Foreign Direct Investment Market Research Articles

The impact of foreign direct investment on stock market growth: Evidence from Pakistan

This paper aims to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on stock market growth in Pakistan from 1990 to 2020. The study aims to evaluate the impact of FDI on stock market growth in both the short and long term, as well as examine the impact of economic growth on stock market growth. The study uses an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the long-term impacts of FDI on the stock market and an Error Correction Model (ECM) to evaluate the short-term impact. The study reveals a substantively significant and positive influence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the growth of the stock market, observed from both a short-term and long-term perspective. Gross National Income (GNI) and Exchange Rate (ER) also have a significant bearing on stock market growth, while Interest Rate (IR) is found to have a negative impact but is statistically insignificant. The findings also confirm the impact of economic growth on stock market development, establishing a triangular relationship between FDI, Economic Growth, and Stock Market Growth. The study concludes that FDI has a significant positive impact on stock market growth in Pakistan in both the short and long term. It further suggests that macroeconomic policies should be developed and a tax-free market environment should be created to stimulate and encourage foreign direct investment for economic growth and stock market growth. The study's policy implications suggest that government officials should implement viable macroeconomic policies and create a tax-free market environment to encourage foreign direct investment for economic and stock market growth in Pakistan.

Mergers & Acquisition Decisions in the Energy Sector Based on Financial Transparency and Audit Opinions

ABSTRACT The BRICS countries are known to be a key market for foreign direct investment. This paper analyzes the decision of EU acquirers from developed economies to invest in the energy sector in BRICS countries. Using empirical evidence on 4,222 cross-border M&As and fuzzy logic, the research results show that acquirers consider macroeconomic factors as significant. When choosing a company located in the BRICS, its audit status is significant, but financial returns are not. This fact indicates that for sustainable decisions, industry is importantly correlated with financial information quality but not with company performance.

Asymmetric evidence of foreign direct investment response to stock returns in Nigeria

This study examines the response of foreign direct investment (FDI) to asymmetric changes in stock returns in Nigeria. We employed disaggregated monthly data for Nigeria (1985M01–2017M12) to test the magnitude of stock returns’ elasticity of FDI using a nonlinear ARDL modelling framework. By controlling for exchange rate and output size, evidence of asymmetric response of FDI to stock market returns in Nigeria could not be denied. Hence, sustainable development in Nigeria requires a long-run balance between FDI and Stock market through a stable exchange rate management system and efficiency of the capital market is necessary for increased FDI.

Analysis of foreign capital inflows and stock market performance in Nigeria

Most studies concentrate on the impact of only one constituent of the foreign capital influx on the stock market and economic performance, but only few studies simultaneously considered the unique impact of the duo of foreign portfolio investment (FPI) and foreign direct investment (FDI), and many of these studies were not undertaken in Nigeria.This study, therefore, assesses how foreign capital inflows (FPI and FDI) affect the stock market development in Nigeria. The foundations for the empirical study were built upon the dividend discount model, which formed the basis for the analytical framework. Going forward, the ARDL co-integration procedure was adopted to examine the long-run relationship between foreign capital and stock market performance. The results from the ARDL Bounds test suggest no evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between foreign capital inflows (FDI & FPI) and the stock market performance. Also, the short-run analysis indicates an insignificant relationship between FDI and stock market performance, whereas, a reversed relationship was obtained for FPI, as it exerts a positive and significant impact on stock market performance. The study recommends strengthening the institutional framework for the enlistment of multinational companies in the Nigerian stock market.

РИНОК МІЖНАРОДНИХ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНИХ РЕСУРСІВ: СТРУКТУРА ТА СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ

The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the market of international investment resources. A comprehensive analysis of current trends in the market of international investment resources in terms of its structural division into the market of foreign direct investment, the market of basic investment instruments - stocks and bonds, and the market of financial derivatives. Based on the analyzed statistical information, the authors draw conclusions about current trends in the international market of investment resources. The analysis of the foreign direct investment market revealed a tendency to decrease the volume of direct investment capital in all regions of the world. It is shown that foreign direct investment market is suffering severely from the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as from the impact of other factors such as the new industrial revolution, the transition of many world policies to greater economic nationalism, and the trend of sustainable development. In particular, countries with transition economies, developed and developing countries are suffered from decline of about 40% of foreign direct investments most of all. The market of basic investment instruments demonstrates a tendency to recover: the global stock market and the bond market also suffered significantly at the beginning of the pandemic in March 2020, but by the end of 2020 these markets had almost fully recovered and the bond market in general began to show record volumes and values. The derivatives and hybrid financial instruments market is showing a steady positive upward trend in 2020: trading in instruments such as currency futures, stock market futures, ETF options, etc. is showing significant growth. Such trends indicate that investors have become more active in portfolio investment strategies.

