Displaced Persons Research Articles

Beyond here and there? A description and typology of multi-transnational extended family configurations of refugees

AbstractThe number of persons forcibly displaced across international borders increased significantly over the last decade and forced migrants’ spatial family configurations have diversified and are likely to show different patterns compared to what research has found for, e.g. labour migrants. This paper examines and disentangles the diversity of spatial family arrangements across countries of nuclear and extended family members of female and male forced migrants surveyed in Germany. Moreover, I propose a typology of refugees’ family configurations based on the whereabouts of the partner, children, parents, and siblings. The empirical analyses employ representative survey data of recent refugees from Eritrea and Syria collected in Germany in 2020. This dataset allows to account for the whereabouts of members of the nuclear as well as extended family. Descriptive statistics show the prevalence and distributions of locations of specific family members and cluster analysis is conducted to identify and propose a typology of spatial configurations of refugee families. Finally, multinomial logistic regressions are used to test associations between the obtained clusters and gender, country of origin and the financial situation, controlling for other characteristics. The findings indicate that multi-transnational family constellations beyond origin and destination countries are a common pattern among refugees, especially when considering nuclear as well as extended family members. Furthermore, different types of spatial family arrangements are related to gender and country of origin as well as family financial resources.

Building Home in Exile: The Role of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Crafts, and Material Culture Among Resettled Syrians in Liverpool, UK

Since the onset of the Syrian conflict in 2011, millions of Syrians have sought refuge globally, with thousands resettling in the UK. Despite their displacement, Syrians have brought with them a rich array of inherited knowledge and traditions, collectively known as intangible cultural heritage (ICH). The construction of domestic spaces by these settlers and their struggle to feel at home have emerged as important topics in migration studies, particularly when housing issues are considered as a critical aspect of their transcultural social engagement and the evolving boundaries of their identity and belonging. However, the role of ICH, along with the related crafts and movable objects, in the home-making practices of forced migrants remains under-researched. This gap is especially significant given that the UK recently ratified the 2003 UNESCO Convention on the safeguarding of ICH after a decade-long delay. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted in the interviewees’ native Arabic within their home environments and supported by an observational study, this research explores how resettled Syrians in Liverpool integrate traditional ICH practices into their new homes, focusing on the dynamic relationship between the intangible and built heritage. By examining how intangible knowledge and movable objects interplay in creating a ‘Syrian home’, this study contributes to discussions on community engagement and the role of memory in conservation. The findings underscore the importance of ICH in maintaining cultural continuity and identity in the diaspora, providing insights into the inclusive heritage conservation practices in migrant contexts. This research highlights two key insights: first, the essential role that ICH, along with the associated crafts and movable objects, plays in constructing new homes in the diaspora, particularly in how these items serve as the carriers of cultural identity and continuity; and second, the symbolic significance of Syrian homes, especially their interior designs and decorations, as reflections of a blend of sociocultural practices that Syrians are committed to preserving.

Social ruination and alternative materialities in a dissonant landscape of modernity: The case of GAP in Halfeti, Turkey

I examine in this article state-led infrastructural projects as embodiments of modernity and the way their divergent material transformations “play out on the ground.” I argue that such projects, through the way they transform material surroundings, provide a commentary on these modernization processes and surpass the intention of their creators. I focus on Halfeti, a town impacted by the southeast Anatolian project (GAP), a state-led damming project in southeast Turkey. GAP drastically transformed the social and material fabric of the town with the aim of developing the region by becoming modern. GAP involved forced relocation, the construction of uninhabitable zones, the redistribution of habitable territory, and the imposition of living standards on individuals, and can thus be held accountable for ruination. I focus on the way GAP has reused and strategically appropriated ruins for political purposes, simultaneously I take the processual part of ruination, into account. Meaning an outcome of a situation in which one is left behind with material leftovers after destruction, including personal feelings and emotions that continue to play a role in the aftermath of a such a violent event. I explain how renovated houses in Old-Halfeti, as well as newly built structures in New-Halfeti evoke social ruination. Subsequently, through alternative materialities, as expression givers to complex stratifications of histories which are ignored in dominant state-led infrastructure projects, the impact and importance of neglected and submerged infrastructures are understood. Alternative materialities give way to the agency of the material, and the way it brings about affect, shapes longing or nostalgia and expresses different histories. By considering the intertwined dynamics of social ruination, political appropriation of spaces, and the unveiling of alternative materialities, a more nuanced understanding of this landscape emerges and demonstrates the dissonance of modernity.

