Forehead Area Research Articles

Evaluating the Effects of Laser Treatments on Visible Changes in the Photoaging Process of the Skin Using Specialized Measuring Devices.

Background/Objectives: The skin is the largest organ of the human body and is exposed to the aging process (not only chronological aging, but also photoaging). One of the methods used to correct visible skin changes due to photoaging is lasers. The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the effect of Q-switched laser treatments on visible changes in the photoaging process among women using specialized measuring devices-ultrasound and Courage & Khazaka. Methods: The study included 36 women with visible signs of photoaged skin. The women were given a series of three treatments with a Fotona QX MAX fractional head laser. Both before and after the treatment, the women were examined for selected skin parameters with the help of specialized measuring devices such as Courage & Khazaka and skin ultrasound. Skin firmness and elasticity, the degree of hydration, TEWL and HL TOTAL levels, and MEP and HEP skin echogenicity were taken into account. The obtained results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: Statistically significant differences were noted for parameters representing skin elasticity R2 [p = 0.0210] and R7 [p = 0.0302], TEWL [p = 0.0152] and HL TOTAL [p = 0.0367] on the forehead, and HL TOTAL [p = 0.0450] on the cheek. In addition, statistically significant differences were observed in the MEP/TP parameter on the forehead and cheek [p = 0.0236, 0.0475, respectively] and HEP/TP in the forehead area [p = 0.0367]. Conclusions: Q-switched laser treatments have a positive effect on the condition of women's skin. Therapy with this laser reduces the visible changes in the photoaging process in the face.

Delayed vascular occlusion following hyaluronic acid-based skin booster – A rare case report

Hyaluronic acid (HA) based skin boosters used for treating fine lines and for enhancing the quality of skin are quite popular as they help by drawing water under the dermis (hydrofilling effect), helping in prolonged hydration of the skin. They are also considered safe due to the superficial plane of injection and low volumes injected. The patient came to the clinic for skin hydration and rejuvenation treatment. After detailed discussion and informed consent, a non-animal origin HA-based skin booster with a concentration of 20 mg/mL was chosen for facial rejuvenation. As per protocol, 2 mL of the product was injected by micropuncture technique with the automated click technology, delivering 0.01 mL per point in the mid dermis all over the cheeks, chin, and forehead. The patient tolerated the procedure well and presented to us 48 hours post-injection with persisting redness and pain on the central forehead. The redness appeared to be in a triangular pattern, with the apex at the left eyebrow and the base toward the hairline. Diagnosis of vascular compromise was made, and the patient was immediately treated with pulsed doses of hyaluronidase. The entire area healed without any sequelae. We hereby report a rare case of delayed vascular occlusion following skin booster treatment, which was successfully managed by hyaluronidase treatment. Skin boosters are the most sought after treatments for skin hydration and are generally considered safe; this is the first case report with delayed vascular occlusion reported following skin booster injections. Because of the high risk associated with glabella and forehead areas for fillers, one should be mindful in this area even with the skin boosters.

Melasma removal using Q-Switched Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet laser toning and high-intensity focussed ultrasound.

To evaluate the effectiveness of combining high-intensity focussed ultrasound and a Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet 1064nm low-fluence toning laser in the treatment of melasma. The experimental study was conducted from November 2020 to August 2021 at the medical physics laboratory, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised individuals of either gender aged >25 years having mixed form melasma in malar and forehead areas. Each participant received high-intensity focussed ultrasound treatment on the right side. After 2 weeks, Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet 1064nm low-fluence toning laser was applied to the melasma patches 4 times at one-week intervals. Melasma area and severity index scores were noted at baseline and at each visit for each patient. Visual analogue scale was used for objective evaluation. After the 4 laser sessions, all the patients completed a 3-month follow-up. Data was analysed using SPSS 24. Of the 25 subjects, 15(60%) were females and 10(40%) were males. The overall mean age was 41.6±8.46 years (range: 22-60 years). There was a significant improvement with high-intensity focussed ultrasound (p<0.05). In the 3rd laser session, there was a significant difference in melasma area and severity index score of 2.48 for the right side and 3.12 for the left side (p<0.05). In the 4th session, there was a significant difference in melasma area and severity index score of 1.68 for the right side and 2 for the left side (p<0.05). No post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or rebound was noted. High-intensity focussed ultrasound combined with toning laser was more effective than Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet 1064nm low-fluence laser alone in removing difficult melasma from the malar area in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sessions, and from the forehead in the 3d and 4th sessions.

