Foreign Exchange Income Research Articles

Stakeholder engagement, government policy, and tourist satisfaction

The tourism industry has a complex relationship between geography, and all-natural resources, human, so tourism can create problems in human life. Good management in the tourism industry can create benefits for the nation's economy such as foreign exchange income, business development, and employment opportunities. For the optimum goals, the tourism industry can establish good relations with stakeholders and government policy support. Aim to the research on the evaluation of the effect of stakeholder engagement in tourism development and government policy on tourist satisfaction in the Indonesian tourism industry. This research is based on quantitative to test the hypothesis affecting stakeholder engagement in tourism development and government policy on the Indonesian tourism industry. The sample size of the research 250 with propulsive sampling and the main instrument is a questionnaire. The data analysis to use examine hypothesis with structural equation modelling Amos 20 version. The result of the investigations shows that the stakeholder engagement in tourism development has not been able to provide a level of tourist satisfaction, but the government policies can be influenced by tourist satisfaction.

Species diversity and conservation status of ornamental fish traded in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract. Usman Z, Hariyadi DR, Serihollo LGG. 2024. Species diversity and conservation status of ornamental fish traded in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1116-1126. The high demand for ornamental fish native to Indonesia has the potential to be used as a source of foreign exchange income. In addition to increasing the national income, the ornamental fish trade must also be considered to preserve the population of the fish species being sold. The study aimed to determine ornamental fish diversity and conservation status in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara. This research was conducted in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from August to September 2023. The research was conducted using survey (non-experiment) and observation methods. The survey method was carried out using a form to conduct interviews with sellers in 11 ornamental fish shops. At the same time, the observation method was used to identify the types of fish being traded. The study's results recorded 18 families, 39 genera, and 46 fish species (Include 1 species is hybrid fish). The highest species diversity came from the Cichlidae family with 9 species (1 species (Amphilophus citrinellus x Cichlasoma trimaculatum) is hybrid fish), followed by Cyprinidae with 7 species, whereas each species of the Characidae and Poecilidae families were 5 species. Conservation status shows 4 status groupings, namely Least Concern (LC), Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), and Not Evaluated (NE). Based on these groupings, there were 32 species in the Least Concern (LC) category, 3 species in the Endangered (EN) category, 2 species in the Vulnerable (VU) category, and 8 species in the Not Evaluated (NE) and 1 unclassified category. There is only 1 species that is included in the Appendix I category, namely Scleropages formosus, and other species are Not evaluated. This is the first study conducted in Kupang City to reveal the types of ornamental fish species sold and their conservation status. The study will be useful information to the government, researchers, and other stakeholders on the potential extinction risk of each type of fish being traded.

Foreign Exchange Income and Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

The study examined the effect of foreign exchange income on financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to ascertain the effect of nominal exchange rate, real exchange rate, and exchange rate on return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria. nominal exchange rate, real exchange rate, and exchange rate were the independent variables, while return on asset was the dependent variable. The study adopted an ex-post-facto research design, covering the period between 2011 and 2020. Secondary data were extracted from the annual reports and accounts of sampled deposit money banks in Nigeria. Multiple regression techniques were used for test of hypotheses. From the data analysis, it was revealed that nominal exchange rate has a significant negative effect on return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria. real exchange rates have a significant positive effect on return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria. However, exchange rate has a nonsignificant negative effect on return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria. This implies that among the foreign exchange income variables, nominal exchange rate and real exchange rate can be used to predict return on asset of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommends that federal money the sources of deficit financing. They should reduce their public debt so as to allow foreigners invest in securities with naira denomination. They should reduce the extent the deplete our foreign exchange reserve because such moves increase the exchange rate, which affects banks performance negatively. The central bank of Nigeria and the ministry of finance should reduce the rate they give out dollars to politicians because it affects our exchange rate and banks’ performance negatively.

Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Cacao Swollen Shoot Disease in Ghana: Past Research Achievements and Knowledge Gaps to Guide Future Research.

Cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD) caused by complexes of cacao swollen shoot badnaviruses (family Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus) remains highly prevalent and devastating in West Africa. The disease continues to impact substantially on cacao yield loss, cacao tree mortality, and decline in foreign exchange income from cacao bean sales. Currently, the disease is estimated to have a prevalence rate of over 30% in Ghana, as assessed in the ongoing third country-wide surveillance program. Although achievements from past research interventions have greatly elucidated the etiology, biology, epidemiology, diagnostics, and management of the disease, there are some outstanding knowledge gaps. The role of these information gaps and their effect on CSSD epidemiology and prevalence remain unanswered. This paper summarizes existing scientific knowledge from past research achievements that have provided elucidation on CSSD epidemiology, management options, and guided future research. The discussion highlights the need for multidisciplinary research with modern tools and institutional collaborators to holistically bring clarity on knowledge gaps on pathogen biology, virus-host--vector interactions, role of environmental and soil nutrient effects on CSSD severity, evolution pattern, role of alternative hosts on virus species diversity, vector population dynamics, and their overall impact on CSSD prevalence and integrated management in cacao plantations.

Image Segmentation Analysis Using Otsu Thresholding and Mean Denoising for the Identification Coffee Plant Diseases

In Indonesia, coffee is one of the plantation products with a relatively high level of productivity and is a source of foreign exchange income for the country. However, unfortunately, certain factors can threaten productivity and quality in cultivating coffee plants, one of which is rust leaf disease. This disease causes disturbances in photosynthesis, thereby reducing plant yields. Therefore, to maintain and control productivity in coffee cultivation, this research carried out the process of observing coffee leaf images through segmentation using the Otsu Thresholding and Mean Denoising methods. The entire series of processes in this research was carried out using the Python programming language and succeeded in providing output in the form of image comparisons showing areas affected by Rust Leaf disease using the Otsu thresholding method alone and the Otsu thresholding method combined with a non-local means denoising algorithm. The test results prove that the Otsu thresholding method with the non-local means denoising algorithm has a smaller MSE value. It is the most optimal method for handling coffee leaf disease image segmentation with an accuracy level of 88%. It is hoped that this research can support farmers in providing insight into early detection of coffee plant diseases and increasing productivity through visual analysis.

Analysis of the Influencing Factors on Inbound Tourism

This paper analyzes and predicts the current inbound tourism from six aspects: travel population, travel reasons, tourism consumption, public transportation, social environment and time proportion. There are many other human factors that play a role, such as the capacity of scenic spots or the protection of natural resources. There will be this different impact. With the continuous development of the times, tourism has become one of the most important industries in the world. The income and impact it brought are very large. At present, the research on this aspect needs to be improved. The results show that in the past five years, the inbound foreign exchange income of cities has shown a growing trend, because it is affected by many factors, which can be used to predict the future development trend. The foreign exchange earnings of inbound tourism in Inner Mongolia have achieved a steady increase from 2010 to 2020.

The Impact of RMB Exchange Rate Fluctuation on China's Air Conditioning Industry

Based on the background of China's current trade with other countries is becoming increasingly close, the study of exchange rate stability on the impact of China's trade with other countries to promote China's economic stability has a certain theoretical significance. In the study of air conditioning industry import and export trade factors affecting the attention of the national exchange rate is very important, in the two countries trade relations, the exchange rate is a measure of the two countries to buy, sell the price of the product of the vital factors, exchange rate changes for the enterprise will bring a certain degree of impact, stabilization of the exchange rate for the promotion of our country and the trade of other countries in the long term and good cooperation has important practical significance. The air-conditioning manufacturing industry is a very representative research object. The cost-sensitive home appliance industry is a labor-intensive industry, which provides a huge number of jobs for China and creates a huge amount of foreign exchange income. At the same time, the home appliance industry, as a representative of China's manufacturing industry, faces industrial upgrading pressure and is in the maturity of a fully competitive industry, which has been severely impacted by exchange rate changes. It is of great significance to correctly measure and analyze the foreign exchange risk exposure of the import and export of the air-conditioning industry and its influencing factors. From a micro point of view, enterprises can be based on foreign exchange risk exposure situation targeted adjustment of financial strategies, strategies and management methods. From a macro point of view, the country can be based on the overall foreign exchange risk exposure characteristics of home appliances to formulate the correct macroeconomic policy.

Dampak Pupuk Organik Cair dan Kompos IPAL Karet Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) di Main Nursery

