Foreign Genotypes Research Articles

The Correlation Indicators and Traits of Morpho-economic Characteristics of Foreign and Local Genotypes of Mungbean in the Field Conditions of the Tashkent Region

The article reveals the morphological and economic characteristics of plants of 25 local and foreign genotypes of mung bean crops in the field conditions of Uzbekistan: the height of the main stem, the distance between the ground and the branch, the number of the bearing yield branches, number of pods per plant, the pod weight, the pod length, number of grains in a pod, one pod in a pod, grain weight and the weight of 1000 grains as well as the results of their correlation analysis.
 According to the morphological and economic characteristics of plants of 25 local and foreign genotypes of mung bean crops in the field conditions of the Tashkent region it was determined that the local varieties Durdona, Baraka, Barkaror, Marzhon, the local line of L-8, L-22, L-88, L-92, and foreign lines AVMU2003, AVMU2004, AVMU1681, AVMU2002 have higher rates compared to other varieties and lines. It has been found that there is a strong positive relationship between the number of grains in a pod and the weight of grains in a pod, as well as the weight of grains in a pod at a weight of 1000 grains.

A drought year favored drier‐adapted origins over local origins in a reciprocal transplant experiment along a rainfall gradient

When plant populations show local adaptation along climatic gradients, climate change may displace them from their current fitness optima. Unclear is whether foreign genotypes originating from sites that approximate future climatic conditions can attain higher fitness and support existing populations, because foreign genotypes may lack important adaptations to other local conditions besides climate. We conducted a fully reciprocal transplant experiment with the winter annual Biscutella didyma across four sites along a steep natural rainfall gradient in Israel. It experienced an exceptional drought event that approximated future climatic conditions. This unique opportunity allowed to test whether genotypes transplanted from drier sites outperform local genotypes under a drier climate. The four population origins showed consistent clines in germination fraction, phenology, and vegetative biomass that suggest local adaptation along the rainfall gradient. In terms of fitness (survival, seed number), however, local origins were outperformed by genotypes originating from the next‐drier site along the gradient. Our results suggest that the experienced drought conditions favored origins from drier conditions over local origins despite local biotic interactions. Genotypes originating from drier sites may thus support existing populations and reduce their vulnerability to climate change. Moreover, we conceptualize under which conditions foreign genotypes may benefit local populations in general, which adds to clarify the importance of local adaptation to climatic and nonclimatic factors for populations under climate change.

Molecular profiling of some blast resistance genes and analysis of physiological variability in rice plants produced by anther culture and hybridization

For genetic improvement of rice plants against blast fungus disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, eight rice genotypes including four Egyptian and four foreign genotypes which represented a broad range of variation for blast resistance and other several traits were used in this study through line X tester mating design to produce F1 hybrids used as source of anther culture. Results of analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all studied traits indicating overall genetic variations among parents and hybrids suggested that specific combining ability referred heavily to the expression of studied traits. Data of anther culture experiment for parents (8 parents) and hybrids (15 crosses) showed highly significant differences for all studied traits which illustrate genetic variations through the used materials. The highest callus induction percentage was found for CR7 (18.3%) and P6 (14.0%) while, the lowest callus induction percentage was found for CR5 (2.0%) and CR1 (4.0%). On the other hand, nine out of 15 hybrids recorded regeneration percentage more than the highest parental genotypes. Anther culture-derived plants and their parental genotypes were evaluated for blast disease resistance according to artificial infection with 10 blast races. The results showed that resistance percentage varied between 10% and 100%. While all anther culture-derived plants showed high level of resistance (100%) against all tested blast races. For enzyme activities for catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in anther culture-drived plants and their parent, results showed that line TC9 derived from CR9 gave the highest value for catalase activity (301). Also, CR11 and P4 recorded the high level of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities, respectively. Moreover, genetic diversity among anther culture-derived plants and their parental genotypes using five SSR primers related to Pi5(t), Pikh, Pi-b, Pi-1 and Pi-ta blast resistance genes showed heterozygous bands in all tested genotypes. The highest PIC value recorded for RM 247 and RM 206 markers which had PIC values of 0.778 and 0.761, respectively. Out of the used five SSR markers, RM 247 was the most informative marker with amplicon size ranged from 134 to 242 bp. These markers are therefore useful markers for studying polymorphism concerning blast resistance in rice and hence can be used in the marker-assisted selection for blast resistance. While development of resistant genotypes is the most effective way to control rice blast disease, anther culture technique used in this study helpful in production of resistant double haploid plants used in rice preeding programe in Egypt.

