Foreign Material Research Articles

Structural variation of types IV-A1- and IV-A3-mediated CRISPR interference

CRISPR-Cas mediated DNA-interference typically relies on sequence-specific binding and nucleolytic degradation of foreign genetic material. Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas systems diverge from this general mechanism, using a nuclease-independent interference pathway to suppress gene expression for gene regulation and plasmid competition. To understand how the type IV-A system associated effector complex achieves this interference, we determine cryo-EM structures of two evolutionarily distinct type IV-A complexes (types IV-A1 and IV-A3) bound to cognate DNA-targets in the presence and absence of the type IV-A signature DinG effector helicase. The structures reveal how the effector complexes recognize the protospacer adjacent motif and target-strand DNA to form an R-loop structure. Additionally, we reveal differences between types IV-A1 and IV-A3 in DNA interactions and structural motifs that allow for in trans recruitment of DinG. Our study provides a detailed view of type IV-A mediated DNA-interference and presents a structural foundation for engineering type IV-A-based genome editing tools.

Stem cell seeding of decellularised porcine right ventricular outflow tracts to advance repair of congenital heart defects

Abstract Background Replacement of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is necessary in many critical congenital heart disease subtypes, often when the child is less than one year old. Poor availability of small-diameter cardiac homografts necessitates the use of xenografts in paediatric surgical reconstruction. Currently used xenografts are limited by immunoincompatibility and lack of growth, requiring repeat surgery to replace the defective graft. One approach to tackle acute immune rejection of animal tissue is aldehyde fixation of grafts prior to xenotransplantation. Though masking antigenicity, fixation is associated with multiple issues, including toxicity of fixative remnants and calcification. Decellularisation of biological grafts to remove foreign material is a promising alternative to reduce immunogenicity and dampen the risk of rejection. To combat lack of growth, in vitro cellularisation with stem cells is a promising solution. Purpose Current RVOT substitutes have not proven to be a lifelong solution for paediatric cardiac repair. This research has optimised a novel decellularisation technique for porcine RVOTs to produce a durable and cell-free scaffold with translational capability. Current work is looking to seed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) onto the acellular RVOT in vitro to enhance immune tolerance and endow the graft with growth capacity upon implant. Methods First, this decellularisation technique produces acellular RVOT scaffolds by simultaneously utilising three methods: enzymatic, chemical, and mechanical decellularisation. Novel to this method, the latter is realised using a 3D printed flow chamber to utilise the shear forces of continuous fluid flow for cell removal from the external and internal RVOTs structure. Coating the acellular graft with poly-lysine has then enabled recellularisation with MSCs isolated from the umbilical cord. Results Nuclei quantification demonstrates decellularisation of all structures of the RVOT, and elimination of residual nucleic acids is evidenced. Immunohistochemical analysis confirms the xenoantigen Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R is absent from the decellularised tissue. In parallel with removal of typical immunogens associated with the rejection response, the elastin and collagen fibres of the extracellular matrix are maintained, supported by histology and electron microscopy. Importantly, the tensile properties of the decellularised grafts are preserved. Finally, MSCs adhered onto the external pulmonary artery surface in vitro, achieving a uniform monolayer of cells. Conclusion RVOTs have been successfully decellularised and proven to possess seeding potential. Future work aims to characterise the seeded MSCs to assess parameters including proliferative capacity and expression of typical MSC markers. Overall, this work has the potential to produce a non-immunogenic graft possessing growth potential as a surgical alternative for paediatric RVOT replacement.

First experience of implantation of a new-generation bioresorbable stent in a young patient with coronary artery disease: a case report

Implantation of a drug-eluting stent into the area of hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesion is a generally accepted and widespread method of coronary artery disease (CAD) treatment. However, rigid metallic frame in artery is associated with disrupted vascular biomechanics and neointimal proliferation in response to foreign material. These processes can lead to restenosis and/or late thrombosis of the implanted stent and, as a consequence, to the recurrence of CAD symptoms, as well as to adverse cardiovascular events. One of the options for solving the above problems is the implantation of bioresorbable stents. This technique already has an evidence base and is increasingly being introduced into routine clinical practice in certain groups of patients. The article presents a case of successful balloon angioplasty and stenting of the right coronary artery with a new-generation bioresorbable stent in a young patient with CAD.

