Foreign Caregivers Research Articles

Trial of Converting Nursing Records into Simplified and Structured Information Utilizing ChatGPT-3.5.

In Japan, the excessive length of time required for nursing records has become a social problem. A shift to concise "bulleted" records is needed to apply speech recognition and to work with foreign caregivers. Therefore, using 96,000 descriptively described anonymized nursing records, we identified typical situations for each information source and attempted to convert them to "bulleted" records using ChatGPT-3.5(For return from the operating room, Status on return, Temperature control, Blood drainage, Stoma care, Monitoring, Respiration and Oxygen, Sensation and pain, etc.). The results showed that ChatGPT-3.5 has some usable functionality as a tool for extracting keywords in "bulleted" records. Furthermore, through the process of converting to a "bulleted" record, it became clear that the transition to a standardized nursing record utilizing the "Standard Terminology for Nursing Observation and Action (STerNOA)" would be facilitated.

Cross-Cultural Conflicts in the Care of Japan's Elderly by Foreign Caregivers

The shortfall in human resources for the nursing profession is one of the most important issues facing Japan's aging society. To solve the problem of shortages in the nursing field, Japan has enacted and promoted various policies to recruit foreign caregivers. As a result, the interaction of different cultures with Japanese gerontology has a serious impact on Japanese gerontology, and foreign nationals regularly encounter a series of cultural conflicts, including language barriers, lifestyle, and ideological beliefs, during the development of their work. This article will examine the background, development, and current status of foreign healthcare professionals in Japan, and will focus on Chinese healthcare professionals. It will analyze the cultural conflicts that arise when foreign healthcare professionals are involved in healthcare for the elderly in Japan, and study how Japan is helping foreign healthcare professionals to integrate and coexist in the country.

고령사회 돌봄인력 확보방안에 관한 소고

The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of using foreign caregivers as an alternative to stably securing care workers for the elderly that Korea, which has entered an aged society in the shortest period of time, will face in near future. To this end, we conducted in-depth interviews with 4 current foreign caregivers working in long-term care institutions for the elderly after obtaining a caregiver license. We also conducted analysis based on the phenomenological research method of Giorgi (1997). As a result of the analysis, a general structure of care for the elderly by foreign caregivers in long-term care institutions was derived for the purpose of strengthening the influx of foreign caregivers as certified care workers, early labor experience in unequal working conditions and working environments, and pride as an essential workforce providing care services, and the value of care work. Through this analysis, several policy implications were suggested as follows: (1) active job promotion with access to nursing care worker job, (2) strengthening of public intervention to improve service quality, and (3) the enhancement of professionalism through education and promotion system.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among foreign caregivers: A cross-sectional study.

To understand the prevalence of depressive symptoms among foreign caregivers and the associated factors. A cross-sectional study. Data from 178 Indonesian foreign caregivers, selected based on convenience and snowball sampling in Taiwan, were collected between July 2019 and February 2020 using questionnaires. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to identify the factors associated with depressive symptoms. Approximately 30.3% of the foreign caregivers displayed depressive symptoms. The symptoms were more prevalent among the participants who were younger; had more social support; shared a bed with others; and experienced higher work-related stress, more loneliness and physical discomfort. The findings suggest that nurses or nurse practitioners visiting patients at home should not only deliver care for them but also show concern for the psychological well-being of the foreign caregivers of these patients. Moreover, interventions should be developed to alleviate or prevent the emergence of depressive symptoms among foreign caregivers.

A Descriptive Qualitative Study of Foreign Caregivers of Older Adult Stroke Survivors.