Quantitative genetic-by-soil microbiome interactions in a perennial grass affect functional traits.

Plants interact with diverse microbiomes that can impact plant growth and performance. Recent studies highlight the potential beneficial aspects of plant microbiomes, including the possibility that microbes facilitate the process of local adaptation in their host plants. Microbially mediated local adaptation in plants occurs when local host genotypes have higher fitness than foreign genotypes because of their affiliation with locally beneficial microbes. Here, plant adaptation results from genetic interactions of the host with locally beneficial microbes (e.g. host genotype-by-microbiome interactions). We used a recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population derived from upland and lowland ecotypes of the diploid C4 perennial bunch grass Panicum hallii to explore quantitative genetic responses to soil microbiomes focusing on functional root and shoot traits involved in ecotypic divergence. We show that the growth and development of ecotypes and their trait divergence depends on soil microbiomes. Moreover, we find that the genetic architecture is modified by soil microbiomes, revealing important plant genotype-by-microbiome interactions for quantitative traits. We detected a number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) that interact with the soil microbiome. Our results highlight the importance of microbial interactions in ecotypic divergence and trait genetic architecture in C4 perennial grasses.

Herbage yield stability of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) genotypes across rain-fed environments

Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a cool-season perennial grass that naturally grows in semi-steppe rangelands in Iran. In recent years, as a result of climate change, coupled with high livestock grazing, rangeland productivity has decreased. This study aimed to analyse the stability of forage dry matter (DM) production of 36 cocksfoot genotypes across four rain-fed environments (Ardebil, Zanjan, Hamadan, and Kermanshah) in Iran. At each location, an experiment was conducted using a randomised complete-block design (RCBD) with three replications over 2 years. The result of combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) across locations showed significant effects of environment (E), genotype (G), and GE interaction (P < 0.01) for DM yield. The E, G and GE interaction effects accounted for 33.19%, 17.98% and 40.52% of the total variance respectively. The GE interaction was subsequently investigated using regression stability, Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI), and genotype main effect (G) plus genotype–environment (GE) interaction (GGE) biplot analysis. According to the regression method, genotypes G2, G3, G11 and G12 with a slope close to unity, coupled with high production, had good general stability in all locations. In addition, some genotypes were specifically identified for poor- and high-performing environments. According to the AMMI-2, IPC1 vs IPC2 biplot, genotypes G2, G10, G11, G14 and G15, placed close to the origin of the biplot coupled with higher production, showed general stability in all environments. The best genotypes for the respective environments were also determined. Using the GGE biplot, genotypes G2, G3, G11 and G12 were more stable in all environments. Therefore, on the basis of all analytical methods, three local genotypes, G2 (Karaj), G3 (Marand) and G11 (Qazvin), and a foreign genotype, G14 (from, USA), were identified as most suitable genotypes for breeding improved varieties and cultivation in the study locations and similar areas.

Evaluation of Mustard Genotypes for Terai Regions of Nepal

Mustard is locally popular with the name of tora/rayo/raichi is getting priority among the farmers due to its dual advantage of leafy vegetables and oilseed. With the objective identification of the potential mustard genotypes from the available gene pools, a coordinated Varietal Trial (CVT) was conducted in Oilseed Research Program, Nawalpur. A total of 14 mustard genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The plot size was 10 m2 with five rows of 3-meter length maintaining inter-row of 40 cm and intra-row spacing of 15 cm. While depicting the yield, ICJ01-11 was considered the highest yielding genotype with the average yield of 521 kg/ha followed by ICJ9708 with the yield of 467 kg/ha and RH30 with the yield of 450 kg/ha. Due to the pivotal role of mustard as an oilseed production, it is indispensable to evaluate the available gene pool of local landrace, varieties and foreign genotypes of mustard to find out the highest yielding. So these promising genotypes can be used the in future to develop varieties of genotypes with high yield.