Recent Advancements of Graphene and Some Selected Graphene-Based Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery

Graphene is a two-dimensional monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice consisting of sp2 hybridized conjugated carbon atoms and serves as a promising electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its superior properties, including a high specific surface area (2630 m2g-1), a high theoretical capacity (744 mAhg-1), excellent electrical conductivity, and a wide electrochemical potential window. Despite having these superior properties, the restacking as well as the van der Waals forces of attraction among the graphene layers and the long path for Li-ion diffusion are factors that reduce the specific surface area and active site for Li-ion storage, which in turn influence the electrochemical performance of LIBs. The functionalization of graphene to porous graphene, graphene quantum dots, and graphene oxides, as well as the integration of graphene with other foreign materials such as transitional metal oxides, various heteroatoms (boron, nitrogen, sulfur, etc.), and covalent organic frameworks (COF), are the two main strategies that have been widely applied to improve the properties of graphene for Li-ion battery applications. In this review, recent works regarding the performance of graphene and graphenebased electrode materials for LIBs applications were reviewed and presented in detail. Moreover, various graphene fabrication techniques in terms of quality and quantity of graphene produced as well as the future overview of graphene and some selected graphene-based materials for LIBs applications have been assessed and summarized.

An idiosyncratic reaction to the synthetic biologic membrane on a surgical wound

Abstract Introduction/Objective Biodegradable temporizing matrix (BTM) is a synthetic polymer used to temporarily close wounds and aid the body in generating new tissue. BTM is applied to a debrided wound.BTM acts as a scaffold aiding the migration of granulation tissue into the matrix. Once the tissue is fully integrated throughout the BTM, the sealing membrane is removed. The matrix slowly deteriorates until fully absorbed at approximately 18 weeks. Methods/Case Report An 80-year-old woman with a past medical history of eczema, rheumatoid arthritis and gout presented with swelling of the left third metatarsal. Imaging showed an abscess which was eventually drained and cultured to show mycobacterium chelone. The patient was started on antibiotics for mycobacterium. On follow up she reported a nodule on left forearm recently increased in size. MRI on 9/28 showed abscess of the dorsal aspect of phalanx. She underwent surgical debridement 10/31 on her finger and the forearm nodule. After debridement a polynovo BTM graft was placed. Histopathology showed skin and subcutaneous tissue with necrotizing granulomas of the finger and the forearm. Cultures and stains for mycobacterium returned negative.The patient was subsequently followed up for wound healing. She reported nodules on the left forearm at the scar from previous surgical site which were biopsied. Histopathology showed granulomatous inflammation, rare foreign body giant cells, and birefringent material. The stains for Ziehl-Neelsen, Fite and Gomori’s Methenamine Silver for Urate Crystals were all negative excluding the possibility of gouty tophi or mycobacterium. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion The complex history of the patient with mycobacterium, gout, the giant cell reaction and the unique appearing birefringent crystals presented a puzzling problem. Given the negative stain results for mycobacteria and the presence of birefringent (foreign) material, we deem these granulomas most likely an idiosyncratic reaction to the synthetic biologic membrane applied during her prior procedure. There are no known cases of giant cell reaction and similar morphology of birefringent (foreign) material in literature.

