republic is 7449, and the share of domestic production is 13.1 % (978 medical preparations), and 6471 medicines, 86.9 %, are imported. In addition, 9154 medical devices have been registered, and the share of domestic products is 90 %. Online direct expert survey (questionnaire) indicates that the respondents are female pharmacists (74.5 %) aged 36 to 55 years old (52.3 %) with 26-30 years of work experience (32.3 %), who noted the strengths of the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Kazakhstan (U=1.35), as readiness for modernisation and state support (47 %), political stability (44 %), weaknesses (U=1.35) - insignificant capacity of the pharmaceutical market (55.5 %), limited range of domestic pharmaceutical products and substances (50.9 %), opportunities (U=1.4) - active investment policy (62.7 %), expansion of digital and remote channels (25.4 %), threats (U=1.4) – import dependence (69.9 %), high volatility of the tenge exchange rate (24.1 %). Based on the pharmaceutical market analysis and expert survey of specialists, a strategic matrix of SWOT analysis was built. Conclusion. As a result of the analysis, the dependence of the pharmaceutical industry and the pharmaceutical market on imported foreign medicines and substances were revealed. However, the volume of pharmaceutical products produced in the Republic of Kazakhstan increases annually. Therefore, for the further development of the pharmaceutical industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, considering its import dependence, additional funding is needed for research and educational activities for the development of innovative medical preparations and substances

An overview of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity

It might be difficult to diagnose pigmented lesions of the mouth and perioral regions. Although several lesions may be correctly identified on the basis of clinical findings alone and while epidemiology may be helpful in guiding the clinician, the histological examination is typically necessary for the final diagnosis. Oral hyperpigmentation may present exogenously/ endogenously; pathologically/physiologically. The differential diagnosis depends on factors like medication usage, familial history in addition to the position, spread, and length as well as hue and pattern variations. Physiological pigmentation, melanotic macule, melanocytic nevus, smoker's melanosis, oral melanoacanthoma, pigmentation caused by foreign matter or medicines, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, and oral melanoma are examples of dark or black pigmented discolorations that can be unifocal, multifocal, or dispersed macular lesions.

Techniques of the Supramundane: Physician-Monks’ Medical Skills during the Early Medieval China (220–589) in China

Hagiographical tales tell us that some Buddhist monks who lived during the Early Medieval China (220–589) possessed considerable medical skills. Some were proficient in foreign medicine, while others had mastery over traditional Chinese medicine. The outstanding medical practitioners among these monks included Yu Fakai 于法開, Zhi Facun 支法存, Sengshen 僧深, and Shi Daohong 釋道洪. In addition to having a background in traditional Chinese medicine, these individuals are said to have had access to foreign medical knowledge due to their status as monks. However, the literature on these physician-monks’ medical skills is limited, which is why the present paper aims to explore this matter further, especially by introducing and elaborating upon some modern Chinese research which has generally gone unnoticed in international scholarship. To this end, this paper critically analyzes various historical records detailing these monks’ lives. It shows that, in addition to having extraordinary medical skills, some of these physician-monks mastered methods to cure specific diseases (such as beriberi [jiaoqi bing 腳氣病] (This is the name of the disease in traditional Chinese Medicine. It refers to a disease characterized by numbness, soreness, weakness, contracture, swelling, or muscle withering in the legs and feet.)). It also shows that they were usually more accurate in syndrome differentiation, while the treatments they prescribed were unique. However, given the lack of information, further research is required to clarify how these physician-monks learned methods as well as the impact of their foreign medicine knowledge on their methods.

‘Fake News’ in Seventeenth-Century France: The Case of Le Mercure galant

Abstract Le Mercure galant, one of France’s first newspapers, is notable for its diverse content: politics and foreign affairs, court news, science and medicine, the arts and literature. Directed by Jean Donneau de Visé from its inception in 1672 until his death in 1710, this influential and innovative monthly publication circulated throughout France and beyond its borders. The Mercure’s tendency to blur the lines between truth and fiction, between history and propaganda, and between information and entertainment, makes it an instructive case study in early modern ‘fake news’. Donneau de Visé, a self-styled royal historiographer and the beneficiary of a generous royal pension, dedicated his periodical to the Dauphin and published abundant praise of Louis XIV. The Mercure’s news reporting included distortions and propaganda intended to bolster and further entrench the king’s foreign and domestic policies. The Mercure’s nouvelles, short stories presented as true recent events, constituted another type of ‘fake news’, one that often had a different effect, inviting the re-examination of social norms. The nouvelles appealed to the Mercure’s sizeable community of women readers by accentuating female agency and providing a vehicle for the exploration of scenarios of female empowerment.

