Foreign Audiences Research Articles

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД ФОРМУВАННЯ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ КОМУНІКАЦІЙ

The problem of strategic communication research became well-spread only for the last two decades. The efficiency and effectiveness of such tools has promoted with the military in the political and administrative spheres in such countries: USA, China, Estonia and the EU and NATO. The experience of these countries and international organizations has been taken into account during considering the use of strategic communication tools in implementing government policies and development strategies. The purpose of the paper is to study the international experience of institutionalizing strategic communications and identify aspects of its adaptation in Ukraine.A result of studying foreign experience shows us, that public diplomacy, as a component of strategic communications is actively use in foreign and national policies. Due to this a separate organizational structures are created in a certain direction for a certain purpose.Public diplomacy is a new variant of influence, which has allowed to promote own values to foreign audiences. For today, public diplomacy and strategic communications are inalienable and effective mechanisms of foreign policy and national security of the leading countries of the world. The main tools of public diplomacy are: public events (visits, seminars, conferences, press conferences, public debates, different projects, researches, radio, television, film production, etc.), they convey the necessary information of the whole community. The development of strategic communications in intergovernmental association and organizations involves regulative, structural and organizational support for activities in this branch that promotes their institutionalization. For this goal, the individual activity are created, for example: Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence (NATO), The Arab and Eastern Strategic Communications (EU), Latin American Strategic Communications (China) they provided communication to support anti-terrorist operations and countering foreign propaganda and fake. The experience of Estonia is an important element in the development of strategic communications in Ukraine. In thin country the separate department of strategic communications created, coordinated by the Government Communications Bureau, which in fact is the so-called single center for the development of meanings, narratives and provides a “single voice” of the state for informing internal and external audiences. The foreign experience of implementation and use of strategic communications has been analyzed and the key feature of its functioning is the existence of a single management center and a system of interconnected regulatory documents in the form of concepts, doctrines, policies, directives, etc.Strategic communications as a scientific course and activity is still at the stage of comprehension of experience and look over of formal mechanisms of their implementation. This situation is favorable for Ukraine, it gives the opportunity to practice, formed on the basis of the existing experience of leading countries, as well as the EU and NATO.For Ukraine, the formation and development of strategic communications are relevant to the following areas of research: creating a systematic approach to strategic communications at the national level; improving the coordination mechanism of communication between different authorities (interagency communication); changing the approach from crisis (reactionary) risk management communications (proactive communication); providing professional training on strategic communications.

Coordinating a Multi-Platform Disinformation Campaign: Internet Research Agency Activity on Three U.S. Social Media Platforms, 2015 to 2017

Though nation-states have long utilized disinformation to influence foreign audiences, Russia’s 2015 to 2017 campaign against the U.S.—executed by the Internet Research Agency (IRA) —is unique in its complexity and distribution through the digital communication ecology. The following study explores IRA activity on three social media platforms, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit, to understand how activities on these sites were temporally coordinated. Using a VAR analysis with Granger Causality tests, results show that IRA Reddit activity granger caused IRA Twitter activity within a one-week lag. One explanation may be that the Internet Research Agency is trial ballooning on one platform (i.e., Reddit) to figure out which messages are optimal to distribute on other social media (i.e., Twitter).

Cooperation of a teacher and a foreign student in the process of pedagogical communication in the conditions of Ukrainian university

Problem. At the present stage of development of the Ukrainian higher school there is a certain contradiction between the thorough preparation of teachers for the subject and their insufficient preparation for professional and pedagogical communication with foreign students. Goal. The article describes the characteristics of pedagogical communication and examines the conditions conducive to fruitful pedagogical communication between the teacher and foreign students in the conditions of the Ukrainian university. Methodology. The main personality features of various regional groups of foreign students and the specifics of pedagogical communication with them are presented. The work describes the teaching materials that contribute to successful adaptation, the development of knowledge, skills of intercultural communication of foreign students, as well as methodological recommendations for teachers aimed at their mastering the technique of pedagogical communication. Results. It is concluded that effective teaching communication in a foreign audience is formed on the basis of the teacher's proficiency in special communication technology, depends on pedagogical skills and is aimed at the education, upbringing and development of the foreign student. Originality. The problem of mastering pedagogical communication as a specific form of interaction between the teacher and the foreign student by high school teachers is topical for the modern stage of the development of higher education. Practical value. The results of the research can be used in the process of teaching foreign students to enhance the pedagogical skills of university teachers on the basis of improved pedagogical communication methods.