Biotransformation of diclofenac by Stenotrophomonas humi strain DIC_5 and toxicological examination of the resulting metabolites

The widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, detected in increasing concentrations in freshwater ecosystems, is among the most pressing environmental problems today. In this study, the bacterial isolate Stenotrophomonas humi strain DIC_5 was capable of degrading diclofenac. It eliminated 75.1% of diclofenac at an initial concentration of 1.5 mg/L after 8 days in the presence of glucose (3.0 g/L). During the process, nitro-diclofenac was identified as a resulting metabolite, whose concentration increased significantly in the bacterial medium from the 7th day of the experiment, while the concentration of diclofenac decreased correspondingly. The ecotoxicological tests on Aliivibrio fischeri and zebrafish embryos showed that the bacterial metabolites without diclofenac have a higher toxicity (up to 35.5% bacterial bioluminescence inhibition and 36.7% embryo mortality) than the diclofenac degradation residues (28% and 26.7%, respectively). Based on these results, neither diclofenac nor its degradation products exhibit toxic effects on the test organisms. Conversely, the toxic effect caused by the bacteria was reduced in the presence of diclofenac. Our work highlights the importance of using biotic controls in biotransformation trials, especially when the foreign material is applied in intermediate or environmentally relevant concentration ranges.Key points• Biotransformation of diclofenac by bacteria isolated from a bacterial biofilm.• Biotransformation of diclofenac led to the formation of nitro-diclofenac.• Microorganisms are alternatives for reducing the concentration of diclofenac in water.

Gender- and Age-Based Characterization and Comparison of the Murine Primary Peritoneal Mesothelial Cell Proteome.

Organs in the abdominal cavity are covered by a peritoneal membrane, which is comprised of a monolayer of mesothelial cells (MC). Diseases involving the peritoneal membrane include peritonitis, primary cancer (mesothelioma), and metastatic cancers (ovarian, pancreatic, colorectal). These diseases have gender- and/or age-related pathologies; however, the impact of gender and age on the peritoneal MC is not well evaluated. To address this, we identified and characterized gender- and age-related differences in the proteomes of murine primary peritoneal MC. Primary peritoneal MC were isolated from young female (FY) or male (MY) mice (3-6 months) and aged female (FA) or male (MA) mice (20-23 months), lysed, trypsin digested using S-Traps, then subjected to bottom-up proteomics using an LC-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. In each cohort, we identified >1000 protein groups. Proteins were categorized using Gene Ontology and pairwise comparisons between gender and age cohorts were conducted. This study establishes baseline information for studies on peritoneal MC in health and disease at two physiologic age/gender points. Segregation of the data by gender and age could reveal novel factors to specific disease states involving the peritoneum. [This in vitro primary cell model has utility for future studies on the interaction between the mesothelium and foreign materials.].

A historical perspective of Kupffer cells in the context of infection.

The Kupffer cell was first discovered by Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer in 1876, labeling them as "Sternzellen." Since their discovery as the primary macrophages of the liver, researchers have gradually gained an in-depth understanding of the identity, functions, and influential role of Kupffer cells, particularly in infection. It is becoming clear that Kupffer cells perform important tissue-specific functions in homeostasis and disease. Stationary in the sinusoids of the liver, Kupffer cells have a high phagocytic capacity and are adept in clearing the bloodstream of foreign material, toxins, and pathogens. Thus, they are indispensable to host defense and prevent the dissemination of bacteria during infections. To highlight the importance of this cell, this review will explore the history of the Kupffer cell in the context of infection beginning with its discovery to the present day.