With a growing aging stroke population and the changing structure of the society, the demand for foreign caregivers has rapidly increased in Taiwan and many other developed countries. However, little is known regarding the perception, values, and abilities of foreign caregivers and how those may influence their quality of care. This study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of Indonesian foreign caregivers, the largest migrant working population in Taiwan, who reside with and provide support to older adults with stroke and their families. By adopting a descriptive qualitative approach, we conducted semistructured interviews with 22 Indonesian caregivers (mean age: 36 years) who were providing care to community-dwelling older stroke survivors (age ≥ 65 years) in Taiwan. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Six themes were constructed from the interviews: (a) foreign caregiver's background, (b) foreign caregiver's perception of the health and functional status of stroke survivors, (c) foreign caregiver's values and preferences, (d) consequences of caring for stroke survivors, (e) skills/abilities/knowledge of foreign caregivers to provide stroke survivors with required care, and (f) potential resources that foreign caregivers can use. Foreign caregivers described the positive and negative aspects of caring for stroke survivors. Differences in language, religion, culture, values, and expectations between foreign caregivers and stroke survivors influence the caregiving experience. These findings can help Taiwan and other developed countries to better support foreign caregivers providing critical care to older adults with stroke and their families.

Exploring the Workplace Bullying of Indonesian Caregivers and Its Influencing Factors in Taiwan.

Background: Bullying can pose a risk to the health and safety of humans, including the risk of damage to the emotional, psychosocial, mental, or physical health of employees in the workplace. In this study, we aimed to understand the personal characteristics, mental health, sleep quality, and workplace bullying status of Indonesian caregivers and explore the influencing factors of workplace bullying among them. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on a structured questionnaire in Indonesian, which was designed to collect the data of essential personal characteristics, workplace bullying, sleep quality, and mental health using the Indonesian versions of the Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised (NAQ-R), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Brief Symptoms Rating Scale (BSRS-5). Results: A total of 60.9% of Indonesian caregivers never experienced workplace bullying in Taiwan. A multiple regression analysis revealed that being a household caregiver (β = 0.14, p = 0.021), sleep quality (β = 0.18, p = 0.031), and mental health (β = 0.44, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with the overall workplace bullying scores of the respondents and revealed that these three variables explained 45% of the variance. Conclusions: Taiwan Indonesian caregivers have a similar workplace bullying rate to Indonesian employees in the workplace. This study indicated the relationships among the workplace bullying of foreign caregivers and demonstrated that being a household caregiver, sleep quality, and mental health were closely related.

The Boundaries of Love and Community in the Age of Global Care: Care and Membership in Israel

In recent decades, the Israeli welfare state has increasingly relied on the globalization of care, under which foreign caregivers provide the basic care needs of Israeli society. Through the care they provide, foreign caregivers maintain a rich fabric of relationships with the families, the community and Israeli society, but legally they are not seen as community members to which Israeli society has a commitment to their welfare. In light of this gap between the social reality and the legal reality, the article first examines how Israeli law addresses foreign caregivers requests to stay in Israel after their working visa expired, either due to their need to receive medical services or due to their desire to settle in Israel. I show that, while it seems that the realization is forming that there is a difficulty with the current legal reality that ignores the unique connection of foreign caregivers to Israeli society, the current legal arrangement fails to surmount the traditional view that these caregivers are primarily foreign workers, which do not belong to Israeli society. Secondly, the paper proposes a new theoretical framework that offers a novel way of addressing the phenomenon of care globalization, based on the uniqueness of the care work as one that creates a special kind of connection between those who provide the care and the community that has received and enjoyed it. The starting point of this theory is the multidimensional nature of care work as an activity that sustains non-market values central to social interaction. The article argues that these non-market attributes, such as love, compassion, and concern for the needs of others are responsible for the construction of our human identity and social fabric that sustains the welfare state. In order to preserve the non-market elements of care, and to avoid the commodification of the basic value of social solidarity, the article develops the notion of reciprocity — as opposed to exchange — as a means of supporting and preserving the non-market characteristics of care work on the personal, family, and social axis. Reciprocity allows identifying and attributing actual value — in non-market terms — to these characteristics of care work. Nevertheless, care often involves nonreciprocal relationships. Therefore, the Article argues that to preserve the non-market characteristics of care work, mechanisms of reciprocity must be established and reinforced at the community and social levels, to compensate for the lack of reciprocity inherent in care relations at the inter-personal level. Finally, the article proposes membership, and granting citizenship rights as a mechanism of reciprocity at the level of social relations. Membership is a way to balance nonreciprocal care relationships by providing equal respect and voice to caregivers who maintain and preserve our basic identity as a human society. The proposed paradigm promotes a new way of thinking about cross-border care and its significance to the fabric of the community in the era of the waning welfare state.