FDI, labor market flexibility and employment in China

This paper discusses the influence and underlying mechanisms of foreign direct investment (FDI) and the labor market on Chinese employment. We analyze data from 30 Chinese provinces and municipalities over the period 2000–2015, in the first instance to examine employment effects of both FDI and labor market flexibility through the moderating effect; here we verify the moderating effect with respect to labor market flexibility. Second, using subsamples, we explore the effects of regional and skill differences on the employment. Finally, to test the three mechanisms, we employ a mixed model of moderating and mediating effects. Contrary to previous studies, we observe a positive employment effect of FDI, with labor market flexibility playing a significant positive moderating role, a 1% increase in FDI is associated with an expected employment increase of 0.216. Additionally, wages, human capital, and R&D investment play positive mediating roles when labor market flexibility moderates the employment effect of FDI.

POTENTIAL FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT MARKET IN GABON

The article is devoted to the study and presentation of the potential of foreign direct investment in Gabon. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an international capital movement created to create, develop or support a foreign subsidiary, as well as to exercise control over the management of a foreign enterprise. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the driving element of multinationalization of companies, the creation of subsidiaries abroad or other financial relations. Reducing investment costs (exploitation of expensive natural resources, even impossible for transportation, using cheaper labor, optimizing taxation) and conquering new markets that are difficult to cover only through exports, are the main reasons for foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment has risen sharply since the mid-1980s (more than 10.6%) and is one of the main factors contributing to the globalization of the economy. Thus, Gabon remains a potential foreign direct investment market due to the wealth and diversity of its economy. This diversity of the Gabonese economy groups all sectors of economic activity, such as transport, services, tourism, construction, telecommunications, oil and gas, and others. Today, we can say that in Gabon all the conditions for a vision of business and a favorable investment climate are created.

FDI Inspired Energy Consumption in Selected Emerging Markets: Does Financial Development Matter?

The study investigated the impact of the complementarity between foreign direct investment (FDI) and financial development on energy consumption in emerging markets. Although the relevance of the FDI‑led energy consumption hypothesis is no longer contestable, the combined influence of FDI and financial development on energy consumption is not yet resolved. Random and fixed effects show that the interaction between outstanding domestic private debt securities and FDI had a significant positive influence on energy consumption whereas pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) noted that the interaction between FDI and outstanding domestic public debt securities positively and significantly affected energy consumption. The dynamic generalized methods of moments (GMM) shows that the interaction between (1) FDI and stock market capitalization and (2) FDI and stock market value traded had a significant negative influence on energy consumption. The study urges emerging markets to deepen the bond sector market in order to enhance FDI‑led energy consumption.

Embracing localization: evidence from Western MNEs in Ghana

PurposeDespite the growing economic importance of Africa, the region has received scant attention in the international human resource management literature. The purpose of this paper is to address the gap in examining human resource management (HRM) practices in Western multinational enterprises’ (MNEs) subsidiary operations in Ghana, which is a significant foreign direct investment market in Africa. Focusing on recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, and rewards management viewed through the ability, motivation and opportunity (AMO) framework, the research emphasizes that effectiveness of the MNEs’ cross-cultural operations has necessitated embracing localization across a range of practices in accordance with the Ghanaian cultural landscape and specificities.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on 37 in-depth interviews with managers and employees in eight subsidiaries of British, European and US MNEs in Ghana. Interviews were conducted in 2015 in three locations – the capital city Accra, Tema (in the south) and Tamale (in the north).FindingsThe research reinforces earlier literature emphasizing the importance of paternalism and family and to a lesser extent patronage, but presents new findings in highlighting the erstwhile unexplored role of local chiefs in influencing HRM practices in Western MNEs in Ghana. Utilizing the AMO framework, this paper highlights practices within each HR area that influences performance through impact on employee AMO.Practical implicationsThe research informs MNE managers about the strategic importance of observing local cultural practices and designing appropriate strategies for ensuring both operational effectiveness and successful cross-cultural collaboration with local managers and employees in Ghana. It is suggested that if managers implement practices that foster and enhance employee AMO, subsidiaries may benefit from employee potential and discretionary judgment.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to a dearth of literature on HRM practices of Western MNEs’ subsidiaries in Africa by examining the extent to which MNEs strategically localize their practices to accommodate specificities of the host country cultural context and operate successfully.