6671 A Recurrent Mass After Thyroid Cancer Treatment

Abstract Disclosure: N. Sekhon: None. K.Z. Win: None. Background: Differentiated thyroid cancers have an excellent prognosis if completely resected and their recurrence rate varies depending on the nature and type of the thyroid tumor. We report a case of symptomatic recurrent mass 1.5 years after hemithyroidectomy for a small locally invasive follicular thyroid cancer. The recurrent mass mimicked malignancy on ultrasound but was pathologically determined to be a suture granuloma. Case: A 62-year-old male with history of follicular thyroid cancer s/p left thyroidectomy presented with a symptomatic neck mass, dysphagia, voice change, and worsening snoring. Thyroid tumor pathology was reported as follicular carcinoma pT1bpNX, 1.4 cm in size, clear margins, no vascular invasion with one focus of transcapsular invasion. He had normal surveillance investigations including thyroglobulin and thyroid ultrasound. He had a normal esophagogastroduodenoscopy which was performed for dysphagia and choking. The thyroid ultrasound showed an indeterminate solid heterogeneous and hypoechoic ovoid soft tissue node measuring 6 mm x 3 mm x 5 mm just right of midline and a 4 mm left neck hypoechoic nodule with no central fatty hilus located lateral to the jugular vein. The lymph node morphology was not typically benign and the patient underwent fine needle aspirate of the mass suggestive of a benign mass. This was followed by surgical removal of the mass and pathologic identification of a suture granuloma. There was resolution of dysphagia after removal of the mass. Discussion: Thyroid tumor recurrence rate is about 15% and is usually seen in aggressive forms or in incomplete resections due to the unrecognized extent of the tumor. Recurrences can be local, regional or distant. Suture granuloma is a rare complication after thyroidectomy and reflects an inflammatory response to retained foreign material. It develops slowly after the thyroidectomy and presents as a painless mass mimicking malignancy or lymph node metastasis. Other lesions that can mimic thyroid cancer on ultrasonography include chronic granulomatous lesions, traumatic neuroma and surgical clip. Conclusion: Our case highlights that suture granuloma should be considered in addition to malignant recurrence in cases of painless mass at the site of thyroidectomy.

Idiopathic cervical abscesses in dogs follow seasonal trends and geographic risk factors, predominantly affecting young, large breeds: a case-control study of 67 dogs in New England.

Describe and identify risk factors and spatiotemporal trends associated with the development of idiopathic cervical abscesses (CAs) in dogs in the Cape Cod region. The authors hypothesized that CAs without an external communicating tract would have a seasonal trend and would not be associated with identifiable foreign material. 67 dogs. Retrospective observational case-control study enrolling dogs between 2016 and 2020. Compiled patient information included age, breed, sex, weight, date of presentation, and ZIP code. Statistical evaluation was performed by use of multivariate logistic regression modeling and spatiotemporal analyses with government-compiled land cover data. Control dogs were randomly selected in a 3:1 ratio to cases. 67 cases were investigated. The final multivariable logistic regression model found a significant seasonal effect, with most cases in September (OR, 4.80; 95% CI, 1.91 to 12.02). Spatial analyses revealed increased risk in a cluster of 13 ZIP codes, with OR of 4.40 (95% CI, 1.95 to 9.95). Weight was a risk factor; each additional kilogram was associated with an 18.8% increase in odds (OR, 1.188; 95% CI, 1.053 to 1.341) until a maximum risk at 15 kg. Younger dogs were at greater odds; for each additional year of age, the odds of having CAs were reduced by 8.9% (OR, 0.911; 95% CI, 0.837 to 0.991). No foreign material inciting cause was identified in any of the 67 cases. Idiopathic CAs should be a differential for young, large-breed dogs with cervical swelling in the Northeastern US. This study documented seasonality, geographical trends, and signalment predispositions for idiopathic CAs.

Detection of foreign materials on Semen Ziziphi Spinosae using hyperspectral imaging technology coupled with convolutional neural networks

The efficacy of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, a valued medicinal material, can be compromised by the presence of foreign materials, which may also worsen patient conditions and lead to complications. Traditional machine vision techniques often struggle to identify foreign entities that closely resemble Semen Ziziphi Spinosae in color and shape. This study investigates the application of hyperspectral imaging technology for the detection and differentiation of four types of foreign materials (moldy Semen Ziziphi Spinosae shell, wood, and stone) in processing industries. High-resolution hyperspectral imagery was subjected to image segmentation and background noise reduction to separate the contours of the samples within the images. The average spectral signatures of the regions of interest were extracted to construct models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Mahalanobis distance, Deep Belief Networks, and Generative Adversarial Networks. These models were employed to extract spectral information indicative of foreign matter within the hyperspectral data to identify foreign materialss in Semen Ziziphi Spinosae. Subsequently, the classification outcomes were mapped onto the original hyperspectral images, enabling a visual representation of foreign matter within the seeds. The classification performance of alternative models was compared with that of the CNN model. The results demonstrate that a CNN trained with spectral information from hyperspectral data can accurately identify foreign materialss in Semen Ziziphi Spinosae. The model underwent 30 iterations, achieving an accuracy rate of 99% with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.62 for the validation detection, and an accuracy rate of 98% with an RMSE of 0.62 for the validation set.