Drought tolerance and stability of native Iranian and foreign tall fescue genotypes: Comparison of AMMI and GGE biplot analyses

AbstractEvaluation of drought tolerance in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) native Iranian landraces, and estimation of the genotype × environment interaction via advanced multivariate methods has rarely been studied. Here, 24 genotypes of tall fescue, including 17 native landraces and seven foreign accessions, were evaluated during 5 yr at two locations and under two irrigation regimes of normal and severe water stress conditions. Water stress had a negative effect on dry forage yield and reduced genetic variation. However, this decline was greater in foreign genotypes than in the native ones. The superior genotypes were identified with stress tolerance index. The additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and genotype × genotype–environment (GGE) biplot analyses identified the most stable and high‐yielding genotypes that were also classified as more drought‐tolerant group. Moreover, although it was revealed that the GGE biplot method is more efficient than AMMI model for stability analyses, our results indicated high overlap between the results of these two methods.

Reciprocal Garden Study Reveals Acute Spatial-Edaphic Adaptation for Cycas micronesica

A long-term reciprocal garden study was used to determine adaptive variation between Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill plants from north versus south Guam. Half-siblings from each location were planted as one-leaf seedlings in north and south gardens and monitored for 15 years. Stem height and diameter, and leaf number and maximum length were measured yearly. Survival and plant size traits were evaluated using a two-way factorial. In both locations, the local genotypes out-performed the foreign genotypes in terms of survival and growth. Survival of the foreign genotypes began to decline by year 4 and was less than 10% by year 15. Survival of the local genotypes was 70% for the north garden and 100% for the south garden. The north site was more hostile to plant performance because overall survival and plant growth were less than for the south site. The most likely environmental factor provoking local adaptation was highly contrasting soil characteristics between north and south Guam. The results indicates that long-term conservation success for C. micronesica and other cycad species must include the concept of local adaptation into decisions for transplantation and restoration projects.

Microbe-mediated adaptation in plants.

Interactions with microbial symbionts have yielded great macroevolutionary innovations across the tree of life, like the origins of chloroplasts and the mitochondrial powerhouses of eukaryotic cells. There is also increasing evidence that host-associated microbiomes influence patterns of microevolutionary adaptation in plants and animals. Here we describe how microbes can facilitate adaptation in plants and how to test for and differentiate between the two main mechanisms by which microbes can produce adaptive responses in higher organisms: microbe-mediated local adaptation and microbe-mediated adaptive plasticity. Microbe-mediated local adaptation is when local plant genotypes have higher fitness than foreign genotypes because of a genotype-specific affiliation with locally beneficial microbes. Microbe-mediated adaptive plasticity occurs when local plant phenotypes, elicited by either the microbial community or the non-microbial environment, have higher fitness than foreign phenotypes as a result of interactions with locally beneficial microbes. These microbial effects on adaptation can be difficult to differentiate from traditional modes of adaptation but may be prevalent. Ignoring microbial effects may lead to erroneous conclusions about the traits and mechanisms underlying adaptation, hindering management decisions in conservation, restoration, and agriculture.

Genetic population structure of a top predatory fish (northern pike, Esox lucius) covaries with anthropogenic alteration of freshwater ecosystems