The Effects of Governance Type and Economic Crises on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Ghana

Global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have increased rapidly over the last few decades. However, Ghana has not attracted much of this FDI. Investors are driven mostly by profit maximization and hence decisions to invest in an unfamiliar territory are often based on the economic and political conditions of this new territory. The current study investigates the effect of the state of governance and economic crises on FDI inflows to Ghana. Using time series data from 1960 to 2015, Vector Error Correction Mechanism results show that democratic governance has the tendency to positively influence FDI inflows while periods of economic crises are likely to reduce FDI inflows to Ghana in the long run. Depreciation of the Ghana Cedi reduces FDI inflows but market size has a positive influence on FDI inflows. Increase in labour skills and the level of openness have positive effects on FDI inflows. In the short run, economic crises in the last three years have negative effects on present FDI inflows while democratic governance in the past year positively influences FDI inflows. It is recommended that democratic governance should be maintained to enhance FDI inflows. Also, efforts to avoid economic crises especially institutional shocks absorbers are key to maintain FDI inflows to Ghana. JEL: P33, P45, E02, O55

Выявление глобальных стратегических трендов, определяющих развитие прямых иностранных инвестиций

Objectives. The foreign direct investment market is extremely dynamic. This is affected by a large number of factors, both external and internal. On the one hand, corporations change strategic investment priorities due to changes in the volume of accumulated investment resources, technologies used, and the market capacity to which they are oriented. At the same time, transformations take place in the global economy, leading to a change in the external environment, which leads to a change in the conditions for doing business in different countries and industries. The identification, systematization and description of the main strategic trends in the development of the foreign direct investment market and the factors that determine them, therefore, is the research objective of this work. Methods. During the research we used methods of statistical data analysis, scientific generalization, strategic analysis, systematization of scientific approaches. Results. The main indicators of the foreign direct investment market dynamics by countries, regions and international integration unions were analyzed in the framework of this study. As a result, the main global strategic trends in the development of the foreign direct investment market were identified and formulated. It was found that a number of strategic global trends in the development of the foreign direct investment market are sustainable, which determines the need to take them into account when developing appropriate strategies. The results of this study can be used to develop both corporate strategies for the implementation of FDI in certain countries and regions, and in the process of developing national regional and sectoral strategies for investment development.

Influence of Macroeconomics Factors and Legal Stability to the Insurance Growth in the ASEAN-5 Countries

This paper examines the influence of legal stability and macroeconomics factor to the non-life insurance development. In light of the growing significance of foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade that stimulate insurance sector, and the stress placed on legal stability of the countries, investigating the role of legal stability is crucial to sustain a country’s financial development. This study employs a panel data analysis spanning 20 years in the selected developing countries. The findings suggest that higher trade, higher income, higher stock market trading activities and higher availability of finance credit will enhance the non-life insurance development. Legal stability such as enhancement on the property right and government integrity will improve the non-life insurance development. When the legal environments in emerging countries are more stable, the FDI and stocks market will become more encouraging and stimulate non-life insurance development. The policy makers should improve the legal stability in emerging countries to improve the financial development for minimizing the gap with developed countries. This study includes the institutional factors components in addition to the macroeconomics factors could provide a complete picture towards the improvement of non-life insurance development in emerging and transition countries.