Removal of foreign material in the mandibular canal

Removal of foreign material in the mandibular canal

An in Vitro Evaluation of the 14-Day Microbial Barrier Property of Exofin High Viscosity Topical Skin Adhesive.

Background: Wound closure is a critical aspect of medical care, and the choice of closure methods plays a pivotal role in preventing infections. Traditional sutures and staples can introduce foreign material into the wound, increasing the risk of infection. Adhesives offer a potential alternative by providing a physical barrier against microorganisms. Objective: To assess the microbial barrier properties of Exofin High Viscosity Topical Skin Adhesive (HVTSA), a novel adhesive system, against a range of challenge organisms. Methods: This study, conducted by the independent research organization NAMSA (North American Science Associates, LLC), aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Exofin HVTSA as a microbial barrier. This study was carried out by an independent research organization NAMSA. Challenge organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis, were used to evaluate the adhesive's effectiveness. Inocula of each organism were placed on cured Exofin HVTSA test articles and observed for 14 days. Positive and negative control plates were included to validate the effectiveness of the challenge organisms and assess the absence of contamination. Results: Exofin HVTSA demonstrated effective microbial barrier properties against all challenge organisms, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No growth or color change was observed for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, MRSA, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis over the 14-day observation period. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited no growth, but showed a color change in two out of five replicates on day 14. Conclusion: Exofin HVTSA demonstrated effective microbial barrier properties for 14 days against a range of common wound pathogens, suggesting its potential as a safe and effective alternative to traditional wound closure methods. Further research is warranted to investigate its efficacy in clinical settings.

외국의 사교육 수요시장 및 수요관리 정책 동향 분석

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze foreign private tutoring demand markets and demand management policy trends. The aim was to present implications necessary for managing the domestic private tutoring market. [Methods] In this study, using 103 domestic and foreign research materials, domestic and foreign private tutoring demand markets were analyzed in terms of participation rates of private tutoring, gaps in private tutoring expenses between classes, participation backgrounds and its purposes, and response measures and policies trends for private tutoring demand management were further analyzed as well. [Results] First, the participation rate results of private tutoring over all showed increasing trends across East and West countries regardless of rich or poor, capitalist or socialist, and its more increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The participation rates of private tutoring was higher among students with parents in socioeconomic status, who lived in cities, and had top grades, and the gaps in private tutoring expenses between classes were a factor causing social imbalance. Second, the backgrounds and purposes of participating in private tutoring were being formed by being linked to current or changing education, social culture, economy and policy. Although they were somewhat different depending on the education systems and overall conditions of each country, there was the common ground arisen from parents' human nature and desire who wanted their children to live a stable life in the future. While the backgrounds and purposes of private tutoring participation were driven from expectations for usefulness of private tutoring, it partially led to the factor causing the harmful effects of private tutoring. Third, each government's measures and policies for private tutoring demand management were somewhat different depending on the government's perspective on private tutoring and its level of the economy, but those most representative ones included strengthening public education, expanding after-school and care services, supporting the vulnerable social group, improving tests in schools and entrance examination systems, and reforming curricula in schools. These policies lowered students' burden of learning and parents' burden of educating and raising their children, but did not produce clear results in reducing the demand for and dependence on private tutoring. [Conclusion] In order to manage the private tutoring demand market, the multifaceted and complex aspects surrounding private tutoring must be understood deeply, and realistic policies suitable for interests of individuals and their society must be established through evaluations of the harmfulness and usefulness of private tutoring.

