Foreign Entities Research Articles

Our Exploration of Countermeasures against the Abuse of Unilateral Sanctions by the United States

Currently, the international landscape is undergoing changes, with unilateralism on the rise. Of which, economic sanctions are the most common form. Due to the lack of effective specialized international rules in the current international rule system, unilateral sanctions are increasingly frequently used by individual countries. The abuse of unilateral sanctions has impacted the normal operation of international mechanisms. Unilateral sanctions were originally used in a country’s domestic law, but now some countries, such as the United States, expand their own laws’ extraterritorial application through the continuous expansion of connection points, thereby giving their sanctions against foreign entities a cloak of legitimacy, which goes against the principles of international law and the basic norms of international relations (Bai, 2018). From a legal perspective, the implementation of illegal unilateral sanctions is achieved through the improper interpretation and application of international treaty exception clauses. From international custom, unilateral sanctions beyond countermeasures refer to those imposed by states other than the injured state, who deliberately legalize countermeasures related to sanctions, which greatly contributes to the abuse of unilateral sanctions. In this context, China should accelerate the construction of its anti-sanctions legal system to effectively counter the threats and damages caused by unilateral sanctions and firmly safeguard its sovereignty, security, and development interests.

Critical Analysis on Land Grabbing as an Organized Crime

Abstract: Land grabbing has emerged as a critical issue in contemporary global discourse, significantly impacting socio-economic and environmental landscapes. This research examines the phenomenon of land grabbing, defined as the large-scale acquisition of land, often by foreign entities or corporations, which displaces local communities and disrupts traditional land use practices. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, this study analyses case studies from various regions, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America, to uncover the underlying motivations and implications of land grabbing. The findings reveal that factors such as food security, resource scarcity, and economic development drive land acquisitions, frequently resulting in adverse effects on local populations, including loss of livelihoods and environmental degradation. Additionally, the research highlights the role of government policies and international trade agreements in facilitating land grabbing practices. The study underscores the need for robust legal frameworks and the active involvement of local communities in land governance to mitigate the negative impacts of land grabbing and promote sustainable development. Ultimately, this research contributes to the understanding of land grabbing as a complex interplay of economic interests, social justice, and environmental sustainability.

Detection of foreign materials on Semen Ziziphi Spinosae using hyperspectral imaging technology coupled with convolutional neural networks

The efficacy of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, a valued medicinal material, can be compromised by the presence of foreign materials, which may also worsen patient conditions and lead to complications. Traditional machine vision techniques often struggle to identify foreign entities that closely resemble Semen Ziziphi Spinosae in color and shape. This study investigates the application of hyperspectral imaging technology for the detection and differentiation of four types of foreign materials (moldy Semen Ziziphi Spinosae shell, wood, and stone) in processing industries. High-resolution hyperspectral imagery was subjected to image segmentation and background noise reduction to separate the contours of the samples within the images. The average spectral signatures of the regions of interest were extracted to construct models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Mahalanobis distance, Deep Belief Networks, and Generative Adversarial Networks. These models were employed to extract spectral information indicative of foreign matter within the hyperspectral data to identify foreign materialss in Semen Ziziphi Spinosae. Subsequently, the classification outcomes were mapped onto the original hyperspectral images, enabling a visual representation of foreign matter within the seeds. The classification performance of alternative models was compared with that of the CNN model. The results demonstrate that a CNN trained with spectral information from hyperspectral data can accurately identify foreign materialss in Semen Ziziphi Spinosae. The model underwent 30 iterations, achieving an accuracy rate of 99% with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.62 for the validation detection, and an accuracy rate of 98% with an RMSE of 0.62 for the validation set.

Hamlet and Inoculation

ABSTRACT This article surveys Shakespeare’s biopolitical thought, with a focus on the semantic feature of “inoculat[ion]” in Hamlet. Today, the word “inoculation” means a way to produce artificial immunity by inserting a pathogenic material taken from an external entity through a small incision. This medical procedure, widely practiced in the eighteenth century, is called inoculation because it was like grafting—mixing one body with another. By using “inoculat[ion]” as a rhetorical device, Hamlet explores the politics of immunity before the dawn of modern immunology. Shakespeare’s work negotiates legal and medical thoughts on immunity: in particular, Hamlet is an intriguing text because it balances two different features of immunity, signifying at once juridical exception (as a signature of sovereign authority) and the negative protection of a body (through the metaphor of corpus politicum). Like the metaphor of inoculation (i.e. grafting), a practice that needs the other’s body, Hamlet shows that the body politic can be secured only when the realm elects the same invading foreign entity. In Shakespeare’s early modern imagination, immunity is not a strict boundary between self and non-self; rather, it is a much more negotiable boundary open to alterity and creaturely existences.

Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions Reprogram Dendritic Cells to Promote Type 1 Anti-Tumor Immunity.

Cancer vaccine development is inhibited by a lack of strategies for directing dendritic cell (DC) induction of effective tumor-specific cellular immunity. Pathogen engagement of DC lectins and toll-like receptors (TLRs) is thought to shape immunity by directing T cell function. Controlling downstream responses, however, remains a major challenge. A critical goal in advancing vaccine development involves the identification of receptors that drive type 1 cellular immunity. The immune system monitors cells for aberrant glycosylation (a sign of a foreign entity), but potent activation occurs when a second signal, such as single-stranded RNA or lipopolysaccharide, is present to activate TLR signaling. To exploit dual signaling, we engineered a glycan-costumed virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine that displays a DC-SIGN-selective aryl mannose ligand and encapsulates TLR7 agonists. These VLPs deliver programmable peptide antigens to induce robust DC activation and type 1 cellular immunity. In contrast, VLPs lacking this critical DC-SIGN ligand promoted DC-mediated humoral immunity, offering limited tumor control. Vaccination with glycan-costumed VLPs generated tumor antigen-specific Th1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that infiltrated solid tumors, significantly inhibiting tumor growth in a murine melanoma model. The tailored VLPs also afforded protection against the reintroduction of tumor cells. Thus, DC lectin-driven immune reprogramming, combined with the modular programmability of VLP platforms, provides a promising framework for directing cellular immunity to advance cancer immunotherapies and vaccines.

The Bankruptcy of Foreign Companies

Abstract Until recently, in Russian jurisprudence prevailed a conservative approach. According to it, Russian courts did not consider themselves an appropriate forum for the bankruptcy of foreign companies. The situation started to change in April 2022, when the first judicial act opening bankruptcy proceedings in respect of a foreign company was rendered. This case reached the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and paved the way for subsequent similar cases. As a result, in February 2024 the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation issued a landmark ruling which set an important precedent regarding several fundamental questions of cross-border insolvency in Russia. This article tracks the development of case law and the shifts in the focus of judicial reasoning towards stronger and more effective protection of the creditors’ interests. It gives an overview of the applicable rules in the absence of special regulation of cross-border insolvency. The article identifies the criteria developed by courts and common features of foreign entities currently most affected by the changes in case law. These changes demonstrate how jurisprudence strategically adjusts to the challenges of our time and customizes international trends.

Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment On Domestic Investment In Brazil

In an era marked by rapid globalization and intricate economic interconnections, FDI has emerged as a critical driver of economic growth in many developing nations. Brazil, as the largest economy in Latin America, has witnessed significant fluctuations in FDI inflows over the past decades. The question of whether FDI can stimulate domestic investment remains a topic of considerable interest among economists, policymakers, and scholars. This study delves into the complex relationship between FDI and domestic investment in Brazil, employing historical data, economic indicators, and existing scholarly research. Brazil, as a prominent emerging economy and a global economic force, has consistently attracted international investors and governments. The nexus between economic development and FDI has garnered global attention. FDI not only involves the allocation of financial resources from foreign entities but also entails technology transfer, managerial expertise, and access to international markets. While these inflows have the potential to stimulate local investment, economic growth, and job creation, concerns exist regarding their possible displacement or crowding-out effect on domestic investments. Understanding the intricate correlation between FDI and domestic investment in Brazil is of paramount importance, shaping investment policies within the country and offering valuable insights for other emerging economies seeking to strike a balance between foreign and domestic capital. This study examines the impact of FDI on domestic investment in Brazil, analyzing historical data, economic indicators, and existing literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of this complex relationship. The research draws on economic theories such as the neoclassical growth hypothesis, endogenous growth theory, and crowding-out hypothesis to explore the potential effects of FDI on domestic investment. It considers the regional disparities in FDI distribution and the sector-specific impacts of FDI in Brazil. Additionally, the study evaluates the role of government policies, trade openness, and financial development in moderating the relationship between FDI and domestic investment. Ultimately, this research aims to shed light on the multifaceted dynamics between FDI and domestic investment in Brazil. By addressing the positive and negative aspects of this relationship, it seeks to provide valuable insights for policymakers, economists, and businesses not only in the Brazilian context but also for other nations navigating the challenges and opportunities of FDI. The findings contribute to the global discourse on the impact of FDI on a nation's economic trajectory and offer guidance for informed policy decisions.