Oil palm plants (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) are one of the important commodities in the plantation crop industry, capable of providing economic value as a source of foreign exchange income for the country. The increase in oil palm area is also accompanied by an increase in damaged plants (TR/TTM). So it is necessary to rejuvenate the plants to get quality seeds. The aim of this research was to determine the effect and best dose of Eco Farming liquid organic fertilizer treatment with rubber wastewater treatment plant sludge compost on the growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings in the main nursery. This research was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University and lasted for 3 months, starting in September-November 2022. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments, namely: k0 = 40 mL.L-1 Eco fertilizer water Farming, k1 = 30 mL.L-1 Eco Farming fertilizer water + 100 g compost from waste sludge from WWTP, k2 = 20 mL.L-1 water from Eco Farming fertilizer + 200 g compost from waste sludge from WWTP, k3 = 10 mL.L-1 Eco Farming fertilizer water + 300 g of WWTP sludge waste compost, k4 = 400 g of WWTP sludge waste compost. The variables observed included seed height (cm), increase in tuber diameter (mm), increase in number of leaves (strands), shoot dry weight (g), root dry weight (g), ratio of root shoot and root volume (ml). The results of the research showed that the application of Eco Farming liquid organic fertilizer and waste compost from rubber wastewater treatment plant sludge was able to increase growth in the variables of seed height, root dry weight and root volume. However, it has not been able to increase the increase in tuber diameter, increase in number of leaves, shoot dry weight and root shoot ratio. Treatment of 10 mL.L-1 of Eco Farming fertilizer water + 300 g of IPAL waste sludge compost gave the best average growth of 6 month old oil palm seedlings in the main nursery.

Produksi Kelapa Sawit Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya

The palm oil processing industry is one that is believed to be able to help the Indonesian state in increasing per capita income, providing employment, reducing poverty, and as a foreign exchange income. When compared to other vegetable oils like coconut, soybean, or flower oil, palm oil offers advantages sun. This study's goal was to examine the factors impacting the province of West Kalimantan's palm oil production yield between 2015 to 2021. This research uses a scientific techniques and a type of quantitative descriptive research. Secondary sources of data were used in this research. This research's data was obtained between the years of 2015 and 2021 from the websites of the West Kalimantan Province Agricultural Department and the BPS (Central Statistics Administration). In this study, regression with panel data analysis was the analytical technique. The independent factors in this study are land area, labor, and rainfall, while the dependent variable is palm oil production. The outcomes obtained from the panel data regression analysis are land area has a positive effect on oil palm production and rainfall has a positive effect on oil palm production. Meanwhile, labor does not affect palm oil production.

Indonesia’s Public Diplomacy in Increasing the Number of Visits of Singapore Tourists

Singapore is the most significant contributor to tourist visits to Indonesia, but in 2015-2016, the number of tourist visits from Singapore decreased from around 1,59 million people to 1,51 million people. This study aims to determine the efforts of Indonesia's public diplomacy in increasing the number of tourist visits from Singapore through Wonderful Indonesia as nation branding. This research is focused on 2016 to 2019. This research used a descriptive qualitative method by using data collection techniques in the form of interviews, and document collection, such as official documents from private sources and internet sources in the form of articles in relevant journals and publications, and can be ascertained their validity. The author also uses three stages of data analysis according to Miles and Huberman (1994), including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or data verification by data triangulation to explain the data obtained from the field in detail and clearly. The study found that Indonesia's public diplomacy efforts, which involved non-state actors by promoting Wonderful Indonesia, had a positive impact on tourism from Singapore. These efforts not only increased the number of tourist visits, but also boosted the country's foreign exchange income and earned recognition for the actors involved. Overall, the objective of these initiatives was to promote Indonesian culture, foster good relations with the Singaporean public, and create a favourable impression of Indonesia as a tourist destination. However, this promotional activity still has several obstacles due to the lack of infrastructure conditions in Indonesia around tourist destinations and Indonesia's level of security, as well as a small promotion budget.

The Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuation on Toyota Financial Performance and Its Hedging Strategy

In today's globalised economy, the majority of businesses operate in many nations, utilising foreign exchange for imports and exports to expose them to foreign exchange risk. Every business is more or less affected by foreign exchange risk, which is made up of transaction risk, translation risk, and economic risk. By analyzing Toyota's financial reports and comparing financial data of multiple fiscal years (2018 is the base year), including Toyota's derivatives trading volume, foreign exchange income, exchange rate fluctuations of Japanese yen relative to other major currencies, and the average transaction price of currency trading, this study studied the role of financial derivatives in Toyota's foreign exchange risk management. The research results show that Toyota's derivatives transactions in 2018, including forward foreign exchange future contracts and foreign exchange options, strongly offset the foreign exchange risk caused by the appreciation of the yen against the US dollar and the euro. In addition to the derivatives transactions, Toyota also used other risk management policies to reduce its foreign exchange risk. Although the use of financial derivatives can hedge risks, but it will also bring losses to the enterprise. In today's volatile global business environment, each enterprise must choose the appropriate risk management tools for it.

