Foreign Direct Investment In Poland Research Articles

Determinants of FDI Stock in Some Central European Countries

Given the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economy, the purpose of this study is to identify and investigate the economic indicators that can explain the development of FDI in the economies of Central and Eastern European countries such as the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Slovenia throughout the period 1995–2020. When developing multiple linear regression models, the following explanatory variables were considered: exports, imports, import concentration and diversification indices, the balance of trade, the balance of payments, and different components of the economic freedom index. Therefore, it was shown that a rise in exports and imports has a beneficial impact on enhancing the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in each of the nations examined for this study. Furthermore, an increase in the value of the import diversification index is shown to have a beneficial effect on the levels of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia, as determined by this study. On the other hand, the import concentration index has been shown to benefit foreign direct investment in Poland. Furthermore, it was discovered that the balance of payments was a positive factor in the Hungarian economy. In contrast, the trade balance was shown to be a positive element in Poland and Slovenia. Both indicators have positively impacted foreign direct investment (FDI) flow.

Study on the influence of foreign direct investment on innovations in enterprises in Poland using the ECM model

In many theories of economics and empirical research, foreign direct investment (FDI) is perceived as a potential technology transfer channel bringing tangible benefits to FDI exporting countries and host countries. In light of some theories, such as Vernon’s product life cycle theory or Dunning’s pull factor theory, and the results of empirical research, the impact of inward FDI flows inhibits the development of innovation or has a neutral effect on innovation in the host country. In the era of the growing internationalisation of enterprises, and the search for opportunities for enterprises to compete on the domestic and foreign markets, innovation is becoming one of the most important elements of building a competitive advantage. Innovation and new technologies are also of fundamental importance for Polish enterprises that want to compete effectively. The question is, to what extent FDI in Poland favours this process, and to what extent limits it? In the empirical studies conducted so far for the Polish economy in the field of the relationship between the inflow of FDI and innovation, there are not many models that would allow to describe the cause-effect relationship between the discussed categories. The authors of this article attempt to fill this research gap. The main goal was to examine the directions and intensity of the impact of foreign direct investment on the level of innovation of enterprises in the main sectors of the economy in Poland. The study used, among others, panel data models with error correction mechanism (ECM) and the Granger causality test. The results confirmed the positive impact of foreign direct investment on the innovativeness of enterprises both in the industrial sector and in the service sector. Moreover, the impact of FDI on the innovativeness of enterprises in the industrial sector turned out to be stronger than the impact on the innovativeness of companies from the service sector.

Foreign Direct Investments in Poland against Countries of Visegrad Group

In the period of scarcity of investment capital, foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important source of its acquisition. These investments flow to the host countries in various conditions and consequences for the economy. The concept of linking the country’s position in terms of inflow and outflow of foreign direct investments with its economic development is the concept of the investment and development path – IDP (The Investment Development Path). The article diagnoses changes in the value of foreign direct investment in Poland against economies of Visegrad Group in 1995-2020, taking into account the effects of the pandemic on changes in FDI flows in 2016-2021. Against this background, the development of the Polish economy was diagnosed in the light of the path theory (IDP). The analysis covers the years 1995-2020 and 2016-2021 and uses data from UNCTAD and the World Bank. In the periods selected for the analysis, one can notice definitely different dynamics of changes in the value of FDI liabilities. The reaction of foreign investors in selected location markets varied during the pandemic. The diversification of the cumulative value of FDI receivables for individual countries is significant. During the pandemic, investors reacted to the situation in different ways. Among the selected countries, an increase in the value of FDI undertaken abroad was recorded in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Polish investors and investors from Hungary made investments with lower values than in 2020. In all years, NOIP for Poland takes negative values, so the level of FDI undertaken in Poland exceeds the level of investments undertaken abroad. Identifying the transition to one of the most important stages on the IDP path – stage III is difficult. It is debatable to determine the period in which Poland entered such a stage. This results, among others, from low FDI. It is indicated that this is a period from 2004 to even 2013.

“Killing the Golden Goose?”: FDI in Poland 2022

This article is a follow up on recent events that relate to participation in foreign direct investment (FDI) activities in Poland in light of the Law on Freedom of Economic Activity (LFEA), the Act on Control of Certain Investments and the Amendments thereto, which provide for the rules on foreign participation in the Polish market and later restrictions on the purchase of Polish assets by discrete categories of investors. The article builds on research published in 2021 relating to the existence and importance of FDI in the Polish economy that had been negatively affected by a series of challenges and paradoxes in Polish society.