Implementation of Carbon Trading: Mechanisms of Execution and Legal Protection for Shareholders on the Indonesia Carbon Exchange

This research aims to find out how the trading mechanism on the carbon exchange and legal protection for company shareholders in carbon trading transactions on the Indonesian carbon exchange. Increased global awareness of climate change has prompted many countries, including Indonesia, to adopt more effective mitigation measures. A carbon exchange is a platform for buying and selling carbon credits, which can be obtained by companies that have taken decarbonisation measures. Through carbon trading, investors can be involved in reducing carbon emissions through a scheme that has been provided, namely emission trading or emission offsets. The Indonesian government issued carbon trading regulations and policies as an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions globally, and the presence of the Indonesian Carbon Exchange (IDX Carbon) provides positive sentiment for a number of issuers engaged in the environmentally friendly sector. This is because the presence of a carbon exchange opens up opportunities for environmentally friendly companies to increase their revenue by selling carbon credits. The method used in this research is normative juridical with statutory approach and conceptual approach. The results of this research show that shareholders of carbon exchange organisers can only be owned by sui generis institutions, Indonesian citizens, Indonesian legal entities, and/or foreign legal entities that have obtained permission or are under the supervision of the financial services regulator in their home country. In addition, members of the board of directors of the carbon exchange organiser must be domiciled in Indonesia.

The Principle of Reciprocity in Case on Bankruptcy of Foreign Entities

The Principle of Reciprocity in Case on Bankruptcy of Foreign Entities

The microbiota: a crucial mediator in gut homeostasis and colonization resistance.

The gut microbiota is a complex and diverse community of microorganisms that colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract and influences various aspects of human health. These microbes are closely related to enteric infections. As a foreign entity for the host, commensal microbiota is restricted and regulated by the barrier and immune system in the gut and contributes to gut homeostasis. Commensals also effectively resist the colonization of pathogens and the overgrowth of indigenous pathobionts by utilizing a variety of mechanisms, while pathogens have developed strategies to subvert colonization resistance. Dysbiosis of the microbial community can lead to enteric infections. The microbiota acts as a pivotal mediator in establishing a harmonious mutualistic symbiosis with the host and shielding the host against pathogens. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying host-microbiome and microbiome-pathogen interactions, highlighting the multi-faceted roles of the gut microbiota in preventing enteric infections. We also discuss the applications of manipulating the microbiota to treat infectious diseases in the gut.

Definition of the Concept of a Transnational Tax Crime for Ensuring National Security and International Cooperation in the Eurasian Legal Space

Nowadays, modern international law has not developed the concept of countering transnational tax crimes. To combat such crimes, it is imperative to enhance international collaboration between law enforcement agencies and financial institutions. Developing and implementing a unified system for exchanging information on financial transactions and actively pursuing violators will make the system more efficient and transparent. Efficiently utilizing modern technologies and the analytical work done by the concerned authorities will significantly enhance the efficacy of the regulation and prosecution of transnational tax offences, thereby facilitating the prompt and precise identification of the offenders. According to the results of the study, the author proposes to classify transnational tax crimes as follows: (i) tax evasion; (ii) concealment and underestimation of the volume of the taxable base of exporters; (iii) concealment of income received by foreign legal entities and their representative offices; and (iv) other types of crime. To effectively combat this phenomenon in international law, it is necessary to develop an efficient mechanism and adopt a suitable international legal document, such as a convention, agreements, standards, and regulations governing its implementation.

International Scientific Conference “Communication. Disinformation. Propaganda. Information Warfare Ecosystem”. Report

In May 2023, on the initiatives of the Faculty of Administration and National Security of the Jacob of Paradies University in Gorzów Wielkopolski and with the participation of several involved foreign and domestic entities, the International Scientific Conference "Communication. Disinformation. Propaganda. “Information Warfare Ecosystem.” During the two days of the conference, sixty-two speakers presented their research results, including eighteen from abroad (29%). They represented thirty-eight institutions, including 14 foreign ones (37%). In total, fifty-six speeches were delivered, thirty-three of them in Polish and twenty-three in English (41%). Scientists actively participating in the conference came from nine countries, in particular from Estonia, Finland, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Italy. 115 listeners listened to the conference.

A STUDY ON IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) exerts a multifaceted influence on a country's Balance of Payments (BOP), encompassing both the capital and current accounts. In the capital account, FDI inflows represent crucial long-term investments by foreign entities into domestic assets, spanning from establishing new ventures to acquiring existing businesses or funding infrastructure projects. These inflows augment the country's capital base, providing essential funding for development endeavors, particularly vital for emerging economies. Additionally, FDI facilitates technology transfer and managerial expertise, fostering innovation and enhancing productivity. Consequently, this bolsters the competitiveness of domestic industries, potentially leading to increased exports and improved trade balances. However, FDI outflows, in the form of profits, dividends, and royalties repatriated by foreign investors, impact the income account of the current BOP, constituting outflows. Furthermore, FDI's influence extends to exchange rates, where significant inflows may lead to currency appreciation, affecting trade dynamics.