The Relationship Between Diet Nutrition Knowledge and Demographic Characteristics in Family Caregivers of Patients With Dementia

Although the general-care knowledge of family caregivers related to dementia had been studied, little attention has been given to understanding the knowledge of caregivers related to dementia diet nutrition. This knowledge is important to help caregivers handle the eating and nutrition problems of people with dementia (PwD). The purpose of this study was to explore the dementia diet nutrition knowledge of family primary caregivers and to analyze whether demographic characteristics of caregivers and/or the dementia stages of PwD have a relationship with dementia diet nutrition knowledge. A descriptive and cross-sectional study using a questionnaire survey was conducted. A total of 220 primary family caregivers of people with dementia were recruited. Results showed that the average total score for the 13 questions on diet nutrition knowledge was 71.85%. Moreover, only 28.2% of the participants answered the question "Malnutrition is a significant risk during the early stage of dementia" correctly. In addition, the findings showed significant differences in the diet nutrition knowledge of participants based on education level (F = 3.989, p < .05) and the use of foreign (non-Taiwanese) caregivers (t = -2.919, p < .01). The participants had sufficient overall diet nutrition knowledge of dementia. However, they lacked knowledge in specific areas. Family caregivers with higher levels of education and those who hired foreign caregivers had better knowledge scores. The results may be used as a reference for nurses providing dementia dietary education. It is recommended that special attention be given to dietary education when patients are at the early onset phase of the disease and when caregivers have a lower level of education in order to improve the overall quality of dementia dietary care in the community.

日本社会における外国人介護人材の学び : 正統的周辺参加論の観点から

日本社会における外国人介護人材の学び : 正統的周辺参加論の観点から

Insiders and outsiders: policy and care workers in Taiwan's long-term care system

ABSTRACTAs in many developed countries, foreign care-givers have made up a short-term labour force to help shoulder the responsibilities of older adult care in Taiwan since 1992. This study uses the dual labour market and the occupational segregation theoretical frameworks and a mixed-method approach to examine whether foreign care-givers are supplementary or have replaced Taiwanese care-givers in Taiwan's long-term care (LTC) industry, and to understand better the status of care workers and their influx into the secondary labour market. As of 2012, 189,373 foreign workers joined the care services, compared to 7,079 Taiwanese, indicating they are no longer supplementary. The gap between the dual care system and workforce regulation has resulted in occupation segregation, and the secondary care labour market has been divided into ‘institutional’ and ‘home’ spheres, segregating care-givers into three levels: all Taiwanese care-givers, foreign institutional care-givers, and foreign home care-givers, the latter being the cheapest, most obedient and most adaptable LTC products. This case exhibits the ‘particularistic’ associations between nationality and care-givers’ workplace, which should be abolished. Only by squarely facing the changes and impacts caused by importing workers into the secondary labour market can one propose concrete, effective LTC labour plans and retention policies.

Networked Mobility in the ‘Migration Industry’: Transnational Migration of Filipino Caregivers to Israel

This article examines how labor migration is facilitated and shaped within the neoliberal economy system, focusing on the case of Filipino migration to Israel. For Filipino women who seek to find economic opportunities abroad but lack skills, Israel has emerged as one of the most popular destinations since the mid-1990s, since it is a destination in which they are allowed to work as paid caregivers. In Israel, the caregiver sector occupies the greatest part of the overseas labor market, while providing local senior citizens with live-in caregivers at a cheap cost. In investigating the migration flow of Filipino caregivers to Israel, I draw a special attention to the informal operations of intermediary networks and their roles in initiating and sustaining Filipino migrant flow to Israel. In this article, the intermediary networks involve all those who engage in the migration process such as agents/sub-agents, family, friends, and the friends of their friends. In the context of Israel, where a relatively higher wage is assured for foreign caregivers yet where entry conditions require an exorbitant placement fee, the migration is operated through the complementary roles of a wide range of formal and informal intermediaries. Significantly, such privatization of overseas labor recruitment, characterized by a binding system and an overseas recruitment scheme, contributes to producing power to private agencies, enabling them to impose excessive placement fees on the migrants and control the employment. It is within this context that Filipino women are channeled into the Israel labor market, shaping the current migration flow.