DOES THE SHADOW ECONOMY AFFECT FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT? CASE STUDY OF POLAND AND POLISH REGIONS

The main goal of the research was to identify the relationship between the level of shadow economy and Foreign Direct Investment. The research was carried in Poland and Polish regions during 1990-2020. MIMIC approach was employed to calculate the level of shadow economy as a % of Polish and regional GDP. Pearson correlation index and Kolmogrov-Smirnov test were applied as well. The study proved there is a sound negative correlation (-0,636) between the shadow economy and foreign direct investment in Poland, but regional associations between those two variables demonstrated different results. Unlike in other Polish provinces, in Opolskie and Podkarpackie the correlation index confirmed a positive association between the level of shadow economy and FDI flow.

Permanent establishment as a foreign direct investment in Poland: identification of tax barriers in the context of new tax development

Abstract The paper aims to identify the significant tax barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI) in Poland, in particular in the form of a permanent establishment (PE), in the context of new developments in international tax law. Due to the recommendations of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, launched by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to prevent international tax avoidance, the understanding of PE has changed, which could lead to changes in business models. The purpose of the research is also to identify the significant tax barriers to economic activity in Poland, in particular in the form of PE, against the international tax law context. The study conducted by the authors relies on the most current tax rulings and judgments of administrative courts issued between 2017 and 2020. It is concluded that not so much the effective tax burdens but the regulatory ambiguity surrounding the tax obligations may contribute to the reduction of Poland's attractiveness as a location for FDI.

Assessment of the risk of foreign divestment in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic

The importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the economic development of Poland cannot be overestimated, both at the regional level and in relation to the economy as a whole. Since FDIs are powered by capital sensitive to various national and international crises, it seems natural to ask whether the situation connected with the global COVID-19 pandemic is reflected in the reduction of FDI inflows to Poland. The aim of the paper is to identify the determinants of the foreign divestment process in the Polish economy as a whole and in its main sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article analyses scenarios of foreign divestment in Poland in an annual perspective, starting from the outbreak of the epidemic in March 2020 up to February 2021. The study used data from a survey conducted in April and May 2020 among nearly 500 enterprises realising FDI in Poland. The benchmark for the surveyed companies was the level of their involvement in FDIs covering a one-year period prior to the announcement of the epidemic. The application of logit models allowed the identification of the most important factors of foreign divestment during COVID-19, including the location of FDIs in the services sector, industry, the IT sector, increased market openness and interactions of variables taking into account the restrictions introduced to the economy due to the pandemic. The level of risk of divestment of these variables depends, however, on the volume of FDI reductions declared by investors and on the sector of the economy. If considerable divestment is assumed, FDIs in the services sector are then burdened with a higher risk of divestment than FDIs in the processing industry. Assuming small divestments, FDIs in the IT sector constitute a factor bearing the greatest risk of FDI reduction in the entire economy.

Foreign Direct Investment in Poland and Changes in the Branch Structure

Purpose: The aim of the work is to present changes in the inflow of foreign direct investments (FDI) to Poland, taking into account the structure of the industry. An additional goal is also to indicate the variation in the inflow of capital to industries with a specific degree of technological advancement. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis covered the years 2005-2017 to capture, among others the impact of the economic crisis. The analysis for the indicated period was based on data from the National Bank of Poland. Findings: The value of the foreign direct investments flow to Poland varied in 2005-2017. The value of FDI flows in 2008-2010 was similar to that recorded in the years 2014-2016. Three sectors appear to be dominant in cumulative value industrial processing (38.1%), wholesale and retail trade (19.6%) and financial and insurance services (11.7%). The value of foreign capital flow in 2005-2017 into particular types of business activities changed in both absolute and relative terms. The aggregated value of liabilities due to FDI in the sector of high and medium-high tech tended to rise up to a point where it was higher in 2017 than the value in the low-tech sector. Practical Implications: The results of the research indicate which sectors attract foreign capital the most and to what extent the inflow of capital to a given country reflects the behavior of investors on the global market. Originality/Value: The study confirms the need to monitor FDI in individual sectors. It is possible, based on forecasts of changes in the economic situation in the world, to predict the behavior of investors in individual markets.

Bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne w Polsce: stan obecny i perspektywy rozwoju

In the process of globalization of national economies, multinational enterprises are now playing an increasingly important role. Along with the growth of the importance of these enterprises, the structure of foreign directinvestment (FDI) is also evolving. So far, the majority of FDI was located in highly developed countries, and these investments were made in human capital intensive industries, the majority of which belonged to the services sector. In recent decades, there has been an increase in FDI inflows to developing and transforming countries. It is related to the liberalization and internationalization of their economies, as well as a significant decrease in transport costs and the costs of doing business across national borders. Over the last three decades, Poland also recorded a significant inflow of FDI, becoming one of important recipients of foreign capital among the new EU Member States (EU). The main purpose of this article is to analyze the last three decades of development of companies with foreign capital in Poland. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of FDI trends in Poland, including the number and size of companies with foreign capital, the source of this capital according to the investor’s country of origin, as well as the sectoral and industry structure of FDI in Poland. The results of this analysis allow, among other things, to identify key regularities related to the FDI made in Poland before and after the EU accession, as well as their reference to new theories of a multinational enterprise.