Control of Personal Data and Cyber ​​Space by Global Digital Platforms in Relation to Indonesia's Digital Sovereignty

The dominance of foreign digital platforms in the application ecosystem within Indonesia poses significant implications for the sovereignty of the Indonesian state; the utilization of such foreign digital technologies results in the inadvertent surrender and delegation of citizen data to foreign entities for monitoring and processing purposes. This phenomenon has elicited concern among legal scholars, as the usage of foreign applications signifies the applicability of the legal frameworks from the countries of origin of these applications. This raises critical questions regarding the sovereignty of the Indonesian state, particularly concerning its ability to exert control over data and cyberspace in the context of global platforms. The methodological approach employed in this investigation is grounded in normative legal research, utilizing a conceptual framework that examines relevant legal statutes. The aggregation and distribution of personal data constitutes an infringement upon individual privacy rights, as the right to privacy inherently encompasses the prerogative to determine the provision of personal information. The strategic policies and initiatives undertaken by the Indonesian government to bolster national digital sovereignty can be realized through several measures: the implementation of comprehensive personal data protection standards to enhance national digital sovereignty, the establishment of an independent authority for personal data protection, the fortification of cybersecurity measures to mitigate data security risks, and the jurisdictional enforcement of cyberspace law towards achieving digital economic sovereignty. There exists a pressing need for extensive regulatory frameworks to safeguard personal data as an integral component of human rights. A balance must be struck in the management of personal data processing, ensuring the protection of rights and fostering awareness among data subjects, thereby facilitating the development of a secure digital economic ecosystem that offers legal certainty for enterprises and enhances consumer confidence. Furthermore, the establishment of equitable international personal data protection regulations is essential to support the advancement of the digital economy through arrangements governing cross-border data flow.

Prospects for integration and Obstacles to democracy - EU’s role in the Albanian political crisis

Abstract More than three decades after the totalitarian regime collapse, Albania is still categorized as a hybrid democracy despite having made consistent strides toward becoming a liberal democracy. Most local political leaders have remained antagonistic towards liberal democratic principles. In 2019, relations between the European Union (EU) and Albania were at a special stage of development. After a difficult period and tensions in the EU, the European Council decided to postpone the decision to start membership talks with Albania and North Macedonia. Apart from this issue, Albania had other challenges in 2019, including institutional and political conflict, justice reform, the fight against corruption, and the consolidation of democratic structures. This article examines the intricate connections that Albanian political representatives and institutions maintain with foreign organizations and entities. It specifically highlights the role that the EU Delegation played in mediating the political and institutional crises of 2019. Although the external incentives models provide a useful foundation for understanding Albania’s Europeanization process, other factors that may be relevant and encourage the ongoing democratization and rule adoption are indicated by the country’s low membership credibility.

Prospects For Integration and Obstacles to Democracy. Eu’s Role in The Albanian Political Crises

More than three decades after the totalitarian regime collapse, Albania is still categorized as a hybrid democracy despite having made consistent strides toward becoming a liberal democracy. Most local political leaders have remained antagonistic towards liberal democratic principles. In 2019, relations between the European Union (EU) and Albania were at a special stage of development. After a difficult period and tensions in the EU, the European Council decided to postpone the decision to start membership talks with Albania and North Macedonia. Apart from this issue, Albania had other challenges in 2019, including institutional and political conflict, justice reform, the fight against corruption, and the consolidation of democratic structures. This article examines the intricate connections that Albanian political representatives and institutions maintain with foreign organizations and entities. It specifically highlights the role that the EU Delegation played in mediating the political and institutional crises of 2019. Although the external incentives models provide a useful foundation for understanding Albania's Europeanization process, other factors that may be relevant and encourage the ongoing democratization and rule adoption are indicated by the country's low membership credibility.