Human Capital Reputation as an Antecedent of Foreign Direct Investment Market Entry in Zimbabwe

This paper examines the influence that the reputation of Zimbabwe’s human capital has as an antecedent of FDI market entry opportunities in the country. By synthesizing nation branding, behavioural finance and foreign direct investment theory, this paper contributes to the growing body of knowledge in human capital as a determinant influencing foreign investor behaviour within an African economic context. Empirical data was generated from a self-administered online survey of a purposively sampled population of 305 foreign investors within the Zimbabwean context. Exploratory factor analysis extracted the items that constituted the Zimbabwean human capital construct, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients being utilized to measure the reliability of the measuring instrument. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment coefficients and multiple regression analysis were employed to further analyze the data. The results revealed that foreign investors considered the availability of a sustainable, highly productive, skilled, retainable and inexpensive workforce, as the influential human capital attributes they considered for FDI to Zimbabwe. The empirical evidence further affirmed that the reputation of Zimbabwe’s human capital is an antecedent for resource- and efficiency-seeking FDI typologies to Zimbabwe. As a result, practical guidelines are provided for the Government of Zimbabwe and the Zimbabwe Investment Authority on the potential development and promotion of Zimbabwe’s human capital for the purpose of positively influencing investor behaviour, thereby attracting FDI to the country.

Human Capital Reputation as an Antecedent of Foreign Direct Investment Market Entry in Zimbabwe

This paper examines the influence that the reputation of Zimbabwe’s human capital has as an antecedent of FDI market entry opportunities in the country. By synthesizing nation branding, behavioural finance and foreign direct investment theory, this paper contributes to the growing body of knowledge in human capital as a determinant influencing foreign investor behaviour within an African economic context. Empirical data was generated from a self-administered online survey of a purposively sampled population of 305 foreign investors within the Zimbabwean context. Exploratory factor analysis extracted the items that constituted the Zimbabwean human capital construct, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients being utilized to measure the reliability of the measuring instrument. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment coefficients and multiple regression analysis were employed to further analyze the data. The results revealed that foreign investors considered the availability of a sustainable, highly productive, skilled, retainable and inexpensive workforce, as the influential human capital attributes they considered for FDI to Zimbabwe. The empirical evidence further affirmed that the reputation of Zimbabwe’s human capital is an antecedent for resource- and efficiency-seeking FDI typologies to Zimbabwe. As a result, practical guidelines are provided for the Government of Zimbabwe and the Zimbabwe Investment Authority on the potential development and promotion of Zimbabwe’s human capital for the purpose of positively influencing investor behaviour, thereby attracting FDI to the country.

DOES FDI COMPLEMENT OR SUBSTITUTE STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN MAURITIUS

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the impact of FDI inflows on the Mauritian Stock Market. The research uses time series analysis for the period 1989 to 2014 and in the presence of I(0) and I(1) variables, it follows an ARDL bounds testing approach to gauge the long-run relationship among variables while short run dynamics are tested using an error correction model (ECM). Analysis of the findings shows a negative long run and short run relation between FDI and stock market development. Such results are contrary to most of the existing empirical works in the literature as it is established that FDI was playing the role of substitutes to development of the Mauritian stock market. Keywords Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Stock Market Development (SMD), Mauritius.

DOES STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT PLAY ANY ROLE IN THE EFFECT OF FDI ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA? AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

The objective of the paper is to investigate whether stock market development plays any role in the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Nigeria. Using annual time series data that span the period from 1981 to 2014, and employing the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) estimation technique, the empirical evidence indicates that FDI, domestic investment and stock market development positively and significantly affect economic growth, but the effect of the interaction between stock market development and FDI on economic growth is negative and significant, indicating that the Nigerian bourse is not yet fully developed to engender positive growth effect of FDI. The study further finds that government consumption expenditure and trade openness adversely affect the growth of the country’s real GDP per capita. Recommendations of the paper include efforts by the government to design and implement programmes and policies aimed at enhancing the attractiveness of the country to foreign and local investors, efforts by capital market regulators to enhance stock market efficiency, reduction of government consumption expenditures and import control.