A Brief Analysis of Subtitle Translation of Documentary Wild China from the Perspective of Eco-translatology

Based on the principle of truth, the documentary exchanges knowledge and conveys emotions. The documentary Wild China has received strong attention from domestic and foreign audiences since its launch on National Geographic. However, due to the differences between Chinese and Western cultures, most Chinese viewers need subtitle translation to have a better understanding of this documentary. Unlike the subtitle translation of films and TV plays, the content of the documentary has strong professionalism and knowledge. Thus, documentary subtitle translation requirements are also higher than those of films and TV plays. Meanwhile, it is necessary to discuss the subtitle translation of documentaries. Ecological translation was first proposed by Professor Hu Gengshen. In the past ten years, many remarkable research results have been achieved. Taking ecological translation as the theoretical support, this paper chooses the subtitle translation of the documentary Wild China (CCTV) as the research object, and combines the theoretical discussion and the case analysis to focus on the translator’s “adaptation” and “selection” in the linguistic, cultural and communicative dimensions, thus verifying the guiding significance of eco-translatology to the subtitle translation of the documentary and supplementing the theoretical research perspective of subtitle translation of the documentary.

ENGLISH IN INDONESIA

In Indonesia, English lexis often appears on a number of written media displayed for public consumption. Despite the fact that those media contain English lexis, they may not be necessarily aimed at foreign audience. It seems that English lexis is seen as a more representative medium of expression when it comes to announcing particular information to the public. This paper attempts to illustrate that the occurrence of English lexis in the media used by Indonesian people forms a relatively consistent pattern. Data is taken from fashion blogs written by Indonesian teenagers on a female magazine, flyers about upcoming music events performed by Indonesian bands, banners for anti-drugs campaign, and advertisements for marketing children fashion. The study uses Textually-Oriented Discourse Analysis (TODA) suggested by Fairclough (1992). As for the main focus of the discussion, it will be related to the discourse of globalisation (McGrew, 1996; Bathia & Ritchie, 2004; Kuppens, 2010). The result shows that English lexis is very likely to occur when the information in the Indonesian media is related to globally-shared popular culture (GSPC), e.g. fashion, pop music, and anti-drugs campaign. In conclusion, such use of English lexis reflects the presence of a typical mindset among Indonesian, which suggests that English is an ‘ideal’ language to represent popular culture.

Private Life, Public Diplomacy: Tibor Hirsch and Documentary Filmmaking for the Cold War Usia

The United States Information Agency acted as a significant patron of American independent and nontheatrical filmmakers during the 1960s, commissioning short documentaries to carry positive messages about America to foreign audiences. While much of the existing scholarship on the USIA’s motion picture output focuses on works that address major policy issues such as the civil rights movement or that were made by directors who went on to have well-known careers, many of its films and directors have been forgotten. One such filmmaker is Tibor Hirsch, whose past as a refugee from the 1956 Hungarian Revolution influenced his films Transportation USA (1966) and Six Who Fled (1972). Hirsch’s earlier career as a photojournalist informed his work for the USIA, while the style he developed through making government films led directly into his later career as a highly successful television commercial director.