Faulting by the 2023 great earthquakes of Türkiye and associated stress field and its effects on built environment

Abstract Background Faulting induced by earthquakes and its analysis are of great importance for areas with high probability of earthquakes. However, there has been no particularly effective methods to evaluate the damage and applicable solutions for recovery. In this paper, the damage from Türkiye earthquakes is investigated by authors, which has important theoretical significance and practical value. On 6 February, 2023, two successive earthquakes with magnitudes (Mw) of 7.8 (called Pazarcık earthquake) and 7.6 (Ekinözü earthquake) occurred in the south-eastern part of Türkiye. The total length of the surface ruptures was more than 500 km long and resulted in striations reflecting the sinistral faulting and extensive ground deformations. In this study, the authors present the outcomes of the investigations on the surface ruptures, their characteristics, stress field associated with both earthquakes, shear strength property of fault segments and the damaging effects on various structures and made some recommendations with the purpose of how to build structures in active fault zones and decrease the negative effects of faulting on structures. Results Besides summarizing the main characteristics of the world-shaking Kahramanmaraş earthquake doublet in southeast Türkiye in 2023, this study described the main features of the surface ruptures, their relation to the inferred crustal stresses in Türkiye, and the damaging effects on the major engineering structures. The observations and inferences are of great significance for understanding the causes of earthquakes and future seismic risk assessment. Various laboratory experiments were performed on the samples of fault gouge gathered from the sites of surface ruptures and these experimental results provided very valuable quantitative information on the constitutive models of the fault zones. The observations clearly showed that it is almost impossible to prevent damage on structures due to surface ruptures, if certain engineering principles such as increasing higher ductility, lowering gravitational center and/or the implementations of raft foundations are followed. Conclusions The stress state inferences obtained from the striation of the fault surface ruptures as well as from the focal plane solutions are expected to be useful to evaluate the regional stress state of the earthquake region. Assessments indicated that the stress states in Arabian plate and Anadolu platelet are different from each other. However, in-situ direct stress measurement techniques would be quite useful to validate the stress state inferred in this study. The laboratory experiments on samples gathered from the fault outcrops of the earthquakes using direct shear tests, stick-slip tests as well as conventional tensile, compressive and triaxial tests provided the quantitative values for the parameters of constitutive laws for fault zones, which can be utilized in the numerical simulation of earthquakes. If a fault break happens to be just passing underneath the structures, it is almost impossible for mankind to prevent the damage to structures. However, the authors made some recommendations to reduce the negative effects of fault ruptures on structures. These recommendations are such that the structures should be built as ductile and redundant structures with lower center of gravity and raft foundations. Dam construction should be on active faults should be avoided. If they are to be built for whatever reason, they should be of rock-fill type. As tubular structures and tunnels would be generally subjected forced displacement field, it is recommended to utilize flexible joints, segmented and enlargement to deal such displacement fields.

Navigating hidden borderlands: the role of cultural heritage for black African refugee students in American higher education

ABSTRACT In this conceptual paper, we advance a scholarly conversation about Black African refugee students in the United States. Although agreeing on a universal definition of a refugee is conceptually challenging, for the sake of focus, we define refugees as: individuals who have encountered forced migration, who have lived in the U.S. for less than five years, and who are not yet eligible for U.S. citizenship. While there are also Asian, European, Latin American, and South American refugee groups living in the United States, our paper focuses on Black African refugee students because the anti-Black racism of U.S. society positions them distinctly. Overall, we observe that Black African refugees exist in a metaphorical borderland that hides and (dis)locates their existence. While living within this borderland, Black African refugees engage in different mobilities and tap into their social network capital through cultural heritage. Cultural heritage, which includes both tangible and intangible artifacts, can be a source of psychological and social resilience, buttressing resettlement and reconstruction of identity. We also argue that Black African refugee students exhibit agentic, encouraged, and necessitated hiddenness. We conclude with a closer look into how this population may help higher education scholars arrive at liberatory possibilities that have implications for higher education research. Specifically, we recommend explicitly focusing on refugee student needs, crafting a culturally responsive curriculum and instructions, and facilitating relationships with refugee-supporting community organizations.

Reductive Transformation of CO2 to Organic Compounds.