Framework for Building Smart Tourism Big Data Mining Model for Sustainable Development

How to combine big data (BD) technology with specific applications in the tourism industry to achieve sustainable development in the tourism industry is a development issue that needs to be addressed in the tourism industry today. In order to promote the development of smart tourism, this text constructed a BD mining model for sustainable smart tourism. In this paper, based on tourism data from 2010 to 2021, a regression model and an exponential curve model are constructed to forecast passenger traffic, and a tourism spatial dimension model is constructed to build a tourism data table, pre-process the data and construct a data mining (DM) model using a SQL Server model. The experimental part of the study conducts experimental research on cities applying smart tourism DM technology in three areas: foreign exchange earnings from the city’s tourism industry, jobs in the tourism industry and the development of tourism-related industries. The results showed that the application of smart tourism DM technology can improve the foreign exchange income (FEI) of urban tourism, increase employment in tourism and drive the development of tourism-related industries. Compared with 2010, the tourism FEI of the four cities would increase by more than 70% in 2021.

Development of Java Hands Startup Business Idea Model by Lean Startup Approach

Exporting is one of the activities that help increase a country's foreign exchange income. However, there are still many export commodities that have not been maximized. One of them is handicrafts. Java Hands is an e-commerce company aiming to sell handicrafts made by Yogyakarta artisans to overseas markets. Based on the observations made, there are fluctuations in the value of Indonesia's handicraft exports. Only one country controls the value of exports. Java Hands aims to increase interest in crafts and help artisans find new markets. The Java Hands build process is designed with a lightweight startup approach. This approach makes work more efficient and faster. Lean Startup consists of three phases. This is market validation, product validation, business validation. After completing these three phases, your existing data will be analyzed and a prototype of your Java Hands application will be created.

Determination of winter tourism potential areas in Türkiye using a GIS-based multi-criteria analysis

Tourism, one of the expeditiously growing and most important sectors, contributes to the national economy by increasing employment and foreign exchange income. As in many countries, the place of tourism in the country's economy is very important in T?rkiye (formerly known as Turkey). As one of the sources that have contributed significantly to the country's economy for many years, it has played a locomotive role in its development. T?rkiye is trying to increase its share of international tourism revenues with investments and incentives. Although it is a country that draws attention with its areas suitable for winter tourism, the development of winter tourism centers is very slow when some aspects are taken into account. Konya Province is one of the few religious and cultural tourism centers of T?rkiye. The region has qualified winter tourism areas. Bringing these areas to tourism can be an important resource for both the provincial and national economy. This study proposes a Geographical Information System based Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) model using Best Worst Method (BWM) to identify the most suitable locations for winter tourism facilities in the Konya region of T?rkiye. Among some suitable areas determined according to the results of the analysis, Alada? Mountain in Derbent region has been seen as the most suitable place for winter tourism investments, as it has all the features such as snow quality, transportation, and snowy day duration that should exist in a winter tourism center.

A Comparative Analysis of Hazard Analysis Methods for Sustainable Energy Development

This paper discusses the potential risks and dangers associated with the oil and gas industry. This industry is essential for meeting energy needs and generating foreign exchange income, but it also poses significant risks, such as accidents, fires, explosions, and environmental contamination. Neglected work and safety procedures can result in catastrophic economic losses and have far-reaching effects on society and the environment. The study describes three significant accidents in the industry that were caused by internal and external factors. In order to comprehend the causes of these incidents, this study suggests three risk analysis techniques: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, and Hazard and Operability Study. The paper asserts that by employing these methods, incident data can be obtained to enhance security and reduce the likelihood of future accidents. Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of safety measures, environmental management, and total quality management in the oil and gas industry in order to avoid fatal outcomes and environmental impacts.

Classifying Tourist Destinations in Japan for Overtourism

Tourism is considered an important factor that generates a feeling of satisfaction and wellbeing and contributes to subjective wellbeing and quality of life. The magnificent nature and cross-cultural understanding that tourists have never experienced bring a wider perspective to tourists. In addition, tourism development generates economic growth by increasing foreign exchange income and creating employment opportunities. The rapid growth of tourism has led to the challenge of overtourism as well as conflicts between tourists and residents over the inconvenience caused to residents and the damage caused to the cultural environment due to the cultural differences between the two groups. This phenomenon is relatively more evident at the popular tourist destinations and has aggravated as the number of tourists has grown. This research aims to define the state of overtourism at famous tourist destinations in Japan and classify the level of overtourism based on social media data, primarily from Twitter. As Kyoto is suffering from overtourism, we conduct a comparative study of four other tourist destinations with Kyoto and explore the state of overtourism based on positive and negative expressions collected during January 8 to April 18, 2020. The results show the degree of overtourism for tourism destinations can be classified by the ratio of positive and negative expressions in tweets.