Abstract Esox lucius L. (northern pike) inhabits river, lake, and brackish water ecosystems of the temperate region in North America and Eurasia. In many areas of its native range, the species is confronted with human‐induced disturbances that can affect local and regional genetic diversity. Conservation of genetic diversity constitutes an important policy objective. Therefore, we investigated how the genetic population structure and patterns suggestive of hybridisation among subpopulations from different catchments vary with the type of ecosystem (river vs. lake) and the integrity of the ecosystem assessed using ecological status assessments of the European Water Framework Directive and indices of the wetland quality (in rivers) and trophic state (in lakes). In total, 1,384 pike samples from the North, Baltic, and Black Sea drainages in Germany were analysed. We differentiated between metapopulations from each hydrogeographic region using genotypes from 15 microsatellites and mitochondrial cyt b sequences. Individual populations showed signs of genetic admixture ranging from almost zero to complete replacement by foreign genotypes originating from different catchments. Hierarchical general linear modelling revealed a significantly positive association of the degree of genetic hybridisation with decreasing ecological status. An eroded population substructure indicative of hybridisation was also significantly elevated in rivers relative to lakes and in heavily modified water bodies. Results were consistent when using ecological status assessments by the Water Framework Directive and an alternative environmental quality index based on the health of wetlands in rivers and trophic state in lakes. We speculate that macrophyte loss through loss of wetlands or in response to eutrophication fostered genetic mixing among different subpopulations, which were brought into secondary contact either due to stocking or due to natural dispersal from foreign catchments. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic alteration of freshwater ecosystems may influence the genetic structures present in a freshwater top piscivore at both local and regional scales.

Brazilian Genetic Diversity for Desirable and Undesirable Elements in the Wheat Grain

Micronutrient deficiency affects billions of people, especially in countries where the diet is low in diversity with inadequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, and animal-source foods, and higher consumption of staple food, i.e., cereals, that have low concentrations of micronutrients. Genetic biofortification is a strategy to mitigate this problem and ensure nutritional security. Wheat is a target of genetic biofortification since it contributes significantly to the caloric requirement. The biofortification process involves a screening related to the presence of genetic variability for grain mineral content. Also, the accumulation of toxic elements must be considered to ensure food safety, because if ingested above the allowed concentrations, it represents health risks. In this sense, this study aimed to quantify the micronutrients iron, zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese and toxic elements arsenic and cadmium in a Brazilian wheat panel grown in Southern Brazil. The presence of genetic variability for the accumulation of micronutrients in the grain was detected; however, we observed that only the copper and manganese accumulation meet the human daily requirements. Iron, zinc, and selenium were detected in insufficient concentration to meet the daily demand. Arsenic and cadmium accumulation were not detected in wheat grain. The wheat genotypes grown in Brazil displayed a similar profile to that found in other countries which may be due to common high-yield breeding goals and the narrowing of the genetic variability, observed worldwide. Thus, the wheat genetic biofortification success in Brazil depends on the introduction of foreign genotypes, landraces, and wild relatives.

Dependence of physicochemical properties and chemical composition of pig meat on the genotype and pre-slaughter live weight of pigs

The article presents the results of analysis of the main chemical composition values (total moisture, dry matter, intramuscular fat, protein and ash contents) and physical properties (pH1, pH16, pH24, water-holding capacity) of the longest back muscle for different genotypes of pigs of different genetic combinations under two weight conditions (100 and 120 kg).It was found that the acidity levels and water-holding capacity of meat of animals from all study groups were within the limits established in the processing industry and fitted into the European category NOR (normal). Autolytic processes in the muscle tissues of high-intensity foreign genotypes are more intensive than those of native genotypes. An increase in the pre-slaughter liveweight from 100 to 120 kg had no effect on the water-holding capacity of meat, but its active acidity (pH) tended to decrease as the animals gained weight. It was found that the meat of pigs from intensive commercial genotypes of foreign selection had higher protein levels and lower fat and ash contents compared with meat of native pig breeds. With an increase in the pre-slaughter weight from 100 to 120 kg the intramuscular fat content in the meat of animals of all genotypes under study increased due to reduction in the protein and moisture levels. It was further found that the use of these genetic combinations led to a decrease in the water-holding capacity and active acidity levels. The meat of pigs produced by combination of native genotypes (UVB-1×UVB-2)×UVB-3 has the best physicochemical properties. Animals produced by mating a combination of sows (Yi ×Li ) and (Li ×Yi ) and boars of synthetic MaxGrow and MaxTer terminal lines had the highest protein levels in their meat both with the 100 kg and 120 kg pre-slaughter weight. Key words: meat, musculus longissimus dorsi, quality, physicochemical composition, terminal boars, active acidity, water-holding ability.