Signal Quality in Continuous Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry.

Bilirubin is a product of the metabolism of hemoglobin from red blood cells. Higher levels of bilirubin are a sign that either there is an unusual breaking down rate of red blood cells or the liver is not able to eliminate bilirubin, through bile, into the gastrointestinal tract. For adults, bilirubin is occasionally monitored through urine or invasive blood sampling, whilst all newborns are routinely monitored visually, or non-invasively with transcutaneous measurements (TcBs), due to their biological immaturity to conjugate bilirubin. Neonatal jaundice is a common condition, with higher levels of unconjugated bilirubin concentration having neurotoxic effects. Actual devices used in TcBs are focused on newborn populations, are hand-held, and, in some cases, operate in only two wavelengths, which does not necessarily guarantee reliable results over all skin tones. The same occurs with visual inspections. Based on that, a continuous bilirubin monitoring device for newborns is being developed to overcome visual inspection errors and to reduce invasive procedures. This device, operating optically with a mini-spectrometer in the visible range, is susceptible to patient movements and, consequently, to situations with a lower signal quality for reliable bilirubin concentration estimates on different types of skin. Therefore, as an intermediate development step and, based on skin spectra measurements from adults, this work addresses the device's placement status prediction as a signal quality indication index. This was implemented by using machine learning (ML), with the best performances being achieved by support vector machine (SVM) models, based on the spectra acquired on the arm and forehead areas.

Usefulness of bilateral cerebral regional oxygen saturation measurements in determining selective cerebral perfusion flow rate in a pediatric patient with aortic arch stenosis: a case report

BackgroundWe report a pediatric case where bilateral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) measurements were useful in determining the selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) flow rate.Case presentationA 9-year-old Japanese boy, 128 cm tall and weighing 25.6 kg, was scheduled for aortic arch reconstruction due to a 90–100 mmHg pressure gradient. Pediatric-sized oximetry sensors were attached to the bilateral forehead area. The rSO2 levels were 70–80% on the right and 80–90% on the left during cardiopulmonary bypass. Immediately following deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with the body temperature cooled to 25 °C, SCP was initiated from the right brachiocephalic artery at 10 mL/kg/min. As the rSO2 decreased steeply to 43–45% on the right and to 32–38% on the left, the SCP flow was increased to 15 mL/kg/min. The right rSO2 increased promptly to 50–60%, but the left rSO2 remained at 30–40%. After the SCP flow was increased to 20 mL/kg/min, bilateral rSO2 levels of 50–60% were obtained, and the SCP flow rate was maintained. The patient was transferred to the ICU postoperatively and extubated on the second postoperative day with no neurological abnormalities.ConclusionsBilateral rSO2 measurements are essential even for a pediatric patient undergoing SCP, despite the limited forehead area.

An auditory selective attention brain-computer interface system based on auditory steady-state response

Auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is a brain steady-state response induced by periodic sound signals, which can be used to build an auditory brain-computer interface (BCI), thereby providing a pathway for visually impaired patients to communicate with the outside world. Most of existing ASSR-based BCI studies use linear discriminant classifier (LDA) and spatial coherence to detect ASSRs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient electroencephalogram (EEG) decoding methods to improve the performance of ASSR-based BCI systems. In this study, we elicited ASSRs using sinusoidal amplitude modulated (SAM) tones that simultaneously delivered different modulation frequencies (i.e., 37 Hz for the left channel and 43 Hz for the right channel). Subjects were asked to focus their attention on the auditory stimulation on one side according to the auditory cue. Filter bank common spatial pattern (FBCSP) algorithm was innovatively introduced to detect the ASSRs. Offline results showed that the brain region with strong ASSRs was the central forehead area, and when subjects paid attention to the auditory stimulation at 37 Hz or 43 Hz, the ASSR response of 37 Hz or 43 Hz on the corresponding side would be enhanced compared to the no attention condition. Online results obtained from twelve healthy subjects showed that the mean recognition accuracy of the proposed ASSR-based BCI system achieved a mean accuracy of 82.22 ± 3.11 %. Moreover, the present study further verified that weak auditory stimuli with low stimulus intensity (i.e., 40 dB SPL) could also be used to build ASSR-based BCIs, and achieved an online mean accuracy of 78.89 ± 2.54 %. These results verified that the FBCSP algorithm could be used for detecting ASSRs and the feasibility of the proposed ASSR-based BCI system, providing a great idea for building a high-speed ASSR-based BCI system.