Retrospective research of the range of combined antihypertensive drugs in Ukraine in 2022 compared to 2015

The prevalence of arterial hypertension is reaching alarming proportions in low- and middle-income countries, including Ukraine. A sufficiently high prevalence of hypertension among people of the working age creates an additional economic burden on the country's budget.
 Domestic and international clinical guidelines for the treatment of hypertension recommend to prefer using the combinations of drugs from different groups for the treatment of hypertension. Fixed combinations provide additional benefits for patients and healthcare programs, including simpler dosing regimens, improved adherence and better blood pressure control.
 The aim of this research was to analyze the dynamics of changes in the range of fixed combinations of antihypertensive drugs registered at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in 2022 compared to 2015.
 The object of the research was the data of the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine for 2015 and 2022. The research was conducted using modern methods of analysis, systematization and generalization, mathematical and statistical calculations.
 According to the results of the retrospective analysis it was established that the total number of registered drugs increased by 28%. During the analyzed period, the assortment of the domestic market was supplemented with new combinations of antihypertensive drugs, which contribute to the qualitative and quantitative expansion of the assortment of combined antihypertensive drugs.
 In the analyzed period, there was a tendency to increase the share of medicines containing a fixed triple combination of active substances, which have antihypertensive effect, from 5.8% in 2015 to 13.6% of the assortment in 2022.
 The analysis of the assortment structure of combined antihypertensive drugs made it possible to establish a significant dominance of two groups, namely, angiotensin II receptor blockers in combination with diuretics (almost 27% of the assortment) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with diuretics (from 36.1% to 20% of the assortment).
 According to the analysis, the dominance of foreign medicines at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine was established. In 2015, the share of Ukrainian manufacturers was 26.45%, but the expansion of the range of drugs in the period until 2022 was provided by foreign manufacturing companies, which led to decrease in the share of domestic drugs to 17.3%.
 The analysis of the domestic market of combined antihypertensive drugs showed significant saturation and increase in the depth of the product range in the period to 2022. Nevertheless, it also made possible to establish the feasibility of creating and developing domestic combined antihypertensive drugs.

АНАЛИЗ УРОВНЯ И ДИНАМИКИ ЦЕН НА РОССИЙСКОМ РЫНКЕ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ДЛЯ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ И ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ОРВИ И ГРИППА

Abstract. The article presents the results of a price analysis of the Russian market of drugs used for the prevention of SARS and influenza. Due to the increase in demand for antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs caused by an increase in the incidence and the spread of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, the population and various subjects of the Russian pharmaceutical market require objective information about price changes and the reasons why they occurred. The study was based on sales audit data for drugs used to prevent SARS and influenza, provided by the research company DSM Group. To analyze the price level, the arithmetic average weighted price per pack was determined, and to study the price dynamics, chain and basic price indices were calculated. The article presents information about prices for medicines used for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza, and the dynamics of their changes in the Russian pharmaceutical market as a whole and in individual subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as in the context of their division into Russian and foreign medicines included in the List of vital essential and essential medicines and non-essential medicines, different price ranges. It has been established that in the past three years, against the backdrop of increased demand for antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs, their price growth rates have significantly exceeded the price growth rates in the entire Russian pharmaceutical market. The largest contribution to the increase in prices in the studied market segment is made by domestic drugs, the growth rates of which significantly exceed the growth rates of prices for imported products. Relatively high growth rates of prices for drugs included in the Vital and Essential Drugs List have been revealed, which over the past three years have significantly exceeded the growth rates for drugs that are not subject to price regulation. It is proposed to strengthen control over pricing and price dynamics in the segment of antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs in order to prevent high rates of price growth, which is especially relevant due to the continued high demand for them.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of cows with subclinical mastitis

When examining the contents of the udder of lactating cows with Masttest, a subclinical form of mastitis was in 28.98% of the animals. Most often, the defeat of one lobe of the udder was noted (35.1%). The occurrence of subclinical mastitis in two udder lobes was recorded in 34.31% of cows, in three lobes - in 18.63%. The occurrence of a subclinical mastitis form in all lobes of the mammary gland was only in 1.96% of animals. The course of treatment of cows with subclinical mastitis up to 5 days with mastomycin, vakkamast and mastivex is more effective compared to their use for 2-3 days. It is most expedient to use mastomycin, vakkamast, which are not inferior in therapeutic efficacy to the foreign preparation mastivex (Spain), but 1.6–1.7 times cheaper and exclude dependence on the market of foreign medicines.