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas and a safe, abundant, easily accessible, and renewable C1 resource that can be chemically converted into high value-added chemicals, fuels and materials. The preparation of urea, organic carbonates, salicylic acid, etc. from CO2 through non-reduction conversion has been used in industrial production, while CO2 reduction transformation has become a research hotspot in recent years due to its involvement in energy storage and product diversification. Designing suitable catalysts to achieve efficient and selective conversion of CO2 is crucial due to its thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness. From this perspective, the redistribution of charges within CO2 molecules through the interaction of Lewis acid/base or metal complexes with CO2, or the forced transfer of electrons to CO2 through photo- or electrocatalysis, is a commonly used effective way to activate CO2. Based on understanding of the activation/reaction mechanism on a molecular level, we have developed metal complexes, metal salts, inorganic/organic salts, ionic liquids, as well as nitrogen rich and porous materials as efficient catalysts for CO2 reductive conversions. The goal of this personal account is to summarize the catalytic processes of CO2 reductive conversion that have been developed in the past 7 years: 1) For the reductive functionalization of CO2, the major challenge lies in accurately adjusting reaction parameters (such as pressure) to achieve high catalytic efficiency and the product selectivity; 2) For photocatalytic or electrocatalytic reduction of CO2, how to suppress competitive hydrogen evolution reactions and improve catalyst stability are key points that requires continuous attention.

The Influence of Faith on the Mental Health of Ukrainian Forced Migrants During the Russian-Ukrainian War: An Exploratory Study via Social Media.

War is a significant, high-intensity stressor that forces millions of people to seek refuge in safer areas, resulting in profound physical and mental health challenges. Following the large-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, millions of Ukrainians became refugees in Europe. This exploratory study examines the influence of faith on the mental health of Ukrainian forced migrants during the war. The results indicate that two years after the start of the full-scale war, Ukrainian forced migrants suffer from PTSD symptoms, high levels of depression, moderate anxiety, frustration, rigidity, aggressiveness, and loneliness. This exploratory study provides insights into the role of faith in the mental health of forced migrants and underscores the importance of support services for this vulnerable population.

ATTITUDES AND AWARENESS OF THE POPULATION OF CENTRAL AND WESTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE TOWARDS VACCINATION

In the modern world, vaccination is the most eff ective and evidence- based method of preventing the onset and severity of infectious diseases. Today, the WHO has identifi ed vaccine hesitancy as a global public health threat [25]. The social and cultural background of people infl uences their perception of vaccines, which prompted us to investigate this problem. Aim. To study the infl uence of sociodemographic factors on vaccination attitudes of children and adults in the central and western regions of Ukraine.Materials and methods. A cross- sectional study was conducted, which included a survey of the population of diff erent social status. The study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the bioethics committee. We also analyzed literature data from PubMed, Medscape and CSC. The work was performed within the framework of the research project 0122U000039 «Improvement of methods of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of the most common diseases of childhood». No confl icts of interest exist.Research results and discussion. 1000 respondents were interviewed by questionnaire from Kyiv, Cherkasy, Kirovograd, Khmelnytsky, Zhytomyr, Chernivtsi, Ternopil, Rivne, Volyn, Ivano- Frankivsk, Lviv regions. The data obtained indicate that barriers to vaccination are caused by low awareness of vaccination, excessive negative infl uence of opinion leaders, prevalence of myths and falsifi cations about vaccination, lack of health care resources and low supply of recommended vaccines, and forced migration. Low awareness and low vaccination coverage are also associated with low awareness among health workers who do not work directly with vaccines, falsifi cation of vaccination data, and the presence of anti-vaccine health workers. The negative attitude of parents towards vaccination is also very important, as it aff ects their children.Conclusions.1. Fear of side eff ects, long-term complications, and doubts about the quality of vaccines have been identifi ed as factors in vaccine refusal.2. The most common groups of vaccine refusers are the elderly (53.3 %) and men (16.8 %).3. The high cost of vaccines that are not included in the list of mandatory vaccines is one of the reasons for the decrease in vaccination rates.4. Improved communication between the doctor and the patient is one of the factors increasing the vaccination rate among the population.5. Information about the availability of vaccines and places of vaccination, peculiarities of the post-vaccination period and information about the possible consequences of ignoring vaccination should be provided in the media (television, radio), especially among the elderly.