Comparative Three-dimensional Analysis of Facial Lifting Effects across Five Aesthetic Units following Continuous Radiation 115-Watt 6.78-MHz Monopolar Radiofrequency Therapy.

Modern aesthetic trends favor noninvasive facelift procedures, shifting away from traditional surgery. This study explores the three-dimensional evaluation of facial lifting across aesthetic units using the VolNewMer (VNM) device after continuous 115-W 6.78-MHz monopolar radiofrequency (RF) therapy. A cohort of 30 Korean women underwent VNM treatment with a detailed protocol, including energy levels, cooling techniques, and stem cell media application. Lifting amount was analyzed using a three-dimensional scanner with computer program in five specific areas, including the forehead, lateral orbital rim, mid-face, low-face, and neck areas. The changes in Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale for skin texture, tightening, and lifting were surveyed. Immediate and sustained improvement was observed in the mid-cheeks and lower face area. The lifting amount of facial mid-cheek areas was 1.88 ± 0.76 mm, whereas the lifting amount of lower face areas was 1.79 ± 0.91, lateral orbital rim areas was 1.62 ± 0.99, forehead areas was 1.46 ± 1.26, and neck areas was 2.66 ± 1.40 mm immediately after the procedure. The lifting amount of mid-cheek areas was 1.93 ± 0.90 mm, whereas lower face areas was 1.67 ± 1.04, lateral orbital rim areas was 1.58 ± .072, forehead areas was 1.31 ± 0.73, and neck areas was 2.80 ± 0.78 mm 1 month after the procedure. RF treatment is emerging as a recommended noninvasive procedure for facial lifting. VNM-RF treatment showed a significant lifting effect immediately after the procedure, and the lifting effect continued 1 month later (P < 0.05). Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale skin texture was more satisfying 1 month later than immediately after, suggesting a potential correlation with collagen regeneration, indicating a lasting effect over time.

Anatomical perspectives of brow-lifting using threads: Clinical cases with techniques.

Tailoring surgical interventions to target age-related transformations is paramount. Many candidates seeking blepharoplasty commonly exhibit eyebrow ptosis, underscoring the necessity for surgeons to possess a comprehensive understanding of techniques for brow and forehead rejuvenation. Various surgical techniques are available for eyebrow and forehead enhancement, contrasting the standardized approaches in upper and lower blepharoplasty. Thread lifting has gained popularity for forehead lifting, although a more precise term would be eyebrow lifting. The thread lifting methods using V and I techniques with floating-type threads (Secret Line, Hyundai Meditech., Inc., Wonju-si, Republic of Korea) are used. The natural aging process often causes the forehead and eyebrows to sag under the influence of gravity, leading to the appearance of heavy eyelids. Elevating the eyebrows can mitigate droopiness, enhance vision clarity, and rejuvenate the facial aesthetic. While non-surgical methods like Botulinum Toxin A can weaken muscles and potentially aid in brow elevation, their visible effects may be somewhat constrained. Surgical methods encompass endoscopic forehead lift, eyebrow lift techniques, and scalp excision-based forehead reduction surgery, each with specific advantages and drawbacks. Thread lifting bridges the gap between surgical and non-surgical modalities. Forehead areas often lack subcutaneous fat, requiring precise anatomical understanding for effective thread lifting. Cannula usage with partial tunneling ensures efficacy even in patients with strong adhesions. Presented cases showcase successful eyebrow lifting using cog threads, illustrating immediate and gradual post-procedure changes. Eyebrow thread lifting demands periodic procedures, offering subtler improvements than surgery. Anatomical knowledge is crucial, and the technique presents discomfort. Effects last about 6 months, requiring re-treatment as effects regress. Thread lifting, a middle ground between surgical and non-surgical methods, can rejuvenate brows with less downtime.