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: New Granger Causality Evidence from Asian and African Economies

Previous studies on the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) have predominantly focused on developed and emerging economies. However, there seem to be few studies concentrating on a comparative analysis of vast African and Asian countries. This paper analysed drivers of foreign direct investments (FDI) to Asian and African economies using a panel dataset from 1980 to 2013.This study used Granger causality test, under vector error correction modelling (VECM) to test for causality among the variables. While the drivers of FDI inflows were measured using five dimensions as proposed by Anyanwu; the dependent variable, FDI inflows, was proxied by the ratio of FDI flows to gross domestic product (GDP). Findings revealed that variables manifesting the determinants of FDI inflows positively affected FDI into these continents. Specifically, factors such as trade openness, macroeconomic condition, infrastructural development, and monetary union have positive and significant effect on FDI to Asian economies. No significant relationship was found between FDI inflows and market size to the Asian continent during the study period. On the other hand, trade openness, macroeconomic condition, market size and infrastructural development have positive and significant effects on FDI inflows to African economies although there was no significant relationship between FDI inflows and monetary union to the African continent during the study period. In fact, there were bi-directional relationships between FDI inflows and some of the determinants in both continents. Theoretically, this model provides predictive implications on improved FDI inflows, given the activities of critical variables manifesting as determinants of FDI inflows.

Economic policy - Public health linkage and the importance of a regional platform: The case of tobacco control.

Southeast Asia has been the source of some recent encouraging developments on the health front, particularly in the area of tobacco control. In December 2012, the Philippines passed a landmark sin tax legislation that restructures the decade-old tax system for tobacco and alcohol products, updates the tax rates and indexes them for automatic increases, and earmarks its incremental proceeds for universal health financing. In August 2013, Malaysia proposed to exclude tobacco from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), a bid to protect tobacco control measures from any state-to-state or investor–state challenge. Earlier in July 2012, it was reported that Health Ministers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) agreed to withdraw tobacco from the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). While their actual Joint Statement made no mention of trade, the language referring to tobacco control was clear (ASEAN, 2012).

Attracting Foreign Direct Investment and Benefiting from it: Challenges for the Least Developed Countries

All the least developed countries (LDCs) need to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and benefit from it as much as possible in order to advance their development. In fact, LDCs as a group are not doing that badly in terms of FDI inflows. The US$25 billion they attracted on average during 2011-2013 constituted about 2% of world FDI flows. But these US$25 billion amounted to about 13% of these countries’ gross fixed capital formation. And that is a higher percentage than for any other country group. In other words, the FDI that LDCs received is more important for them than the FDI that other country groups received – although it is quite unevenly distributed among LDCs. And while it is also true that most FDI in LDCs is in natural resources, an increasing share goes into manufacturing and services. Transnational corporations (TNCs) from all parts of the world, including those headquartered in such rising emerging markets as China, India, Malaysia, and South Africa, invest in the continent. Interestingly, outward FDI from African LDCs is rising as well, having reached US$4 billion last year. This indicates that some firms in a number of these countries have reached the international competitiveness that is needed to flourish in the world FDI market. These are encouraging trends. The international community needs to support them, precisely because FDI can make an important contribution to economic growth and development. The challenge is twofold: to help increase FDI flows to LDCs; and to increase the contribution that the FDI flows that LDCs receive make to the development of host economies. To turn to the first challenge: as we know, FDI is undertaken by private firms (although state-owned enterprises are also becoming important) that have the capabilities to compete abroad and find it advantageous to do so through international production. Understanding where their FDI flows are directed requires that we look at the locational determinants of FDI. Three sets of determinants at the host-country end are particularly important: the economic determinants; the regulatory framework; and FDI promotion. The most important factor for enterprises to undertake FDI in a country is the nature of the economic determinants: quality of infrastructure, size of the market, growth of the market, availability of skills, technological infrastructure, etc. If the economic determinants are not favourable for firms to make a profit, FDI will not take place. To put it differently: while the economic determinants are not everything, everything is nothing if the economic determinants in a potential host country are not favourable. The economic determinants are the key for attracting FDI. As we know, however, the economic determinants in LDCs are not favourable. They need to be strengthened, and official development assistance (ODA) is critical for that purpose.

Pollution, foreign direct investment, and welfare

We characterize the optimal environmental policy in an oligopolistic model of production and production-generated pollution. A number of foreign firms are located in the host country which is assumed to be small in the market for foreign direct investment so that entry of foreign firms is endogenous. We derive closed-form solutions for the optimal entry tax and the optimal emission standards for foreign and domestic firms. Inter alia, we find that the optimal tax must be positive to control FDI, the number of domestic firms does not affect optimal policy and the emission standards depend on the relative efficiency of the domestic and foreign firms.