Foregoing Relationships Research Articles

The temporal relationship between anxiety disorders and (hypo)mania: a retrospective examination of 63 panic, social phobic and obsessive–compulsive patients with comorbid bipolar disorder

Background: The relationship between anxiety and depressive disorders has been conventionally limited to unipolar depression. Recent studies from both clinical and epidemiologic samples have revealed intriguing associations between anxiety and bipolar (mainly bipolar II) disorders. The present report examines the temporal sequence of hypomania to panic (PD), obsessive–compulsive (OCD) and social phobic (SP) disorders. Methods: Specialty-trained clinicians retrospectively evaluated the foregoing relationships in 63 patients meeting the DSM-III-R diagnosis for PD, OCD and SP with lifetime comorbidity with bipolar disorders (87% bipolar II). Structured interviews were used. Results: In nearly all cases, SP chronologically preceded hypomanic episodes and disappeared when the latter episodes supervened. By contrast, PD and OCD symptomatology, even when preceding hypomanic episodes, often persisted during such episodes; more provocatively, nearly a third of all onsets of panic attacks were during hypomania. Limitations: Assessing temporal relationships between hypomania and specific anxiety disorders on a retrospective basis is, at best, of unknown reliability. The related difficulty of ascertaining the extent to which past antidepressant treatment of anxiety disorders could explain the anxiety-bipolar II comorbidity represents another major limitation. Conclusions: Different temporal relationships characterized the occurrence of hypomania in individual anxiety disorder subtypes. Some anxiety disorders (notably SP, and to some extent OCD) seem to lie on a broad affective continuum of inhibitory restraint vs. disinhibited hypomania. By contrast, and more tentatively, PD in the context of bipolar disorder, might be a reflection of a dysphoric manic or mixed hypomanic symptomatology. The foregoing suggestions do not even begin to exhaust the realm of possibilities. The pattern of complex relationships among these disorders would certainly require better designed prospective observations.

Lack of association between falciparum malaria parasitemia and acute diarrhea in Nigerian children.

It is widely believed that malaria causes diarrhea. Yet, national and international diarrheal diseases control programs are silent about the overlap between these two major public health problems that coexist in most tropical countries. To test the hypothesis that malaria is associated with diarrhea and to define the role of malaria in morbidity due to diarrhea, 522 children 6-60 months of age presenting with acute diarrhea to the Children's Emergency Ward of the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria were routinely screened by means of thin and thick blood films for malaria parasitemia. Controls, without diarrhea, were studied in parallel. Detailed clinical features were recorded for every patient. Sixty-eight (13%) of the 522 diarrhea patients screened had malaria parasitemia. Among the controls (who had similar distributions of admission temperature, hemoglobin types, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and prior treatment with antimalarial drugs), parasitemia was not significantly different, occurring in 56 (17.9%) of 313. In the dry season, however, a significantly higher prevalence of parasitemia was observed among the control group (15.5%) than in the diarrhea group (7.0%) (P = 0.004). Parasitemia was significantly more common in the dehydrated diarrhea patients than their well-hydrated counterparts (25% of 56 versus 11% of 466; P < 0.005). There were no significant differences in admission temperature, the presence of vomiting, or the home use of oral rehydration fluids between the dehydrated and the well-hydrated subsets of diarrhea patients. Consideration of parasite densities did not alter any of the foregoing relationships. These data contradict the widely held view that diarrhea is a symptom of malaria or that malaria causes diarrhea. They do, however, provide support for examining blood smears at least in dehydrated children with diarrhea in malaria-endemic areas and giving immediate antimalarial therapy to those who have malaria parasitemia.