Removal of osteoma from the forehead area via standard bicoronal approach, and restoration of the cavity with radiopaque bone cement polymethyl methacrylate, which is usually used to fix pathological fractures of the vertebral body

Removal of osteoma from the forehead area via standard bicoronal approach, and restoration of the cavity with radiopaque bone cement polymethyl methacrylate, which is usually used to fix pathological fractures of the vertebral body

Joint-related manifestations of leprosy: A case report

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease in which the musculoskeletal system has been described as the third most commonly affected system. Leprosy infections may manifest with various autoimmune phenomena reminiscent of classic autoimmune diseases. Among the leprosy factors affecting the prognosis of the disease, early diagnosis was reported to be the most effective. A 46-year-old married woman was referred to the hospital with initial articular symptoms. The patient also had deep folds, increased thickness of the skin in the forehead area, and dryness of the skin with a progressive course. The finger deformities and swelling are certainly misleading, but they may constitute an unsuspected inaugural form of leprosy, especially in its lepromatous form. The skin smear and biopsy confirmed leprosy, and treatment consisting of multi-drug therapy, as suggested by the WHO, was prescribed for the patient. According to these findings, it seems that one of the major symptoms of leprosy is musculoskeletal involvement and rheumatological manifestations, which may obscure and mislead diagnostic and treatment plans.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a sunscreen containing ultra-long UVA1 and other UVR broad-spectrum filters on skin barrier protection and melanin content reduction in Chinese adults: A single-center study.

The protection for ultra-long UVA1 is lacked in the market, posing potential damage from ultra-long UVA1 irradiation. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a sunscreen containing multiple components, especially Mexoryl® 400 for improving skin barrier function and reducing melanin content. This single-center study included adults with sensitive and normal skin in China in November 2022. Participants received the test sunscreen for 4 weeks. Melanin and hemoglobin content, sebum secretion skin hydration, and trans-epidermal water loss were evaluated at T0d, T7d, and T28d. The self-assessment was done at T15min, T7d, and T28d. Sixty participants were included, including 30 self-claimed sensitive skin in the sunscreen group. The sunscreen demonstrated significant improvements in skin parameters. Skin redness reduced by 9.84% at T28d, sebum content in the forehead area decreased by 22.70% at T28d, and skin stratum corneum hydration increased by 38.44% at T28d, p < 0.001 respectively. Most notably, skin melanin content significantly reduced by 13.49% after 4 weeks' usage (p < 0.001). No adverse reactions were reported in either group. The study sunscreen improved the skin condition by decreasing the melanin content, regulating skin barrier function, and achieving a balance of skin hydration and sebum secretion.

Tailored Indications for Different Neurotoxins.

Minimally invasive procedures have become increasingly popular because they require minimal downtime and are effective for achieving a more youthful appearance. All U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved neurotoxins are indicated for achieving similar effects, even though they are different in regard to structure, manufacturing technique, and storage requirements. It is agreed upon that each neurotoxin is unique and therefore not interchangeable. The aim of the author is to provide an approach for choosing the optimal toxin in different indications regarding the area of treatment, the age and characteristics of the patient, potential risks, and ultimate goals. As the country that the author practices carries onabotulinum (ONA), prabotulinum (PRA), and abobotulinum (ABO) toxin type-A, one of these three toxins was preferred for each category. ABO toxins were preferred in wide areas due to the broader action halo. Typical examples include hyperhidrosis treatment, wide forehead area, and calf slimming. In areas where very precise and targeted treatment is required, PRA and ONA toxins were preferred to limit potential side effects due to wider diffusion. First-time patients were typically treated with PRA toxins for a softer trial periods where as "repeat" patients were successfully treated with ABO toxins. No toxin is superior to the other in terms of producing effects. Yet, small differences in their properties can allow the plastic surgeon to cater to each patient's needs while yielding the most optimal results. This study is meant to serve as a guideline for choosing the ideal toxin in different patient settings and indications.