Nurses' narratives on workplace English in Taiwan: Improving patient care and enhancing professionalism

Based on a qualitative study of 19 nurses' written narratives on their use of English in the nursing workplace, we explore the current and changing use of English for Nursing Purposes (ENP) in countries where English is learned primarily as a foreign language, using Taiwan as the case study. The study gathered qualitative data regarding why and how nurses use English in the workplace. The most significant themes that emerged regarding why English is used were quality of nursing care, professionalism, and career advancement: to “Keep abreast of medical/nursing research and new treatments,” “Improve quality of care/provide health education,” “Communicate with doctors and other health-care professionals,” and “Communicate with foreign caregivers.” Regarding how they use English, in contrast to previous studies (Lee, 1998; Yang & Su, 2003), our study's participants emphasized professional reading to improve patient care and communicating with foreign caregivers more than communicating with foreign patients, and instructing foreign caregivers rather than patients' family members on patient care. The results of this study may be useful in ENP course development and future research on the English language use of nurses and other health-care workers in Taiwan and other countries where English is learned primarily as a foreign language.

Cuidado transcultural y estrategias familiares ante la dependencia: el fenómeno de los cuidadores extranjeros

Introducción: cuando un cuidador procede de un país diferente al de la persona cuidada se presenta una contraposición de culturas y prácticas sociales. El concepto de cuidado transcultural de Leinnenger hace eco de la diversidad cultural que supone esta contraposición y recomienda incorporarla en la práctica profesional, desarrollando cuidados que ella define como culturalmente competentes. Objetivo: conocer qué tipo de estrategias desarrollan los cuidadores extranjeros a la hora de cuidar personas de diferente origen y cómo estas se integran en el contexto social, cultural e institucional de la sociedad receptora. Materiales y métodos: método cualitativo, a través de entrevistas en profundidad a cuidadoras inmigrantes en la provincia de Huelva, así como a personal especializado en los cuidados de pacientes en situación de dependencia. Resultados: descripción de prácticas socioculturales que los cuidadores elaboran según su cultura y cómo intervienen en el ejercicio de los cuidados en la sociedad receptora. Conclusiones: los cuidadores extranjeros desarrollan en ocasiones estrategias afines a sus propias creencias priorizándolas sobre las de la persona cuidada o las de la sociedad receptora, lo que genera choques culturales. Se sugiere que los profesionales de enfermería deben identificarlas para poder intervenir, utilizando la formación y competencia cultural como herramientas para el cambio.

Transcultural Care and Family Strategies to Deal with Dependency: The Phenomenon of Foreign Caregivers

Introduction: When a caregiver comes from a country other than that of the person being cared for there is a clash of cultures and social practices. Leininger's concept of transcultural care echoes the cultural diversity this contrast or opposition involves and recommends incorporating it into professional practice by developing what she defines as culturally competent care. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to know what type of strategies foreign caregivers develop when caring for people of different origin and how these strategies are integrated into the social, cultural and institutional context of the recipient society. Study Materials and Methods: A qualitative approach was used, based on in-depth interviews with immigrant caregivers in the province of Huelva and with personnel specialized in dependent patient care. Results: The study provides a description of the socio-cultural practices caregivers develop, according to their culture, and how those practices intervene in the exercise of care in the recipient society. Conclusions: Foreign caregivers sometimes develop strategies akin to their own beliefs, giving them priority over those of the care recipient or the recipient society. This can cause cultural clashes. Nursing professionals must identify these clashes so as to be able to intervene, using training and cultural competency as tools for change.