Discospondylitis, osteomyelitis and sublumbar abscessation with a pathological vertebral fracture in a dog managed by ventral omentalisation and concurrent dorsal vertebral stabilisation

AbstractThis report describes a chronic case of discospondylitis and sublumbar abscessation managed with a combination of omentalisation and vertebral stabilisation. Although there are previous reports of omentalisation in patients presenting with sublumbar abscesses, there are no documented cases of these surgeries being combined with stabilisation of a vertebral body fracture secondary to discospondylitis. This case specifically discusses an initial conservative approach and subsequent surgical intervention. A 5‐year‐old, female, neutered, cocker spaniel presented with a 2‐month history of lethargy, non‐localised pain, reluctance to move and pyrexia. Diagnostic investigations revealed a fracture of the third lumbar vertebrae, associated discospondylitis and sublumbar abscessation due to suspected foreign material. Conservative management with rest and antimicrobial therapy was initiated; however, after worsening of clinical signs, surgery was subsequently carried out. We report post‐operative follow‐up of 4 years, which revealed an overall positive outcome, with no long‐term recurrence of clinical signs or adverse effects.

Iatrogenic small bowel perforation during elective laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay meshplasty leading to intraoperative change of plan: a case report with review of literature

Iatrogenic bowel injury during any surgery, be it open or laparoscopic; is associated with significant morbidity. Moreover, if the said injury occurs in a surgery in which a foreign material is planned to be implanted in the patient’s body as a prosthesis e.g., hernia surgery; the surgical team may have to deviate from its original plan of action. Even in the best of hands, iatrogenic bowel trauma can occur inspite of following best recommended practices. This usually occurs in the setting of dense adhesions of bowel to the parietes. Herein, we present one such case of a 72-year-old lady who was planned for laparoscopic incisional mesh hernioplasty, but had to be subjected to an intraoperative change in plan, due to iatrogenic enterotomy.

Biodistribution and toxic potential of silver nanoparticles when introduced to the female rat reproductive tract

The prevalence of ionic silver and silver nanomaterials in hygiene products has been increasing due to their antimicrobial activity. While numerous studies have examined the effects of nanosilver in laboratory settings, there is a limited understanding of its impact on reproductive tissues, as well as its biodistribution and toxicity upon intra-vaginal exposure. If ionic or nanosilver enters adjacent and internal tissues via intra-vaginal exposure, the overuse of hygiene products containing silver may potentially threaten woman's health. This study investigated the effects of intra-vaginal silver exposure in Female Fischer 344 rats to single and multiple doses of a commercial product containing silver, along with standard nanosilver materials. Custom tampons were developed to simulate practical usage scenarios. The analysis of tissue biodistribution revealed that epithelial penetration and redistribution of silver was observed with most administered silver eliminated in feces (8–44 %), and secondary tissues containing 1–18 % of the dose, predominantly localized in the reproductive tract. In a subsequent toxicity study, vaginal histopathology indicated a cellular inflammatory reaction (neutrophil infiltration) associated with the presence of foreign silver material upon a single administration. Interestingly, no noticeable difference in histopathology incidence was observed upon multiple exposures to silver compared to the control group. Clinical chemistry and hematology analyses following acute exposure to silver nanomaterials showed no significant abnormalities. Overall, acute vaginal exposure to silver nanomaterials and ionic silver resulted in limited silver persistence, local tissue reactivity, epithelial penetration of silver resulting in accumulation in distant organs, and elimination primarily through feces. In vitro data suggested potential alterations in normal vaginal flora. Long-term studies are still lacking in this area.