Tersanelerdeki İş Kazası Nedenlerinin Önem Düzeylerine Göre Belirlenmesi

Since approximately 75% of the world's surface is covered with seas and it is economical, the majority of the cargoes subject to international trade are transported by sea. This situation increases the importance of the construction, maintenance and repair of ships, which are transportation vehicles, and therefore the importance of shipyards. Shipyards have important contributions in terms of ensuring the continuity of the maritime transportation system, providing production, employment, foreign exchange income and meeting the defense needs. In addition to these, shipyards are industrial areas where occupational accidents occur frequently, as they contain many business lines. In this context, it is aimed to determine the causes of occupational accidents in shipyards according to their importance levels. The four main criteria that caused the accident by literature review; Alternatives such as "personal factors, material/equipment-related factors, environmental factors, administrative factors" and 19 sub-criteria related to these, such as "organization, ensuring the suitability of the working environment, training and human-machine harmony" have been determined for the prevention of accidents. In order to compare the main criteria and sub-criteria with each other, a questionnaire was prepared using the comparison values of 1-9 and the importance level of the causes of the accident was tried to be determined according to the evaluation of the experts working in the shipyard. The analyzes were made using the Super Decisions v2.1 program, which operates with the AHP method, one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, depending on the survey evaluations. In the evaluation among the main criteria, "personal factors" came to the forefront as the most important cause of accident. Among the sub-criteria of the personal factor criterion, "psychological/mental problems" came to the fore as the most important cause of accident. In addition, among the alternatives determined for the prevention of accidents, "organization" has resulted as the most important of the measures to be taken.

O papel dos movimentos de capitais no balanço de pagamentos da América Latina em 1990-2019

ABSTRACT We studied the balance of payments data for a set of Latin American countries between 1990 and 2019. We intended to quantify the main items of foreign exchange income and expenditure. We were particularly interested in studying the magnitude and role of financial flows, either as a source of external resources or as an item of expenditure. The analysis was carried out in two dimensions: cross section (for a sample of 11 nations) for the entire period and over time for the three decades covered by the data. This study offers an empirical basis to reassess the traditional view that places an “external constraint” on growth in the foreign trade. In contrast, the data analyzed here suggest that items related to financial flows are the main responsible for external vulnerability of these countries.

KONSTRUKSI HUKUM HAKIM AGUNG DALAM MEMUTUS SENGKETA PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI PERUSAHAAN BATU BARA (Studi Kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor : 36/B/PK/PJK/2016)

<span class="fontstyle0">This study aims to analyze and synthesize the legal construction of the Supreme Court justices in deciding the value added tax dispute of coal companies so that they can be used as legal considerations for tax authorities and taxpayers who are in the coal mining sector in fulfilling their tax obligations. The method used is doctrinal research which analyzes primary and secondary legal sources. The results of the study show that the construction of the Supreme Court judge in deciding the value added tax dispute for coal companies is not only guided by written regulations and documents, but also explores, follows, and understands the legal values and sense of justice that live in the coal business world. The Supreme Court judge is of the opinion that the Certificate of Origin is not the basis for calculating the volume of coal delivery, income from debt payments is not an object of value added tax, foreign exchange income is not an object of value added, and sales of assets which according to their original purpose were not traded by coal mining companies are not value added tax object.</span> <br /><br />

Pengaruh Pendapatan Valuta Asing Dan Biaya Promosi Terhadap Laba Di PT. Bank Muamalat Periode 2015-2019

In this study aims to examine the effect of foreign exchange earnings and promotional costs on profits of PT. Bank Muamalat. The data source in this study is secondary data in the form of published financial reports. The analysis of this method uses multiple regression with SPSS data processing techniques. From the analysis test states 1) There is a significant positive effect of Foreign Exchange Income and Promotion Costs. In the multiple linear regression test, the calculated F value is 8.339, higher than F table 3.49, the significance level is 0.003 <0.005, which means that there is a significant positive effect simultaneously. Personally, the Foreign Exchange Income variable provides a coefficient value of 3.516 with a sigma of 0.003 which means that it has a significant positive effect and Promotion Costs of 2.309 with a sigma of 0.034, which means that it has a significant positive effect.
 
 Keywords : Foreign Exchange Earnings; Promotion Costs; Profit