Determinants of foreign direct investment from OECD countries in Poland

In the last two decades, Poland became an important recipient of foreign direct investment most of which comes from the developed West European countries. This study uses panel data analysis to empirically examine the determinants of multinational activity of firms from the OECD member states in Poland during the period 1996–2015. The model’s estimated empirical specification is based on the modified knowledge-capital model of the multinational enterprise that includes two types of capital: human and physical. Our empirical evidence points to the vertical motive as the primary reason for undertaking foreign direct investment in Poland by multinational firms based in the OECD member states.

What attracts multinational enterprises from the new EU member states to Poland?

The main goal of this study is to examine empirically the determinants of multinational activity of firms from the new EU-12 member states in Poland during the period 1990–2014 using the negative binomial model. In particular, we test the predictions of competing theoretical models of the multinational enterprise to identify the investment motives for undertaking foreign direct investment in Poland. In addition to traditional country-pair characteristics such as absolute and relative market size and differences in relative factor endowments, in this study we account for cultural differences between the host and partner countries that may affect the cost of foreign investment. The assembled empirical evidence points to both market access and efficiency seeking as the main reasons for undertaking foreign direct investment in Poland by multinational enterprises based in the new EU-12 member states. However, cultural proximity does not seem to be an important factor in explaining the extent of multinational activity in Poland.

Vertical Industry Linkages and the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in Poland

We study the determinants of locational choice for new foreign affiliates across Polish regions with special focus on the role of agglomeration externalities using a conditional logit framework and firm-level data from the Amadeus database and a Polish dataset on regional and industry-region characteristics at the NUTS 2 level. The estimation results show that higher local demand agglomeration increases the probability that a foreign parent company founds an affiliate in a certain Polish region, whereas adverse labor market conditions, which manifest themselves in high unemployment and low wage rates, negatively affect the location probability.

Determinants of foreign direct investment from EU-15 Countries in Poland

Abstract During the last two decades, Poland has become a large recipient of inward foreign direct investment (FDI). This article uses standard panel data techniques to study empirically the determinants of inward FDI in Poland during the period 1996–2015 made by multinational enterprises coming from the old European Union (EU)-15 member states. The estimated specification is derived from the knowledge-capital (KC) model and includes two types of capital: human and physical. The assembled empirical evidence points to the horizontal motive as the primary reason for undertaking FDI in Poland by multinational firms based in the old EU-15 member states. Moreover, the KC model does not seem to explain better the pattern of inward FDI in Poland compared to the standard ad hoc gravity model of international capital mobility.

Regional diversification of the inflow of foreign direct investment in Poland – an empirical analysis

Regional diversification of the inflow of foreign direct investment in Poland – an empirical analysis

Foreign direct investment of the European Union in Poland

The development of the European Union is the issue of the greatest interest for different countries. The article examines the positive and negative effects of EU foreign direct investment in Poland, the historical aspects of this issue and future perspectives. The article reflects with the complex results of the integration on the example of the accession of Poland to the EU. Poland's potential successes after accession are explored, such as economic growth, social development and political improvements. The environmental concerns, ethnic issues and other specific features of Polish domestic products are also discussed. The aspects of migration and unemployment, FDI investments in Poland before and after EU accession, social, economic, political and other concerns are in focus of this research. The article underlines that as a result of Poland joining EU, there is a need to advance Polish political and social concerns to have an option of choice for the country either to join or not to join EU. The problems of Poland development in the context of cooperation with EU and potential advancements of their mutual benefits are discussed.

Local determinants of foreign direct investment in Poland: the role of relative distance

Research background: The increasing role of foreign direct investments (FDI) in global, national, regional, and local economies draws the public?s attention to the criteria utilised by foreign investors in undertaking locational decisions, owing to the mostly stimulating character of these kinds of investments. 
 Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the local determinants of FDI distribution. Particular attention is put on the role of distance to: (i) various transport endowments; (ii) next special economic zone; (iii) different national borders, among other motives studied in empirical papers.
 Methods: An important value added over the existing studies is the use of continuous variables representing distances (in km) to selected points of interest (e.g., airport) or minimum distances to lines (i.e., border, road) instead of dummy variables indicating whether particular infrastructure endowment is present in a region. The estimations were run in STATA 14.2 software with the use of a negative binomial approach.
 Findings & Value added: The results present new empirical evidence on FDI determinants witnessed at a local level of analysis (LAU 1), fitting into the other research done at a higher level of data aggregation (NUTS 2, NUTS 3), signalling high intra-regional inequalities and the role of: (i) relative distance to various infrastructure endowments; (ii) heterogeneous border effects; and (iii) the importance of close proximity to special economic zones. Given the presence of counties? auto selection process (i.e., better developed, endowed, urbanised, favourably located) done by FDI investors, we formulate universal implications in terms of FDI promotion policy.