Cultural Conflict: Second generation African immigrant children in the United States

It was estimated in 1996 that there were 24.6 million immigrants in the United States (U.S Census Bureau 1998) what Portes (1990) and Rumbaut (1995) have termed today’s immigrants the “permanent unfinished society” of immigrants. It is this “unfinished society” of immigrants’ that contemporary African immigrants are a part of. Since the end of forced migration in the mid eighteen hundred only a small number of African immigrants have been able to come to United States compared to other groups of immigrants. For instance, from 1820 to 1993 America took in only 418,000 African immigrants according to Immigration and Naturalization records, while 345,425 Asians came to America just in 1993 (Adugna, 1998). Two thirds of all African immigrants currently in the United States arrived after 1980. According to the 1990 census, African born immigrants numbered 364,000. The authors of this paper speculates that the reasons as to why the number of African immigrants in the United Stated was and still is relatively small compared to other immigrants from other continents, is the difficult process of obtaining a visa to emigrate into the United States and the long and expensive journey that is in many ways beyond the reach of many African families.

Integrating mental health and psychosocial support into economic inclusion programming for displaced families in Ecuador

BackgroundPoverty is a key social determinant of mental health among forcibly displaced persons. This study aimed to design and pilot test a strategy to integrate existing mental health and economic inclusion interventions for displaced families in Ecuador.MethodsWe conducted a series of qualitative interviews (n = 30), focus groups (n = 6), and workshops (n = 3) to develop a set of strategies for integrating cross-cutting and focused mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) strategies into an existing economic inclusion program for displaced families in Quito. We non-randomly assigned two field offices in Quito to (1) integrate cross-cutting strategies focused on improving economic outcomes or (2) integrate both those cross-cutting strategies plus focused MHPSS strategies into an economic inclusion program. We measured site-level implementation outcomes (adoption, appropriateness, acceptability, feasibility, fidelity, reach, retention, usability) and participant-level psychosocial (wellbeing, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, functioning) and economic inclusion outcomes (financial resources, diet diversity, social capital/networks, self-reliance) over six months. We conducted a mixed-methods analysis to explore the acceptability and feasibility of the integration strategies and the ability to evaluate their effects in a future cluster randomized trial.ResultsWe developed a toolkit that included 10 strategies for integrating MHPSS into economic inclusion interventions. Fifty displaced persons participating in an existing economic inclusion program (25 per study condition) were enrolled and 88% remained in the study through the six-month follow-up. Participants and implementers reported that the integration strategy was appropriate, acceptable, feasible, and usable. Implementers, including people without prior experience in delivering mental health services, were able to deliver the intervention with high fidelity. Integration of focused MHPSS intervention components into an economic inclusion program appeared to improve MHPSS outcomes, the strength of social capital and networks, and engagement in economic and other programs.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence of the acceptability and feasibility of integrating MHPSS into economic inclusion programs for displaced people. We found evidence supporting evaluation methods that can be employed in a future study to definitively test the added value of integrated approaches to mental health and economic wellbeing for displaced persons.

Social cohesion among Syrian and Turkish children, adolescents, and young adults in Turkey

AbstractTurkey has received a large influx of Syrian refugees since the start of Syrian civil war in 2011. Integration and social cohesion have become important issues for public policy in Turkey. We study social cohesion among young Turkish nationals and Syrian refugees. Our study sample comprises of adolescents and young adults (12–30 years), and children (6–11 years) who participated in events of the “Education Program for Syrian Refugees and Host Communities” (BILSY) program conducted by the German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ). Social cohesion among adolescents and young adults is measured along three dimensions: sense of belonging, trust, and relational capacity. For children, we use behavioural games to measure two dimensions of social cohesion – altruism and trust. Our results show high social cohesion for both age groups, though lack of trust among Turkish nationals towards Syrian nationals is an area of concern. We also evaluate the impact of participation in BILSY program events using a randomised design and find that it had no impact on social cohesion. Our article adds to the limited literature on social cohesion among children and youths in countries affected by forced displacement.