“Tugev Balti natsionalistlik keskus” ning Nõukogude välispropaganda teel sõjast rahuaega ja külma sõtta [Abstract: “The strong Baltic nationalistic centre” and Soviet foreign propaganda: from war to peace and toward the Cold War

“Tugev Balti natsionalistlik keskus” ning Nõukogude välispropaganda teel sõjast rahuaega ja külma sõtta [Abstract: “The strong Baltic nationalistic centre” and Soviet foreign propaganda: from war to peace and toward the Cold War

POST-SCRIPT FROM FILM STUDIES: Whose choice? Watching non-English language films in the UK

Abstract In a market dominated by Hollywood, it is easy to overlook that the number of films (and televised productions) which are not in English is actually by far greater than those in English. However, although some non-English language film industries are vast, only a comparatively small number of productions are screened outside of their country of origin. Therefore, before being translated and brought to screens for us to watch, already a filter applies, as the films are chosen by curators of film festivals or the industry. For that reason, films that are perhaps less representative but more interesting, or by a well-known director may be chosen over others that may have been more successful in their country of origin, but are made by a less-well know director or perceived to be less interesting for ‘foreign audiences’. The choice of what we watch is thus never entirely ours. Using Japan, Germany and the UK as example, I will offer some thoughts on what impact such a filter might have on the consumption, and therefore the perception, of a film outside of its country of origin and what challenges this poses for audiences and researchers.

Subtitle Translation of Crazy Alien from the Perspective of the Hermeneutic Motion under Hermeneutics

The subtitles of the film Crazy Alien use new words, culture loaded words and the colloquial language which needed translations from Chinese-English and English-Chinese at the same time. Crazy Alien has grossed 2.2 billion at the box office, making it the fifteenth film in Chinese film history with a box office exceeding 2 billion. The subtitle translation plays an important role in the process of conveying the intention of the film to the Chinese and foreign audience. The translated version is easy for audience to understand and realizes the culture communication. This paper analyzes the subtitle translation of Crazy Alien from the perspective of the Hermeneutic motion under Hermeneutics in order to provide a new point of view for subtitle translation studies. The fourfold of Hermeneutic motion: “trust”, “aggression”, “incorporation” and “restitution” have practical instruction significance in the process of the subtitle translation of Crazy Alien.

Reaching a foreign audience

This paper examines some of the issues involved in the intercultural transfer of films. It focuses on the translation of culture-specific references and questions in particular the validity of the notions of foreignisation and domestication, brought to the fore of Translation Studies by Venuti (1995), as a conceptual framework traditionally used to discuss the strategies applied when translating cultural specifics. Drawing on the findings of a pilot study consisting of three French films dubbed and subtitled into English, this paper suggests a theoretical challenge by proposing a more pragmatic approach to the study of cultural transfer in audiovisual translation (AVT). More particularly, it will examine whether it is possible to observe any form of consistency in the strategies used for the translation of culturally-bound references and what this implies for the dialogic relationship between Self and Other, and the representation of alterity.KEYWORDS: Audiovisual translation, cultural transfer, culture-specific references, foreignisation, domestication

News translation in the digital age: A case study of Vice.com

Translation-mediated events get circulated globally through the media. This paper focuses on studying how events in, about, and pertaining Indonesia in general are presented to the foreign audience through translation. To that end, this paper employs descriptive product-oriented approach and translation transformation strategies adapted from those proposed by translation scholars. The data were collected from an online media, VICE Indonesia, and were limited to Indonesian source texts and their English target texts published in November 2018. Following initial data collection, 10 pairs of target and source texts were compiled for comparative analysis. Data analysis revealed that adaptation and re-contextualization of target texts occurred. They are found most prominently in the title and lead sections, although an analysis on the articles’ content also show that the target texts’ contents also experience similar changes. Among these changes, the most noticeable are recomposition of paragraphs, omission and substitution or paragraphs, and different choice of source of quote. Ultimately, although the target texts maintain to some degree of semblance to the source texts, new realities and perspectives emerge as the result of these translation strategies.