Relapse of Pheochromocytoma with Hipertensive Heart Disease Mildly Reduced Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor originating from the medulla of the adrenal gland. This tumor is rare and is caused by excessive production of catecholamines. There are three classic triads of pheochromocytoma: diaphoresis, palpitations and headaches. Elevated metanephrines and normetanephrine in plasma or urine confirm the diagnosis. At the same time, radiological examination helps in the tumor's location and the presence of local invasion or metastasis. Hypertension is a health problem that is quite dangerous worldwide because it is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, heart failure, stroke, and kidney disease. Hypertension can cause Hypertensive Heart Disease, which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease. This scientific report presents a case study of a 19-year-old woman diagnosed with relapsed pheochromocytoma and hypertensive heart disease with mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. This patient was previously diagnosed at the age of 13 with pheochromocytoma, where the patient experienced symptoms of headache, sweating, especially in the forehead area, trembling hands, and hypertension. Hence, the patient had to be treated. The patient underwent further examination and found a right adrenal tumor, so an adrenalectomy was performed on the patient. Similar complaints appeared again in the patient, and further examination was carried out. Moreover, an increase in plasma metanephrine and normetanephrine levels was found. A CT scan of the abdomen revealed a right adrenal tumor, so this patient underwent another adrenalectomy.

Transcutaneous bilirubin measured on protected skin during phototherapy in term and preterm neonates

BackgroundTranscutaneous bilirubin (TCB) measurement is a simple, painless, and time-saving alternative for the assessment of TSB (total serum bilirubin) levels. However, TCB measurements obtained during phototherapy can yield inaccurate results. We evaluated the effectiveness of TCB measurements obtained from protected skin areas in patients who underwent phototherapy. MethodsThis prospective study included neonates delivered at a gestational age of ≥340/7 weeks. TCB measurements were performed at the forehead and the lower end of the sternum using a JM-105 device. Simultaneously, blood samples were collected to determine TSB levels. During phototherapy, the forehead was covered with a photo-opaque patch. TSB and TCB were measured before, during, at the end of, and after phototherapy. ResultsIn total, 200 neonates, including 110 (55 %) term and 90 (45 %) late preterm infants, were enrolled. Of these neonates, 162 (81 %) were Turkish while 38 (19 %) were refugees from Syria and Iraq. Notably, no statistically significant differences were observed in the TSB and TCB values between the Turkish and refugee groups (p > 0.05). Bland–Altman analysis was conducted between the TCB values obtained from the covered forehead area and TSB values; the analysis revealed moderate, high, and excellent agreements for the first bilirubin measurement and at the end of phototherapy, before phototherapy, and for the second and rebound bilirubin measurements, respectively. Regarding intraclass correlation coefficients, values >0.95, 0.94–0.85, 0.84–0.70, and < 0.7 indicated perfect, high, moderate, and unacceptable compatibilities, respectively. Although a significant association was observed between pre-phototherapy TCB obtained from the sternum and TSB levels, no significant associations were observed during phototherapy. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the consistency observed between TCB measurements obtained from the protected skin areas and TSB values can be used to monitor phototherapy effectiveness, particularly in late preterm/term infants and those with darker skin tones. Furthermore, this approach can aid in guiding decisions related to treatment termination, evaluating rebound bilirubin levels, minimizing costs, and providing a less invasive testing option.