Female, Deserving, and European? The Changing EUropean Migration Discourse in the Face of the Russia–Ukraine War

AbstractThe initial response of the European Union (EU) to people fleeing Ukraine was unusually univocal and welcoming, culminating in the swift activation of the Temporary Protection Directive. This predominantly humanitarian response represents a special case and an outlier in terms of how the EU and its member states have responded to previous displacements. This paper explores the discursive construction that made this response possible, by looking at how forced migration from Ukraine has been characterised in the EUropean political discourses. Drawing on discourse theory and critical migration studies, we assume that the discourse is marked by differences drawn along the lines of “race,” “gender,” and “distance,” which are linked to ideas about national identity and European values. In order to reflect the multilevel European discourse, we reconstruct the political discourse on the EU level as well as in two diverse cases, Poland and Germany. Our findings suggest that despite national differences and the presence of well-established tropes of deservingness, the EUropean discourse is not only based on ideas surrounding vulnerability of the Ukrainian Other and the European Self but is also influenced by the perception of the threatening Russian Other. Especially in Poland, welcoming refugees from Ukraine is linked to security concerns, while the EU and German discourses stress the role of European values and solidarity. Thus, the acceptance of Ukrainian refugees should be seen as part of the overall European response to Russian aggression and not as a departure from its previous stance on migration.

Deservingness and temporal borders: the reproduction of global mobility hierarchies in Swedish family reunification

European immigration policy is increasingly selective and stratified, favoring immigrants considered productive in the eyes of society. Using the case of Swedish family reunification, this article investigates how ideas of deservingness underlie this selection process and how it intersects with temporal bordering, impacting hierarchies of transnational mobility. Through qualitative interviews with individuals across a spectrum of legal statuses, the study finds that the increased connection between immigration policy and the housing and labor markets, combined with restrictions concerning visas, age, and legal status, induce and reproduce inequalities in waiting times and access to reunification. Within these restrictions, however, families find ways to circumvent the wait and get family time. The study contributes to the temporal turn in migration studies by exploring reunification among families with diverse backgrounds, complementing previous literature’s focus on the experiences of forced migrants. By considering how deservingness and temporal bordering shape mobility, the article offers both conceptual and empirical contributions to mobility and migration studies. Ultimately, the study brings forward a nuanced analysis of the consequences of restrictive shifts in Swedish immigration policy, contributing to the broader understanding of the current, transnational, mobility regimes.

Gilroy's Black Atlantic diaspora: climate displacement and rights‐bearing beyond the nation

AbstractNationalism studies have only recently started to grapple with the Anthropocene as a foundational shift for the discipline. One of the effects of climate change is the forced displacement of large populations, and if access to rights cannot be ensured outside the structures of territorial sovereignty, this migration could easily translate into widespread rightlessness. I argue that this necessitates a rethinking of how communities become rights‐bearing and how such rights‐bearing communities have existed outside the structures of the nation‐state. Specifically, I propose looking to Paul Gilroy's account of the Black Atlantic diaspora as an example of a rights‐bearing community that successfully claimed “the right to have rights” through a concerted effort of vocalising experiences of displacement. Reading Gilroy through rights‐scholarship in political theory I argue that the Black Atlantic can inform work on climate diasporas and their latent political potential as rights‐bearing communities.

The Risk That Travels with You: Links Between Forced Displacement, Conflict and Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia and Liberia

Displacement and conflict substantially heighten the risk of gender-based violence including intimate partner violence (IPV), experienced by women and girls. This study aims to examine the links between conflict, forced displacement and IPV using nationally representative survey data measuring IPV combined with data on conflict-related violence from two different conflict-affected settings: Colombia and Liberia. We find that forced displacement is strongly associated with increased lifetime and past year IPV. Displaced women and girls in Colombia and Liberia have a 36 and 55 per cent, respectively greater risk of experiencing past year IPV and 39 and 49 per cent greater risk of experiencing lifetime IPV in each country respectively, compared to their non-displaced counterparts. Both conflict and displacement are independently and significantly associated with past year IPV. Taking conflict intensity into account increases the associated IPV risk to 40 and 60 per cent in Colombia and Liberia respectively. Recognising the increased prevalence of IPV for displaced women is vital to providing effective assistance. Humanitarian, state and peace-building efforts, should encompass the provision of a range of assistance services to help displaced and conflict-affected women heal from the impacts of the violence.