The impact of foreign caregiving on depression among older people in Taiwan: model testing

This article is a report of a study of predicting the factors that influence depression in the older people in Taiwan. Background. In 1991, Taiwan opened the labour market to foreign caregivers for the older people who needed long-term care. With the differences in language, culture and lifestyle between foreign caregivers and older people in Taiwan, it was hypothesized that the older people would not be able to relate to them, and therefore become depressed. The data were collected from 116 Taiwanese older people from July to September, 2005. Path analysis using multiple regression analyses was conducted to estimate the direct and indirect effects of caregiving communication, activities of daily living, income and social support on depression among older people in Taiwan. To evaluate the hypotheses for this research, bi-variate linear regression and multiple regression analyses were used. The results indicated that the level of activities of daily living (β = -0·201, P = 0·010), care-giving communication (β = -0·272, P = 0·002) income (β = -0·305, P = 0·000) and social support (β = -0·276, P = 0·002) were the predictors of depression in older people in Taiwan. Social support was a mediating factor for caregiving communication and depression. Furthermore, foreign caregiver care was not correlated with depression among older people in Taiwan. The findings influence the public awareness of depression in older people, and provide the foundational information to influence the policy makers of Taiwan to evaluate the foreign caregiver policy.

The impact of comorbidity on medication adherence and therapeutic goals

IntroductionPrescribing medications is often challenging in olderpeople with multiple chronic diseases. Non-adherenceto prescribed medications is among the most importantproblems, so that many people are not benefiting prop-erly from the drugs they are prescribed. Additionally,this also represents a costly waste for health services [1].Comorbidity and medication adherencePoor adherence to the prescribed therapy is highly pre-valent in older patients. Prevailing evidence suggeststhat age per se should not be considered as a risk factorfor poor adherence [2]. Lower educational level, lessaffluent economic status, cognitive/physical impairment,being assisted by foreign caregivers, and some chronicdiseases, such as chronic renal failure, are commonlyreported poorly modifiable correlates of non-adherence.Regimen complexity represents a to some extent modifi-able correlate [2]. Vision impairment, reduced manualdexterity, and patients’ perception of medication impor-tance may contribute to determine the relationshipbetween regimen complexity and non-adherence. Thereis minimal evidence to support interventions thatimprove medication adherence, and the effects of psy-chosocial interventions are largely unknown [1].Therapeutic goals in patients with multiplechronic conditionsPatients with multiple chronic conditions may vary inregard to their opinion about health outcomes such aslonger survival, prevention of disease-specific events,physical and cognitive function, and tolerable risk ofadverse drug reactions. A paradigmatic example of howchallenging this issue can be in clinical practice is thedifficulty in rational prescribing for older patients withmultiple chronic conditions and reduced life expectancy,when the likelihood of benefit and goals of care mustalso be considered in addition to satisfying the basicprinciples of optimal medication use in the elderly [3].

Regimen complexity and medication nonadherence in elderly patients

To assess whether the number of daily administrations of individual drugs, as a measure of regimen complexity, contributes to the profile of an elderly patient who adheres poorly to the prescribed therapy. Six hundred ninety patients over 64 years who were consecutively admitted to 11 acute medical care and three long term/rehabilitation wards in Italy. Self-reported adherence to drugs taken at home before admission was measured by a single question assessment for each listed drug supplemented with a latter question about the circumstances of the missed administration. For cognitively impaired patients the question was put to patients' relatives or caregivers. A structured multidimensional assessment was performed to identify nonadherence and its potential correlates. Correlates of nonadherence were identified by multivariable logistic regression. We recorded 44 cases (6.4%) of nonadherence to at least one drug. Being assisted by foreign caregivers (OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.02-4.63) and the use of at least one multiple daily dosing drug (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.24-7.17) were significant independent correlates of medication nonadherence, while age, selected indexes of frailty and the cumulative number of prescribed drugs were not. Regimen complexity and type of assistance are independent correlates of medication nonadherence.