Chandrayaan-3 landing site evolution by South Pole-Aitken basin and other impact craters

The Chandrayaan-3 mission with the Vikram-lander and the Pragyan rover landed in the high latitude highland region near the south pole of the Moon. The landing site is located ∼350 km from the South Pole-Aitken basin rim, an ancient and highly cratered terrain. This site has undergone the complex emplacement sequence of SPA basin ejecta followed by the nearby and distant impact basins and crater ejecta materials. To evaluate the source of individual basin and crater ejecta emplacement over this landing site, we carefully demarcated the nearby and distal basins and craters that could have contributed to the source regolith material. We found that the SPA basin is the major contributor, which deposited nearly ∼1400 m of ejecta materials, and 11 other basins deposited ∼580 m of ejecta. The other complex craters contributed up to ∼90 m of ejecta. Meanwhile, secondary craters of a few km in diameter located adjacent to the landing site contributed to ∼0.5 m ejecta, which are crucial target materials for the Pragyan rover insitu analysis. Pragyan rover images revealed the landing site is devoid of >1 m boulders along the traverse revealing typical highland terrain. The Pragyan rover Navcam and Orbital High Resolution Camera regional images revealed linear distal ejecta rays possibly from the distant impacts as insitu evidence of foreign material at the CH-3 landing site. We found a semi-circular, heavily degraded structure encompassed around the landing site, which is interpreted as a buried impact crater ∼160 km in diameter probably formed before the SPA basin. The erasure of pre-SPA basin craters is caused by both the direct burial by SPA basin ejecta, high seismic shaking during SPA formation, and then followed by various post-SPA craters and its associated some of the degradation processes. Overall, Chandrayaan-3 landed within an ancient region that hosts some of the most deeply excavated materials on the Moon.

Foreign Adoptions in Exterior of the Russian Change Money of 1718–1724

Introduction. The last phase of Peter’s coinage reform was marked, among others, by the alteration of all coin denomination appearances, specifically small ones. The reasons for this did not receive a clear explanation in the specialized literature, and the question of the origin of the forms of the new coin design was not raised at all. The article asks these questions, and it offers a historical reconstruction of novelties in the minor coins exterior of 1711–1724. The analysis of Russian and foreign numismatic material gives any possibility to conclude about the elaboration and introduction of a new design concept in this period, which was distinguished by the more simplicity of coin images. Comparing the exterior’s details of new Russian coins with foreign ones does point to the most probable sources and forms of the adoption. Conclusions. The change of the concept of coin appearance began in 1711 and finished in 1724. As a result, small denominations forfeited their long legends and bulky images. Each adoption was targeted to a concrete part of coin space; it was selected by Peter’s choice and taste. This explains both why the concept of the design was realized so long and why the sources of adoption were so numerous – from countries in Europe and Asia.

Gelfoam Granuloma Mimicking Brain Abscess Following Decompressive Craniotomy

AbstractThe use of adjuvants in brain surgery has increased. Artificial adjuncts are being used in neurosurgery frequently. These foreign materials may result in a foreign body reaction inside the normal brain tissue surrounding the areas of pathology. This material may mimic an abscess or tumor in their presentation and masquerade the magnetic resonance (MR) or computed tomography (CT) image as recurrence, abscess, or granuloma. We present a case of a 42-year-old woman with a history of hypertensive basal ganglia bleeding who was operated on in an emergency. Decompressive craniectomy and clot evacuation were carried out. A thin layer of Gelfoam was applied in the operated area. After 4 weeks, she was planned for cranioplasty where an oval soft to firm yellowish lesion was found at the site of the previous cavity of the evacuated clot, which was sent for biopsy and it was confirmed as a Gelfoam granuloma. Meticulous use of hemostatic agents in the form of small surgical or thin waferlike gelatin sponges should be used intraoperatively. Large-size Gelfoam and artificial agents can lead to foreign body–like granulation tissue formation in normal brain tissue and several complications like hydrocephalous, meningitis, and seizures. Peculiarities in this case include the following: Gelfoam granuloma is a very rare complication following cranial surgery, it was mimicking like an abscess, and the size of Gelfoam used intraoperatively should be a thin wafer coating the raw surface or in the cavity.