Effects of Artificially Drought Induced by Chemical Desiccation in Several Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

Climatic changes affect crop production and wheat as one of the main crop worldwide suffers production losses year by year caused by drought stress. The aim of this study was to identify valuables winter wheat genotypes concerning to drought tolerance. A set of 113 Romanian and foreign genotypes were analysed for drought tolerance over two experimental years in field conditions at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda. Simulating drought effect was realized by applying the desiccant solution (NaClO3 - 2%) on wheat plants at 14 days after anthesis. Morpho-productive traits, such as number of grains per spike; weight of grains per spike; thousand kernel weight and grain yield were analysed as a response of drought stress conditions. Of the main yield components: weight of grains/spike and thousand kernel weight were more affected traits. Simulation of drought effect allowed identification of valuable cultivars, capable to limiting the drought impact on yield components and finally on grain yield. Among studied cultivars, six perspective lines from Turda breeding program were noted for a small reduction rate of thousand kernel weight and weight of grain per spike as main yield components. They will be used as genetic resources for improvement of drought tolerance.

Population genetic study and barcoding in Iran saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is an economical important plant species with High demand throughout the world. Population genetic study can produce data on genetic structure and genetic diversity in saffron populations to be used in breeding programs. We collected 50 samples in saffron farms of 8 different populations in South and West Khorasan states which is considered as the main geographical region of saffron production in Iran. Two types of molecular markers viz. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and Chloroplast DNA (trnH-psbA) region were used in this study. ISSR markers produced 18 reproducible bands which were used in further analyses. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) produced significant genetic difference among the studied saffron populations (PhiPT = 0.72, P = 0.001). It revealed that 72% of total genetic difference is due to among population difference, while 28% is due to within population genetic variability. These indicate that saffron populations are genetically differentiated and we can use such genetic difference in future breeding programs of this valuable crop plant species. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of ISSR data separated the studied saffron populations in different groups. Chloroplast DNA (trnH-psbA) region sequences determined in saffron genotypes of Iran as well as the other countries, could differentiate these two types saffron cultivars from each other. Nei's gene diversity index (GST) analysis produced significant molecular difference between the two groups of saffron. The method of templeton (TCS) revealed that 80 nucleotide mutations differentiate these saffron genotypes. However, within Iranian saffron genotypes as well as foreign genotypes, only 1 or 2 mutations occur. This result indicates that we can produce barcode for Iran saffron which in high demand in the world market. We therefore, provided barcode of Iran saffron for the first time.

Types, frequencies and value of intra-varietal genotypic non-uniformity in common wheat cultivars: Authentic biotypes and foreign seeds

Seed-by-seed electrophoretic analysis of the seed storage-protein gliadin was used to identify two major types of intra-varietal non-uniformity in grain samples of 756 registered Triticum aestivum cultivars: authentic biotypes (genotypes arising from the original cross performed by the breeder) and foreign seeds (admixed alien genotypes or products of accidental cross-pollination). Authentic biotypes of a cultivar, distinct in alleles at one or more of eight Gli loci (Gli-1, Gli-2, Gli-A3, Gli-B3), occurred in more than 30% of the cultivars studied. Four biotypes of the cultivar Saratovskaya-29 (distinct in alleles at the Gli-A1 and Gli-A2 loci) differed significantly in 1000-kernel mass and dough quality. The relative frequency of biotypes changed with time when the cultivar grew in the region where it was bred and, more strongly, in alien regions. There is thus potential value in characterizing multiple biotypes to facilitate the adaptation of a cultivar to given eco-climatic environments. Changes in the frequencies of biotypes alter the grain quality of a cultivar as a whole. Ignorance of possible wheat intra-varietal non-uniformity (biotypes and foreign genotypes) in a grain material may confuse the interpretation of experimental results in field trails and grain-quality assessments.