Efficacy of transdermal microneedling redermalization with high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid and sodium succinate in the correction of postacne scars

BACKGROUND: Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of multifactorial nature that affects more than 80% of adolescents and is one of the top 10 most common diseases in the world. Currently, dermatologists have various techniques for the correction of postacne scars: from minimally invasive hydroxy acid peels to surgical excision of scar tissue. One of the most effective, affordable, and at the same time minimally invasive and safe treatment methods is microneedling ― micro-damage of the skin with thin needles in the lesion area, stimulating the production of collagen and elastin.&#x0D; AIM: to study the efficacy and safety of transdermal redermalization with microneedling using high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid and sodium succinate in patients with atrophic postacne scars of varying severity.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out at the Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases of the Sechenov University. A. Rakhmanov, Sechenov University, with the participation of 80 patients with postacne scars of varying severity. The Hyalual Perfoskin Complex device was used for microneedling in combination with a sodium succinate preparation based on hyaluronic acid. The apparatus was used in a linear technique along the Langer tension lines and in mutually perpendicular direction, 1015 passes in each area (lower jaw, cheek-curve area, forehead area). Each subject underwent 4 treatments at 21-day intervals. Clinical assessment of the treatment dynamics before and after treatment was performed using the Miravex 3D multispectral imaging device. Before and after treatment, patients were evaluated for the severity of postacne scars according to the International Qualitative Scale for the classification of postacne scars, as well as a dermatological index of quality of life. Subjective evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy by the physician and the patient was performed using the International Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale one month after each treatment and 3 months after the last treatment.&#x0D; RESULTS: Among the 80 patients, 47 women and 33 men aged 18 to 46 years had atrophic postacne scars of varying severity: I in 9, II in 26, III in 40, and IV in 5 patients; the rashes were most often localized to the cheek-cusp (55; 69%) and forehead (15; 19%) and were represented by U-shaped (35; 44%), V-shaped (17; 21%), M-shaped (19; 24%) and macular (9; 11%) patterns. The duration of the disease averaged 5.33.2 years. Improvement of the clinical picture was observed in 92.5% of cases after treatment. For example, 8 patients with I degree of scarring managed to achieve complete clearing of the skin; out of 26 patients with II degree of scarring, 15 patients achieved I degree of severity and 10 patients experienced clinical remission at the end of treatment; in the group of patients with III degree of scarring (n=40), 18 patients had I degree of severity, 20 patients had II degree of severity; in the group of patients with IV degree of severity after 4 treatments, 2 patients had III degree of severity and 1 patient had II degree of severity. The dermatological quality of life index decreased by 77% on the average: from 18.632.28 to 4.253.16. The final result was considered "optimal aesthetic result" by doctors and patients in 86% and 82% of cases, respectively, "significant improvement" in 4% and 12% of cases, respectively, "improvement" in 2.5% and 4% of cases, respectively, and "no change" in 7.5% and 2%, respectively. All patients noted good tolerability of treatment. Thus, side effects in the form of skin redness and painful sensations were insignificant and passed on their own within 23 days after the procedure.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Microneedling with high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid and sodium succinate has demonstrated high efficacy and safety in the treatment of postacne scars of varying severity. The minimal invasiveness and affordability of the procedure result in high patient adherence to therapy.

Biomechanical Test Setup for the Investigation of Forehead Suture Techniques

Abstract Wound healing can be delayed if the biomechanical stability of the wound closure is inadequate. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate different suturing techniques for their biomechanical stability. In this study, suturing techniques suitable for the forehead area were investigated. For this application, a special test setup was developed to simulate the curvature of the forehead and the corresponding physiological configuration. The average forehead curvature is 62.24 ± 4.11 mm in radius. To simulate this curvature, the skin specimens are subjected to tensile stress over the spherical surface using a standard uniaxial testing machine. For the evaluation, an automated evaluation tool for MATLAB was also developed. Three different suturing techniques (Straight, Lazy-S, Zigzag) were investigated and tested for their biomechanical stability. Of the three suturing techniques, the Zigzag suture proved to be the most stable with the highest stiffness of 44.23 ± 8.18 % and the highest final failure of 32.60 ± 4.95 % (relative to the control sample without incision). The study has shown that the test setup can be used to investigate different forehead suture techniques.

INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY - COMPARISON OF INNER CANTHUS OF THE EYES AND FOREHEAD SURFACE TEMPERATURES IN HEALTHY ADULTS

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive method for surface temperature measuring. The use of the contactless IRT method is comfortable for the patient, fast and hygienic. However, this method does not provide information about the core body temperature because the temperature is measured indirectly from the surface of the human body. There are several places on a human body from which surface temperature is commonly measured; the methods of measurement and application of the device is inconsistent. The aim of this article is to show the difference between the temperature measured on the forehead and on the inner corner of the eye in healthy persons, with reference to the recommendations of ISO standard. This is mainly due to the fact that compliance with the ISO standard is not always met, as shown by the personal experience of the authors. The body surface temperature was measured by use infrared camera WIC 640 under control of calibrated model of a black body. The data from 59 different volunteer subjects show statistically significant difference in measured temperature from both selected positions. The obtained median temperature values were 35.04 °C from forehead area and 35.85 °C from canthus of eyes. The observed difference was more than three-quarters of a degree Celsius for the median value. The maximum observed temperature difference within the observed group was almost 1.94 °C. The present study defines surface temperature from canthus of eye and undoubtedly shows how important it is to comply with the standards and recommendations of professional thermology societies.

Enlarging traumatic superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm from a lacrosse ball injury: illustrative case.

The development of a mobile, growing, pulsatile mass after blunt head trauma to the forehead area, resulting in a superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm, is a very rare outcome. Most pseudoaneurysms are diagnosed with ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging and treated via resection or, occasionally, embolization. The authors describe a case of a young male lacrosse player who presented with a bulging, partially pulsatile mass in the right forehead region 2 months after trauma from a high-velocity ball striking his head while helmeted. The authors reviewed 12 patients in the literature and describe each patient's epidemiological features, nature of the trauma, and onset of the lesion after the trauma, as well as the diagnostic methods and treatments for each case. Overall, CT and ultrasound appear to be the easiest and most used methods of diagnosis, and resection under general anesthesia is the most common treatment method.

A garment that measures brain activity: proof of concept of an EEG sensor layer fully implemented with smart textiles.

This paper presents the first garment capable of measuring brain activity with accuracy comparable to that of state-of-the art dry electroencephalogram (EEG) systems. The main innovation is an EEG sensor layer (i.e., the electrodes, the signal transmission, and the cap support) made entirely of threads, fabrics, and smart textiles, eliminating the need for metal or plastic materials. The garment is connected to a mobile EEG amplifier to complete the measurement system. As a first proof of concept, the new EEG system (Garment-EEG) was characterized with respect to a state-of-the-art Ag/AgCl dry-EEG system (Dry-EEG) over the forehead area of healthy participants in terms of: (1) skin-electrode impedance; (2) EEG activity; (3) artifacts; and (4) user ergonomics and comfort. The results show that the Garment-EEG system provides comparable recordings to Dry-EEG, but it is more susceptible to artifacts under adverse recording conditions due to poorer contact impedances. The textile-based sensor layer offers superior ergonomics and comfort compared to its metal-based counterpart. We provide the datasets recorded with Garment-EEG and Dry-EEG systems, making available the first open-access dataset of an EEG sensor layer built exclusively with textile materials. Achieving user acceptance is an obstacle in the field of neurotechnology. The introduction of EEG systems encapsulated in wearables has the potential to democratize neurotechnology and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces, as they are naturally accepted by people in their daily lives. Furthermore, supporting the EEG implementation in the textile industry may result in lower cost and less-polluting manufacturing processes compared to metal and plastic industries.

Resolving trapdoor phenomenon without secondary procedure after forehead flap on medial canthal region.

Herein, we present a case of basal cell carcinoma in a 59-yearold woman. It presented with painless itchy, black, gradually enlarged patches which were easily bled under her left eye since three years ago. A dermatological examination of the left medial canthus region obtained hyperpigmented plaques (2x0.8x0.1 cm) with uneven skin texture, irregular borders, and erosion on the center of the lesion. We performed forehead flap technique surgery followed by eight-month monitoring, resulting in a satisfying outcome in both function and appearance. The thinning technique and adjusting the flap size from the forehead area to the medial canthus should be as thin as possible to avoid differences in skin thickness and post-reconstruction hypertrophic scars. A bulging appears on the surgical site a month after the procedure, known as the trapdoor phenomenon, on the 8th month of followup, the trapdoor phenomenon disappeared.