Two Practical Strategies Young Children Use to Interpret Vague Instructions

SPEER, JAMES RAMSEY. Two Practical Strategies Young Children Use to Interpret Vague Instructions. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1984, 55, 1811-1819. It is proposed that young children employ 2 ordered, nonverbal clarification strategies to interpret vague referential instructions: (1) rely on contextrelative salience of possible referents, or speaker's gestures, as clues to speaker's meaning; and (2) if the first strategy fails, guess, and if the guess goes uncorrected, conclude that it was correct. It is argued that children's use of these strategies accounts in part for a number of previous findings and proposals about children's listening behavior. 2 studies provide evidence supporting children's use of the hypothesized strategies. In the first, kindergartners given vague referential instructions preferred salient to nonsalient referents, were more confident in the correctness of their selection when they chose a salient referent than when they chose a nonsalient referent, and were similarly more confident in conditions where salience cues were present than in one where such cues were absent. These relationships obtained, however, only when the children were told that the speaker was being cooperative; when they were led to believe he was being uncooperative, the foregoing confidence relationships disappeared. In the second study, kindergarten children were more confident of their referential selections when they thought the opportunity for corrective feedback from a cooperative speaker had passed than when they thought such feedback might yet be forthcoming. Results are discussed in terms of the possible origins of the strategies in early nonverbal communication with the caregiver and of possible developmental mechanisms that lead from use of the 2 strategies to adultlike listening behavior.

Hydrodynamic calculation of damping in an apparatus used for checking angular gages

The foregoing analytical relationships enable us to establish an optimum relationship between the float and vessel dimensions in the proposed construction of the hydraulic stabilizer, and also to estimate the active forces for a specified frequency and amplitude of the vibrations in the principal link of the system for various kinds of viscous liquid.

Origin of Lower Tyler Oil in Central Montana: ABSTRACT

A study of the Heath (Mississippian) and lower Tyler (Pennsylvanian) sediments of central Montana suggests a close relationship between the oil accumulations and the relative positions of the Heath Limestone and the lower Tyler sandstones. Reconstruction of the pre-Amsden structure and the Tyler-Heath paleogeology shows that the oil accumulations at Sumatra, Stensvad, Ivanhoe, Keg Coulee, Bascom, Melstone, and Big Wall fields occur where the paleo-structural position of the lower Tyler sandstones is updip from, and in direct contact with, the Heath Limestone. The foregoing relationships seem to be further supported by a study of Alice and Porcupine domes. These domes have barren sandstone reservoirs in excellent structural-stratigraphic traps. The paleo-structural attitud in the area of the domes was flat and the Heath Limestone apparently not well developed. Application of these reservoir-source relationships should be useful in exploring for new oil reserves in the lower Tyler. The concept also may be applicable in other geologic provinces. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1573------------

Third molar agenesis, spacing and crowding o f teeth, and tooth size in caries-resistant naval recruits

1. 1. Third molar agenesis, spacing and crowding of the dental arches, and mesiodistal crown diameters of the lower right first molars were investigated in 195 caries-free white male naval recruits, 17 to 25 years of age, by means of stone study models and roentgenograms. 2. 2. In 25 per cent of the men one or more third molars were congenitally missing. 3. 3. In general, the maxillary teeth were more frequently spaced and less frequently crowded than the mandibular teeth. Only 11.3 per cent of all the men studied had perfectly aligned dental arches (no spacing or crowding in either arch). 4. 4. When third molars were congenitally missing, the teeth in both arches were more frequently spaced and less frequently crowded, and the mean mesiodistal crown diameter of the lower right first molar was smaller than when no third molar agenesis had occurred. 5. 5. The foregoing relationships were most pronounced when all four third molars were congenitally missing. 6. 6. The relationships of third molar agenesis to reduction in tooth number and tooth size were discussed with a view toward their possible association with spacing and crowding of the teeth.

The specificity of allergic reactions. VI. Unresponsiveness to simple chemicals.