Phonological and pomological characteristics of some important apricot cultivars grown in Turkey

The study was conducted to contribute to the phenological, pomological characteristics and fruit quality specification of 28 apricot genotypes grown under similar practices in Adana province belonging to the Mediterranean region. In the present study authors wanted to determine the differences of local and foreign apricot genotypes based on their yield and fruit quality. Flowering was observed in February and March, and fruits were harvested in May and June. Generally, maturation duration ranged from 62 ('Aurora') to 95 ('Fracasso') days. Authors could not suggest a suitable genotype for Adana conditions at the all aspects among the investigated genotypes. However, the best cultivar is 'Harcot' in terms of fruit quality and size aspect. While the genotype of 7X89 which was taken from the local genotypes group was noticed the best in terms of yield, fruit weight and, TSS content. Among the foreign cultivars, 'Precoce de Tyrinthe' was pointed out for the aspects of earliness and fruit weight.

Productive traits of pigs of foreign genotypes in the conditions of the pig enterprise of LLC “AF “Vorontsovske””

Productive traits of pigs of foreign genotypes in the conditions of the pig enterprise of LLC “AF “Vorontsovske””

Evaluation of Japanese potatoes using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

An understanding of the genetic diversity and structure of a breeding population is fundamental information for breeders to develop strategies for variety improvement. The genetic diversity of 250 diverse North American potatoes was previously characterized using an 8K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. In this study, using a 12K SNP array, 164 Japanese potatoes including 70 breeding clones for chip processing were characterized and compared with North American and European potatoes. A cluster analysis using 5972 polymorphic SNP loci grouped recently released Japanese chip processing varieties and breeding clones with North American and European chip processing varieties. The other Japanese potatoes, including those for starch processing, were not clearly differentiated to specific market types. A unique group of double-cropping varieties was identified, suggesting that strong selection pressure was applied to the cultivation system (spring-season product is used for fall-season cropping). The inter-populational distance between Japanese and foreign genotypes (mean Euclidean distance of 48.4) was significantly lower than the within-populational distance of foreign genotypes (49.3), indicating that the Japanese potatoes are not uniquely differentiated but are included within the genetic diversity of foreign genotypes. This study demonstrates the usefulness of SNP array technology for performing a cost-effective, robust and direct comparison of genetic diversity among different gene pools.

Genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 in China between 1999-2017.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), is linked to PCV-2 associated disease, which has caused considerable economic loss in the swine industry. Here, we report the genetic diversity of PCV-2 in China. A total of 74 Chinese PCV-2 strains sequenced between 1999 and 2017 were studied. Based on the ORF2 and complete genomes, we found that apart from the PCV-2a, PCV-2b, and PCV-2d genotypes, two unstable recombination genotypes also exist, referred to as IM1 and IM2 genotypes. We found that the patterns of PCV-2 genetic shift in China are similar to the patterns at the global level. Additionally, for the PCV-2 ORF2 gene of Chinese isolates, we found a similar time to the most recent common ancestor and evolutionary rate to the global values. This indicates that PCV2 genetic diversity in China is driven by genetic drift/recombination of local strains and by the sporadic introduction of foreign genotypes from other countries. Overall, our study illustrates the genetic diversity and evolution dynamics of PCV-2 in China.

Costs and benefits of admixture between foreign genotypes and local populations in the field.

Admixture is the hybridization between populations within one species. It can increase plant fitness and population viability by alleviating inbreeding depression and increasing genetic diversity. However, populations are often adapted to their local environments and admixture with distant populations could break down local adaptation by diluting the locally adapted genomes. Thus, admixed genotypes might be selected against and be outcompeted by locally adapted genotypes in the local environments. To investigate the costs and benefits of admixture, we compared the performance of admixed and within‐population F1 and F2 generations of the European plant Lythrum salicaria in a reciprocal transplant experiment at three European field sites over a 2‐year period. Despite strong differences between site and plant populations for most of the measured traits, including herbivory, we found limited evidence for local adaptation. The effects of admixture depended on experimental site and plant population, and were positive for some traits. Plant growth and fruit production of some populations increased in admixed offspring and this was strongest with larger parental distances. These effects were only detected in two of our three sites. Our results show that, in the absence of local adaptation, admixture may boost plant performance, and that this is particularly apparent in stressful environments. We suggest that admixture between foreign and local genotypes can potentially be considered in nature conservation to restore populations and/or increase population viability, especially in small inbred or maladapted populations.