CASHLESS SOCIETY MANAGING PRIVACY AND SECURITY IN TECHNOLOGICAL AGE

A cashless society is an economic state which handles financial transactions not in the form of traditional mediums of currency, such as cash or coins, but by transferring digital data (usually by electronic means, such as credit cards and mobile data) between participating parties. Participants of a cashless society must Figure out a way to protect their transaction data, acknowledging the risks of organizations collecting mass amounts of said data, which result in a reduction of personal privacy. Balancing individual privacy with data security is vital in the information age, especially considering the increasing risk of data breaches and exploitation. In order to increase privacy in a cashless society, a few courses of action can be combined to produce a lasting and desirable result for users: A new kind of banking service that assigns randomized numbers to credit cards, the use of blockchain to monitor all transactions from individuals, and a campaign to educate and inform key stakeholders about security and privacy risks to provide the necessary tools and background knowledge to safeguard their own information before interaction with a foreign entity or other third parties i.e. cyber security departments, IT technicians, etc. Blockchain and card number randomization are both susceptible to zero-day errors, bugs, and varied levels of social acceptance. This preliminary research draws on a systems analysis of cashless systems to identify and analyze a set of social and technical solutions to support a robust cashless system that protects users’ privacy and maintains the security of the system. The information found and analyzed will be beneficial by exposing weak points in current methods of data integrity and security. Learning about current and future methods of managing privacy and data security in the technological age would be helpful in creating preventative counter measures. Key Words: Cashless economy, e-banking, card swipe, digital money, plastic money, transparency and digital transaction.

The extraordinary case of a welder: retrieval of foreign bodies via transcervical neck exploration

Penetrating foreign bodies in the neck can be challenging to locate, especially given the complex anatomy of neck and edematous tissue planes following injury. These foreign entities require prompt surgical exploration for their removal because of risk of migration. Retrieval of foreign bodies relies upon their size and surrounding anatomical tissues. We are reporting an uncommon instance in which an iron chip accidentally penetrated patient's neck, producing acute hoarseness of voice and agony. The foreign body was removed via transcervical neck exploration.

Germany's Economic Integration: Automotive Industry and FDI Analysis

In this paper, Germany's significant role was explored in regional integration and its competitive edge in the automotive manufacturing industry, underlining the country's strategic involvement in the European Union and World Trade Organisation. Germany’s participation in the EU has been instrumental in promoting economic integration across Europe, benefiting from free trade agreements and contributing to the EU’s status as a major trade bloc. The paper also delves into the reasons behind Germany's prowess in the automotive sector, using Porter's Diamond Model to analyze factors like advanced technology, skilled workforce, strict consumer standards, and supportive industries, all contributing to the country's global competitiveness in this domain. Furthermore, the study investigates the dynamics of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Germany, identifying key attractions for foreign investors such as technological leadership, a robust market, efficient infrastructure, and favorable investment policies. However, challenges like rigorous government regulations on FDI and cultural differences pose potential hurdles for foreign investors. The conclusion emphasizes that while Germany offers substantial opportunities due to its economic strength and market potential, foreign entities must carefully navigate these challenges to successfully invest and operate in the German market.

Acquisition of land ownership rights by foreign persons according to the laws of Ukraine and Canada

The article conducts a comparative legal study of the specifics of acquisition and exercise of land ownership by foreigners, stateless persons and foreign legal entities under the legislation of Ukraine and Canada, as a result of which the Canadian experience of legal regulation in the specified area, which is most acceptable for Ukraine, is substantiated. It has been established that in the science of land law of Ukraine, one of the most controversial issues is the possibility, scope, conditions and grounds of granting land ownership rights to foreigners, stateless persons, and foreign legal entities, especially considering the provisions of Art. 13 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which declares all land to be the property of the Ukrainian people. This issue has not been resolved definitively in the land legislation, as access of foreign persons to ownership of agricultural land can be granted only after a positive decision of the All-Ukrainian referendum. The conducted research showed that Canadian legislation provides for the possibility of establishing restrictions on the acquisition of land ownership by foreign entities both at the federal level (a two-year restriction on the purchase of residential real estate, including vacant land plots intended for residential development), and at the level of individual provinces and territories. At the level of the provinces and territories, there are different legal models for restricting the access of foreign persons to the right to ownership of land, primarily for agricultural purposes. There are no legal restrictions on the acquisition of the right to ownership of land by foreign persons in British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. At the same time, in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec, the access of foreigners to land ownership is significantly limited, in particular, by establishing the maximum size of land plots that they can acquire on ownership. The article claims that the establishment of restrictions in Canadian legislation on the acquisition of ownership rights to land, primarily for agricultural purposes, is conditioned by the need to ensure priority access to the lands of Canadian citizens and Canadian corporations, which can be a reference point for the settlement of these issues in Ukrainian land law. Canadian legislation, both at the federal level and at the level of individual provinces and territories, provides effective mechanisms of legal responsibility in the event of violation of legal restrictions on foreign persons' access to land ownership, which should be provided for in Ukrainian legislation.