FLOOD THREATS ON LAND USES AND POPULATION IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

Flooding is a natural or man-made disaster that leads to voluntary or involuntary resettlement, which further causes population displacement and untold human misery. Lokoja, the capital town of Kogi State, Nigeria is prone to frequent flooding, posing significant threats to human settlements, infrastructure and economic activities. The study assesses the relationship between flood threat, land uses and population affected by flood in Lokoja metropolis. This research focused on flood occurrences of high to medium flood risk zones. Data were collected using both primary and secondary sources. 274 questionnaires were administered as sample sized to respondents across the strata of all the flood affected communities. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (percentage distribution) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s moment correlation) in assessing the relationships between minimum water levels, land uses and population affected by flood. Findings from the analysis show that there is a strong positive correlation between minimum water level and farmland and open space with the greatest correlation coefficient of 0.986. Also, commercial land uses has a slightly stronger correlation (0.899) with minimum water levels.The study therefore conclude that flooding had a significant impact on residential, commercial, and particularly agriculture and open spaces, inflicting widespread property and infrastructure damage.This research serves as a critical tool for policy makers, urban planners and stakeholders to priotize on flood risk management and coordinated physica development in Lokoja metropolis.

Environmentally Induced Human Displacement and Human Rights: Bridging Legal Gaps Through a Human Rights-Based Approach

Abstract This article discusses the complex issue of environmentally induced human displacement and emphasises the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to address it effectively. It begins by examining the terminology and underlying causes of environmentally induced human displacement and highlights the interdependence of environmental degradation, climate change and human migration. Next, it stresses the importance of protecting displaced individuals irrespective of terminology and advocates for a human rights-based approach as the most effective means to ensure their legal status and protection. The article calls for a paradigm shift within the human rights regime through the recognition of a right to a healthy environment in a legally binding global instrument. That shift would provide a stronger legal foundation for protecting environmentally induced displaced persons and would bridge the existing gaps in international law. Furthermore, the introduction of this right would empower States to clearly define their obligations and grant displaced individuals access to legal recourse and support systems, ensuring their rights are recognised and upheld.

The Politics of Refugee Resettlement in the Asia Pacific: Belonging and ICT-enabled Transnational Settlement

Abstract This conceptual article examines the interplay of forced displacement and resettlement across the Asia Pacific, situated against the backdrop of unprecedented global displacement, rapid uptake of information communication technologies, and strong border governance regimes. Emphasising the centrality of the politics of belonging, this article distinguishes between refugee resettlement, focused on protection, and the broader concept of refugee settlement as part of a larger project of belonging. Recognising that less than 1 per cent of refugees globally are able to access resettlement pathways every year, we present the implications of ICT-enabled transnational settlement, using New Zealand and Australia’s refugee resettlement programmes to anchor this analysis. By examining ongoing transnational connections, particularly through social media, this article illuminates how refugees can negotiate relationships with nearby and distant places. It outlines a spectrum of opportunities and challenges within resettlement and settlement contexts, transcending traditional territorial boundaries defined by the state and local jurisdictions. This article concludes by considering durable and enduring solutions to forward the possibilities of ICT-enabled transnational settlement as it influences the articulation of safety and belonging in an increasingly interconnected yet unevenly mobile world.

Gender Dimensions of Forced Displacement: A Brief Review and Introduction to the Special Issue

Displacement has increased continuously over the last 12 years and the number of forcibly displaced persons has reached an unprecedented level. More than half of all forcibly displaced persons are girls or women; yet very little is known about how gender intersects the behavior and welfare of forced displacement. This special issue focuses specifically on the gender dimensions of forced displacement. We make both topical and methodological contributions to knowledge about gender norms, livelihoods, multi-dimensional and income poverty, and gender-based violence and discuss the implications of our findings for future research, policy and practice.

Humanising and optimising HIV health care for refugees and asylum seekers.

Displaced populations living with HIV, including refugees and asylum seekers, face substantial challenges across various regions globally. The intersection of forced migration and HIV presents both shared challenges and region-specific differences. Key issues include little access to health care, pervasive stigma, discrimination, and disruptions in the continuity of HIV care. Refugees often encounter barriers such as legal, cultural, and economic disparities that impact their overall health outcomes. Although HIV prevalence differs across regions, displaced populations consistently face disproportionate challenges including high-risk environments and little health-care access. Addressing these challenges requires a focus on equitable health-care access, with both actionable local interventions and broader global policy changes and an emphasis on long-term sustainability. Reliable and continuous drug supplies, interagency collaboration, and holistic health-care approaches are essential. International collaboration, robust evidence generation, and comprehensive responses are urgently needed to address the complex interplay between forced migration and HIV among vulnerable populations.