Determinants of MNE Activity in Poland: The Case of Firms from EU-15

Objective : The main purpose of this paper is to validate empirically the theoretical predictions of the modified knowledge capital model of multinational enterprise and identify the main reasons for undertaking international production in Poland by foreign firms from the EU-15 countries. Research Design & Methods : Our theoretical framework refers to the physical capital augmented knowledge capital model that combines both horizontal and vertical reasons for foreign direct investment. The empirical implementation of the theoretical framework is based on the negative binomial model and the bilateral dataset covering 15 old EU member states over the period 1989-2014 which yields a total of 390 observations. Findings: Our estimation results indicate that the extent of multinational activity in Poland is positively related to both differences in relative factor endowments and similarity in the relative country size which confirms the importance of both reasons for undertaking foreign direct investment in Poland. Implications & Recommendations: The empirical evidence confirms the predictions of the modified knowledge capital model and points to the horizontal as well as vertical motives for undertaking foreign direct investment in Poland. These findings suggest that government should not try to attract only one type of FDI. Contribution & Value Added: The originality of this work lies in the empirical implementation of the theoretical framework that allows distinguishing between horizontal and vertical reasons for foreign direct investment.

Effects of foreign direct investment in business services in Poland

The main goal of the paper is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in advanced business services sector on economic development. We analyse the topic on the regional level as FDI in Poland is not equally distributed across the country. In order to investigate the research problem we estimate linear regression model using panel data. The dependent variable is the value of GDP per capita as the indicator of economic development. The most important independent variable from the point of view of the main objective of the paper is the number of foreign-owned advanced business services firms. This variable will be also lagged to control time necessary for investment to materialise and influence the economy. The main conclusion of the analysis of data over the period of 10 years is that there is a positive influence of operations of foreign-owned firms in the analysed sector on the economic growth of particular regions in Poland

Foreign Direct Investment in Poland and Vietnam: A Compare Analyses

Foreign direct investment is the key driver for both Poland and Vietnam’s economic development in recent years. By the end of 2015, FDI sector in Vietnam comprised for 25% total investment, 14.46% of state budget revenue, with total FDI inward stock of nearly 103.8 billion USD. In Poland, FDI sector according to the UNCTAD 2016 World Investment Report, saw a 40% decrease in the FDI influx (USD 7.5 billion in 2015), after having entered the top 20 host economies in terms of FDI inflows in 2014. FDI inflows to Poland reflect the international economic situation as well as the economic slowdown in the EU following the Eurozone crisis of 2012–2013. This paper analyzes some main features of FDI in Poland and Vietnam during the period 2003–2015, finds out some similarities and differences between FDI flows in the two countries.

Does politics matter? Partisan FDI in Central and Eastern Europe

PurposeWhile many studies have investigated the impact of institutional factors (i.e. financial risk factors) in the host country on inward foreign direct investment (FDI), fewer studies have researched on the locational aspects of FDI in relation to the political economy. This paper aims to fill this gap by examining the effects of the political economy on inward FDI in Poland’s regions and in other CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) countries.Design/methodology/approachThe paper develops a theoretical argument postulating that political economy affects locational determinants of FDI inflow. To test this hypothesis empirically, several analyses were performed at the national level (Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic) and at the subnational level (Poland’s provinces). First, the “footloose” nature of FDI inflows using the time series analysis was examined. Then a fixed-effect panel data regression model and a dynamic adjustment model to quantify the impact of political ideology and agglomeration effects were performed.FindingsAfter controlling for economic and institutional determinants of FDI, the findings indicate that, in transitional economies, ideology affects the locational choice of multinational corporations (MNCs). At the national level, the results show that political risk, liberalization and economic reforms are important drivers of FDI inflows. At the subnational level, the vote for a liberal party positively affects the distribution of FDI in the provinces. Another finding is that electoral cycles also affect FDI inflows at regional levels in Poland. Finally, this study provides some supporting evidence for the “footloose” nature of FDI in case of external shocks.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on the locational determinants of FDI by showing that ideology constitutes an important factor for locational choices by MNCs. The findings have important implications for public policy decision-makers who are seeking to improve the attractiveness of their country or region as an FDI destination.