"Gastric feeding" of adult guinea pigs with dinitrochlorobenzene (DCB) resulted in a specific unresponsiveness to sensitization with the specific contact hapten. The more DCB gastric-fed to a guinea pig, the more complete the unresponsiveness to the hapten. When mycobacteria were incorporated into the sensitizing emulsion, the state of unresponsiveness to the dinitrophenyl (DNP) group was less apparent. When animals gastric-fed with DCB were later sensitized with an in vitro conjugate of the hapten combined with a heterologous protein such as dinitrophenyl-hen egg albumin (DNP.HEA), an immune response similar to that in the controls occurred both to the hapten and to the protein carrier. However, when the tolerant animals were sensitized with a conjugate containing a homologous protein carrier such as dinitrophenyl guinea pig serum (DNP.GPS), they showed diminished immune responses in comparison with those in the non-tolerant controls. The presence of circulating anti-DNP antibodies from sensitization with DNP-HEA did not affect the unresponsiveness to the specific contact hapten, regardless of whether these antibodies are present before or after induction of tolerance. Sensitization with picryl chloride (PiCl) (a cross-reacting hapten), either before or after gastric feeding of DCB, did not affect the state of unresponsiveness to DNP. Similarly when the DNP-tolerant animal was sensitized with PiCl, the subsequent immune response was similar to that in the controls; cross-reactions with the DNP group both in the contact and circulating antibody phase occurred at a rate similar to that in the controls. The foregoing relationships can be explained by presuming that, upon the gastric feeding of DCB, an in vivo conjugate is formed with a somatic protein, which determines the basic specificity of the tolerance. Acquired tolerance seems to manifest an immunologic specificity similar to that of delayed hypersensitivity, a relationship not unexpected if delayed hypersensitivity is an early phase of the immune response.

Short-Circuit Calculating Procedure for Low-Voltage A-C Systems

FAULT currents in electrical systems depend upon the impedance of the circuit for their intensity. Stresses, both thermal and mechanical, occur due to such currents and at various time intervals following initiation of the fault. Such stresses are of primary interest in system and equipment design. The possible amount of short-circuit current in any system equals the quotient of the voltage divided by the impedance. The latter term usually includes certain elements which formerly were indeterminate but now can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Short-circuit currents measured in present-day (600 volts and less) types of equipment were found to check closely with currents calculated from the impedance of the circuit and the applied voltage.1 It is, therefore, advisable to discard “rule-of-thumb” or “discounting” procedures for predetermining fault currents. In the discussion which follows, a method is given whereby the symmetrical current may be calculated from the E/Z relation; the amount of d-c component is shown to decrease from a theoretical maximum at zero time at various rates according to the relation of the circuit reactance to its resistance; a simplified and convenient step-by-step procedure is given for the determination of balanced three-phase short-circuit currents using the foregoing relationships; the time is shown at which currents that determine the interrupting and short-time duties of circuit interrupting devices are identified in order that the corresponding value of reactance and d-c component can be used for calculation of the imposed current.

Short-circuit calculating procedure for low-voltage A-C systems

FAULT currents in electrical systems depend upon the impedance of the circuit for their intensity. Stresses, both thermal and mechanical, occur due to such currents and at various time intervals following initiation of the fault. Such stresses are of primary interest in system and equipment design. The possible amount of short-circuit current in any system equals the quotient of the voltage divided by the impedance. The latter term usually includes certain elements which formerly were indeterminate but now can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Short-circuit currents measured in present-day (600 volts and less) types of equipment were found to check closely with currents calculated from the impedance of the circuit and the applied voltage. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> It is, therefore, advisable to discard “rule-of-thumb” or “discounting” procedures for predetermining fault currents. In the discussion which follows, a method is given whereby the symmetrical current may be calculated from the E/Z relation; the amount of d-c component is shown to decrease from a theoretical maximum at zero time at various rates according to the relation of the circuit reactance to its resistance; a simplified and convenient step-by-step procedure is given for the determination of balanced three-phase short-circuit currents using the foregoing relationships; the time is shown at which currents that determine the interrupting and short-time duties of circuit interrupting devices are identified in order that the corresponding value of reactance and d-c component can be used for calculation of the imposed current.