Transnational non-state actors as “alt agents” of public diplomacy: Putin’s Russia versus Open Russia

This paper argues that non-state actors (NSAs) that challenge their respective states can claim a stake in their country’s public diplomacy by introducing and promoting narratives that (a) disrupt the official state-supported narratives and (b) present a more complex picture of their country-of-origin to the foreign publics. To conceptualize this type of engagement with foreign audiences, this project proposes the term “alternative agents” or “alt agents” of non-state public diplomacy. The paper combines Kelley’s (Agency change: diplomatic action beyond the state, Owman & Littlefield, London, 2014) framework of diplomatic capabilities of NSAs with Miskimmon et al. (Strategic narratives: communication power and the new world order, Routledge, New York, 2014) concept of strategic narratives to develop the definition of alt agents of public diplomacy. Using the case study of the transnational movement Open Russia, the paper illustrates how the work of alt agents aimed at connecting with foreign constituencies in order to achieve their political goals might look like in practice. The paper contributes to the scholarship on non-state public diplomacy by engaging with the relatively unexplored question of the role of adversarial non-state actors in public diplomacy, and the dynamic of their engagement with foreign stakeholders.

Adapting Public Diplomacy to the Populist Challenge

Summary Public diplomacy has been externally directed via a strategy of assertive reputation-building. In an era of insurgent populism, this model faces strong backlash, driven by the image of public diplomacy being disconnected from domestic publics. Under these conditions, an opportunistic set of ascendant political leaders — even those located at the international system’s core — have considerable incentive to diminish ‘their’ own diplomats as part of a wider campaign to stigmatize the traditional establishment. While more attention needs to be directed to the causes of this disconnection between diplomats and public, this article highlights a number of key ingredients in a menu of adaptation to the populist challenge. Above all, the focus of engagement in public diplomacy should be broadened to include domestic as well as foreign audiences. Disruption, it must be emphasized, does not mean the end of public diplomacy. Rather, public diplomacy must take a domestic turn.

Mediated Public Diplomacy Redefined: Foreign Stakeholder Engagement via Paid, Earned, Shared, and Owned Media

Mediated public diplomacy literature examines the engagement of foreign audiences by governments via mediated channels. To date, scholars have examined the competitive contest between global rivals in promoting and contesting one another’s frames as reflected in global news media coverage. Recognizing the meaningful impact of social media platforms, along with the global rise of government-sponsored media organizations, the current study builds on previous mediated public diplomacy scholarship by expanding the scope of the literature beyond the earned media perspective to also include paid, shared, and owned media. The article presents a revised definition of the term mediated public diplomacy along with a case study of government to foreign stakeholder engagement via the social media platform, Twitter.

Basic Methods for Working with Poetic Texts at Russian as a Foreign Language Lessons

Study of authentic literary works is an integral part of teaching Russian as a foreign language. It is literary texts, accumulating the historical experience of a nation and express its spiritual essence, that become an effective tool of learning a foreign culture, mentality, and values of native speakers. This research used the following methods: methodological, philological literature search on the research topic; verification of the effectiveness of the proposed guidelines in the teaching process. Results showed that poetic text used at Russian as a Foreign Language lessons stimulates interest and motivation to learn Russian, contributes to language knowledge arrangement, development of basic communication skills, improvement of speech skills, and formation of linguacultural competence. The authors concluded that the best form of poetic text classes in a foreign audience is heuristic conversation focusing on the semantic sensing of a text by interpreting its linguistic expression means. The system of poetic text-based tasks should be aimed at mastering the linguistic material, understanding the message and the figurative content of the work. Text interpretation should include the students’ familiarization with the cross-cultural information which is the object of comparison of their native culture and Russian culture, their own and other people’s perception of reality.

L’auteur de doublage, adaptateur du texte filmique : un traducteur-dialoguiste au service de la multimodalité

As moving, multimodal texts, devised to be embodied by an actor, cinematic texts combine many characteristics which make them difficult to grasp, and which give their translation a high level of complexity. Those are paramount in dubbing. Combined to the technical and linguistic issues at stake, the process induces a singular relation between the audiovisual translators and the verbal material of the dialogues. This is often solved through a functionalist approach, seeking a dynamic equivalence which takes into account the many components of the filmic text, for the benefit of the dubbing actors and, eventually, the foreign audience. After addressing the questions of the authorial and legal status of the translators as scriptwriters, this article draws on several examples taken from different American cinematic genres to illustrate the various aspects of this relation in the French audiovisual translation context.

УГЛУБЛЁННОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ И КОММЕНТИРОВАНИЕ ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИИ РУССКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ГРАЖДАН

The content of the article is aimed at proving the thesis that a work of fiction, which is analysed from the axiological point of view, is holistic space where parts of the ontological paradigm (human world - language - culture - the national) are realized depending on the author’s values. The novelty of the research is in an attempt to comprehend I. A. Bunin’s novel “The Life of Arseniev” as a complex semantic field, in which the author’s value attitudes to the nature-object world and the imaginative nature forming in it are combined. The proposed view on the novel will be of interest to the specialists working with the foreign audience.

Russian Foreign Policy Management and Manipulation with the Soviet Successor States

ABSTRACTRussia has been anxious to maintain its influence with the other successor states of the Soviet Union (the Near Abroad). It used a variety of methods, both overt and covert, to further its foreign policy objectives with these countries. Moscow has relied on traditional economic statecraft including trade manipulation, free trade arrangements, and currency linkages as well as ethnic appeals and propaganda/news manipulation to influence foreign audiences. In addition, Russia has used clandestine operations, including cyber attacks, and support for dissident groups. With the annexation of Crimea and the conflict with Georgia Russia chose direct military force because all other options had failed.

Textbooks on Russian as a foreign language: from the experience of work at the preparatory faculty in M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University

This article deals with the textbooks used in teaching Russian as a foreign language (RFL) at preparatory faculty in M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University: Esmantova T.L. Russian: 5 elements: A1 level (elementary); Chernyshev S.I. Let’s go! Russian for adults. Elementary course; Evseeva K.S., Dmitrieva E.N., Nikiforova E.P., Samsonova L.N. The Russian language. Oral course for foreign students. Tutorial. The authors use A.A. Akishina, O.E. Kagan’s classification for assessing the textbooks. The classification includes the following parametres: clearly defined goals; a set of training texts, adequacy and effectiveness of the exercises; the number of communication exercises; balance between training and communication exercises; the variety of functions; authentic texts; vocabulary that reflects the communicative needs and interests of students; grammar according to communicative needs; availability of audio and video applications. The analysis shows advantages and disadvantages of the textbooks according to modern requirements to educational activity in a foreign audience. The article reveals the problems arising in direct pupil-teacher interaction during fulfilling the tasks in different organizational forms: at the lessons, at home and in out-of-class events. Special attention is paid to the only textbook on RFL written by the group of teachers of the Yakut State University (1996) which can serve as a basis of a textbook with a national and regional component.

Особенности преподавания медицинской терминологии на уроках русского языка как иностранного

We consider the issues of studying medical terminology in the lessons of the Russian language with a foreign audience. Medical terminology is a macroterminosystem consisting of subsystems (anatomical and histological, clinical, pharmaceutical), each of which has its own characteristics. This phenomenon must be considered in creating a system of tasks and exercises for teaching Russian as a foreign language to medical students. We analyze the methods of semanticization of medical terms, describe the principles of planning the program of the Russian language course for foreign medical students, suggest methods for developing the skills of dialogical speech at different stages of the lesson. We review and group the most productive methods of language aspects teaching, their use in writing and speaking; we present the criteria for the selection of educational material aimed at the formation and improvement of phonetic, lexical, grammatical, morphological and syntactic skills. Listening is a mandatory component of any Russian as a foreign language lesson. We present the possible topics and options for working with anatomical and clinical terminology. We conclude that teaching the language of the specialty for medical stu-dents should be diverse, multidisciplinary and include work to realize three main aims: teaching, developing and educational.